张家口-渤海地震构造带的地壳形变研究

华北北部地区的张家口-渤海断裂带是控制现代强震的一条地震构造带。新近纪以来,在区域NEE向主压应力的作用下,新发育了一系列的NE向构造活动带,与张家口-渤海断裂带组成1组共轭的剪切破裂系统,控制了近代强震的发生。文中主要探讨了这条断裂带的地壳形变特征。长趋势GPS地壳形变图像反映了这条活动断裂带相对完整的左旋走滑活动。分期的地壳形变图像揭示了在中强地震前,沿该断裂带出现一系列的NE向梯度异常带,分别指示了唐山-河间、三河-涞水以及延怀-山西地震构造活动带的活动,表明了沿张家口-渤海断裂带出现了中强地震的中期前兆。研究认为,强震前地壳形变揭示的是深部蕴震层的应变活动信息,而强震之后比较杂乱的图像特征体现了盖层的调整运动     

华北地区断层形变异常与地震活动

根据断层形变求解的华北地区异常参数和应变累积率, 研究了华北主要断裂带的断层形变异常及其应震特征。 同一断裂带上的形变异常与该带上的地震有较好的对应性。 河套—张家口—蓬莱活动构造带上发生的强震, 北京地区的断层形变异常参数在总体上几乎都有明显的前兆性异常。 山西带北部的断层形变异常参数对山西断陷带及其延伸部位上的强震同样有较好的反映。 断层应变累积率反映了应力的积累程度, 其值相对较大时, 测点所在地区的地震较活跃, 反之亦然。     

新疆南部构造区带与地震活动状态研究

Based on the studies of earthquake activity, tectonic movement, crustal shortening rate, fault activity, local stress field and historical characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Xinjiang, we divide the south part of Xinjiang into 4 seismotectonic zones, namely, the eastern segment of south Tianshan seismic belt, the Kalpin block, the Kashi-Wuqia junction zone, and the west Kunlun Mountains seismic belt. Using earthquake catalogues from Xinjiang since 1900, and on the basis of integrity analysis of earthquake records in different magnitude ranges, the seismicity state of different seismotectonic zones is analyzed quantificationally by calculating the mean value of annual strain energy release, annual rate of earthquakes with different lower limits of magnitude, b-value, and the parameter m of accelerating strain release model. The characteristic indexes of seismicity state for each of the seismic tectonic zones are then determined, which provide a quantitative basis for earthquake tendency analysis and judgment.     

川滇交界东段昭通、莲峰断裂带的地震危险背景

川滇交界东段NE向昭通、莲峰断裂带的研究程度较低.为了了解该断裂带是否存在发生强震/大地震的危险背景,我们基于区域活动构造与动力学、重新定位的小震分布和震源机制解、历史地震破裂区、GPS形变场、现代地震活动及其参数图像等多学科的信息进行综合研究.结果表明:昭通、莲峰断裂带是川滇-华南活动块体/地块边界带的一部分,也是活动及变形的大凉山次级块体与相对稳定的华南地块之间的边界带;结构上表现为2个平行展布、朝南东推覆的断裂带,现今运动为带有显著逆冲分量的右旋走滑性质.沿昭通断裂带无大地震的时间至少为1700 余年,目前存在地震空区.GPS变形图像反映昭通、莲峰断裂带已不同程度闭锁.另外,昭通断裂带的鲁甸附近以及莲峰断裂带的南段分别存在异常低b值区或高应力区.已由低b值区和小震空白区识别出昭通断裂带上的鲁甸—彝良之间存在高应力闭锁段,并估计出其潜在地震的最大矩震级为MW7.4.本研究因此认为昭通断裂带存在发生强震/大地震的中-长期危险背景, 而莲峰断裂带的危险性还需进一步研究.     

RESEARCH ON ACTIVITY OF ZHANGJIAKOU-BOHAI FAULT ZONE BASED ON GPS OBSERVATIONS

The northwestern section of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone starts in the west of Zhangjiakou, extending southeast through Huailai, Shunyi and Tianjin and entering into the Bohai Sea, with a width up to several tens of kilometers, narrow in the west and wide in the east. The Neogene-Quaternary has extended in the northwest and southeast direction, forming a large regional active structure. There are many earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above in the history on the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone and it is also a strong earthquake activity zone in eastern China. Therefore, the modern tectonic activities of this fault zone have an important impact on regional seismic hazard, and are of great significance for earthquake prediction and disaster reduction. In this paper, using the mobile GPS station observation data of 1999, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015, and with the rigid-linear elastic block motion model equation proposed by LI Yan-xing, the horizontal deformation rate and strain rate of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone of the five adjacent periods of 1999-2007, 2007-2009, 2009-2011, 2011-2013 and 2013-2015 were calculated, the tectonic activity characteristics and evolution of the fault zone were studied. The results show that in the five periods, the average deformation rate of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone is 1. 74mm/a, the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 1.59mm/a, and the compression rate is -0.59mm/a. The Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip and compression on the whole, and the left-lateral strike-slip rate is greater than the compression rate at each period. The strike-slip rate is significantly greater than the compression rate, indicating that the activity of Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone is dominated by left-lateral strike-slip faulting with compression. The minimum principal strain rate of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone in the five periods varies from -12.06×10^-9/a to -4.62×10^-9/a, and the average minimum principal strain axis direction is N63.9°E, with little change in direction. The maximum principal strain rate varies from 1.55×10^-9/a to 5.99×10^-9/a, and the average maximum principal strain axis direction is N333.9°W, the direction does not change much. The strike of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone is NWW(the overall strike is calculated by N300°W), and the normal strain rate of the fault zone is -5.87×10^-9/a(being compressional), and the shear strain rate is 12.70×10^-9/a. The shear strain rate on the fault zone is about twice the value of the normal strain rate, and the shear strain rate of the fault zone is greater than the normal strain rate, which indicates the shear stress of the 5 periods of 1999-2007, 2007-2009, 2009-2011, 2011-2013 and 2013-2015 is relatively significant, suggesting that the fault plain is dominated by left-lateral shear stress. This suggests that the Japan 3·11 earthquake has little effect on the deformation strain of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone, and it does not change the nature of activity of the fault zone. The tectonic activity is still inheriting. Since the tectonic activity of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone has gradually decreased after the Japan 3·11 earthquake, the deformation strain evolution trend has gradually returned to a unified consistent state. Therefore, the deformation strain state of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault zone does not have the condition for strong earthquakes.     

The Crust-Mantle Structure in Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake Area

The seismic data obtained from the wide angle reflection and refraction profiles that pass through Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province were interpreted. Some conclusions drawn from the result are as follows: (1) The nearly EW-trending Zhangbei-Chongli crustal fault zone and WNW-trending Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone meet in the Zhangbei earthquake (Ms = 6.2) area; (2) At the intersection, the two deep crustal fault zones that stretch to the Moho and the discontinuities of interfaces within the crust form the path for large area basalt eruption in Hannuoba; (3) In the earthquake area, the local velocity reversal in the middle-upper crust and abnormal low velocity zone in the lower crust imply that the magmatic activity there is still fairly violent; and (4) The recent activity of Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone may be the main cause of the Zhangbei earthquake.     

Seismic hazard model for loss estimation and risk management in Taiwan

We developed a seismic hazard model for Taiwan that integrates all available tectonic, seismicity, and seismic hazard information in the region to provide risk managers and engineers with a model they can use to estimate earthquake losses and manage seismic risk in Taiwan. The seismic hazard model is composed of two major components: a seismotectonic model and a ground-shaking model. The seismotectonic model incorporates earthquakes that are expected to occur on the Ryukyu and Manila subduction zones, on the intermediate-depth Wadati-Benioff seismicity zones, on the active crustal faults, and within seismotectonic provinces. The active crustal faults include the Chelungpu fault zone, the source of the damaging M_W 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake, and the Huangchi-Hsiaoyukeng fault zone that forms the western boundary of the Taipei Basin. The ground-shaking model uses both US, worldwide, and Taiwanese attenuation relations to provide robust estimates of peak ground acceleration and response spectral acceleration on a reference site condition for shallow crustal and subduction zone earthquakes. The ground shaking for other site conditions is obtained by applying a nonlinear soil-amplification factor defined in terms of the average shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m of the soil profile, consistent with the methodology used in the current US and proposed Taiwan building codes.     

Surface rupture and mechanism of the Bob-Tangol (southeastern Iran) earthquake of 19 December 1977

The Bob-Tangol earthquake of magnitude 5.8 (M_S), occurred in southeastern Iran on 19 December 1977, not far from the region where the 1896 and 1933 earthquakes caused considerable damage and destruction. The shock was associated with a 19.5-km fault break at the surface with a maximum 20 cm right-lateral strike-slip movement along an Early Quaternary geological fault. Results of the field investigation together with the fault plane solution and epicentre location of the main shock are presented here in order to give a seismotectonic view of the event.Surface rupture and fault plane solution of this medium-magnitude earthquake demonstrate a considerable amount of right-lateral movement along a major Early Quaternary high-angle reverse fault. This change in fault behaviour and slip vector may indicate that evidence of Early Quaternary movement cannot always provide a good clue to present-day crustal deformation.     

龙门山断裂带多参数深部结构成像与地震成因研究

通过反演大量的纵、横波地震数据,获得了沿龙门山断裂带及周边区域的深部三维精细结构,结合前人二维大地电磁探测研究成果,提出龙门山断裂带地壳形变与深部速度结构和导电率不均匀性有关,探讨了2008年汶川和2013年芦山地震的诱发和产生与流体侵入及地壳形变的密切关系.本研究发现,2008年汶川地震发生在高速度、高泊松比和低电导率的区域,2013年芦山地震则位于高速度、低泊松比和低电导率的发震层.在上地壳中,四川前陆盆地的低速、低泊松比和低阻异常与松潘—甘孜地块的高速、高泊松比和高阻异常形成了鲜明的对比.在龙门山断裂带下方的两个低速和低阻块体,将龙门山断裂带分成南、中和北三段.我们的研究认为,这两个异常体与来自松潘甘孜地块的下地壳和（或）上地幔的局部熔融或流体侵入到龙门山断裂带的脆弱区有关.基于对汶川和芦山地震的余震分布特征及震源区的地震波速度、泊松比及电阻率参数分析,揭示了龙门山断裂带深部剧烈的地壳形变与流体应力积累对2008年汶川和2013年芦山地震的触发及其地震破裂过程具有重要的控制作用.

     

中国大陆西部及周边地区地震活动特征的研究

探讨了中国周缘板块的联合作用对中国大陆地震的控制和影响，进一步研究了中国大陆西部及周边地区的地震活动特征。结果发现，该区域的地震活动除了有高潮和低潮的轮回特征外，还有相互消长的关系，并且地震相互消长有一个特定的比例。这一特点，对于中国大陆强震活动主体区的预测，尤其是对地震高潮期的结束时间提供了一个判据。     

张北地震区三维深部电性结构与孕震环境

张家口—渤海地震构造带(张渤带)是中国著名的强震集中带,地震以强度大、频次高、破坏严重为特点,1998年1月在张渤带西段发生了张北6.2级地震,造成了极强的破坏性,2021年以来该区域中小地震频繁发生,显示出张渤带张北地震区可能进入了又一轮的地震活跃态势.2020年8—9月期间,以张北地震震中区为中心,完成了阵列状的大地电磁数据采集工作.本文利用这些数据进行三维反演计算获得了该区域精细三维地壳电性结构,获得了如下认识：整体上看,张北地震区上地壳电性结构以高阻体为主,部分断裂带分布区域存在着高阻、低阻相互交替的现象,而中下地壳以规模较大、横向不连续性的低阻层为主.电性结构特征与地表地质构造格局相对应,大满—前黑沙土断裂(F1)和赤城—尚义断裂(F4)以及张家口断裂(F5)在电性结构上均表现为明显的电性差异带.针对地震学方法对1998年张北地震震源深度的多种定位结果,大地电磁探测结果支持震源深度位于12~15 km之间;发震断裂可能为隐伏在汉诺坝玄武岩区下方的大河镇—海流图断裂(F3).通过此次获得的三维电性结构信息,结合张北地震震源参数、震源机制解以及前人地震地质和地球物理探测结果综合分析,认为该区的上地壳高阻体代表着刚性较强的汉诺坝玄武岩区,汉诺坝玄武岩区下方的低阻体代表着地幔岩浆热物质,这些地幔热物质持续的向上侵入和上涌作用可能会削弱汉诺坝玄武岩区内发育的断层稳定性,直到累积足够的应力,产生了非均匀应力积累和变形并弱化了断层强度,导致了张北地震的发生.鉴于张北地震区深部具有的特殊构造环境,该地区仍然是张渤带未来应该长期关注的地震危险重点区域.

     

1906年新疆玛纳斯大震区的多层次逆冲构造与深部结构

通过对天山北麓 190 6年玛纳斯 7 7级地震区的浅层地震探测资料、石油地震反射剖面、二维电性结构剖面、深地震反射剖面的研究 ,发现玛纳斯地震区多层次活动构造系统的根带 ,它通过脆 -韧转换带与天山活动构造块体内上地壳中的低速、高导层连为一体。低速、高导层可能是天山地壳内正在活动的韧性剪切带 ,而齐古逆断裂 -褶皱带下的脆 -韧转换带是连接深部活动韧性剪切带与地壳浅部脆性破裂的枢纽 ,也是现今孕育和发生大地震的重要构造部位。 190 6年玛纳斯地震发生在脆韧转换带的底部 ,地震区的活动逆断裂和褶皱只是部分记录了深部韧性剪切带活动的信息     

四川活动断裂带的基本特征

根据大量的实际资料，总结了四川活动断裂带的基本特征：即大致以北东向龙门山断裂带与北西向荣经－马边－盐津断裂带为界，显示了西强东弱的分区活动特点。断裂活动在时间、空间和强度上都具有明显的不均匀性与分段活动特征；晚更新世～全新世以来发生的强震破裂活动大都是沿袭先存断裂进行的，从古地震研究及较短时间尺度（有历史地震记录以来）来看，反映出断层上的位移是以一种地震构造脉冲形式出现     

兰州地区活动构造的基本特征

兰州地区发育了NWW向和NWW向2组主导性活动构造带。大致以河口为界，东部地区主要为NWW向的马衔山－兴隆山左旋逆走滑活动断裂系，其新活动明显，是区内的主要控震断裂，1125年兰州7级地震就发生在其中的马衔山北缘断裂带的西端。河口以西为拉脊山北缘断裂和庄浪河断裂等1组NWW向的弧形逆冲断褶带，变形方式以断裂扩展褶皱为主，其新活动可能导致了138年金城－陇西63／4级地震、1440年永登61／4级地震和1995年永登5.8级地震的发生。兰州市区所在的兰州盆地则夹持在上述2组活动构造之间，其内同样发育了NWW向和NWW向的次级断裂，如刘家堡断裂、金城关断裂、雷坛河断裂及深沟桥断裂等，其上具有孕育和发生中强震的构造条件。     

Study on Integrated Recurrence Behaviors of Strong Earthquakes Along Entire Active Fault Zones in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region, China

Based on historical earthquake data, we use statistical methods to study integrated recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes along 7 selected active fault zones in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. The results show that recurrences of strong earthquakes in the 7 fault zones display near-random, random and clustering behaviors. The recurrence processes are never quasiperiodic, and are neither strength-time nor time-strength dependent. The more independent segments for strong earthquake rupturing a fault zone has, the more complicated the corresponding recurrence process is. And relatively active periods and quiescent periods for earthquake activity occur alternatively. Within the active periods, the distribution of recurrence time intervals between earthquakes has relatively large discretion, and can be modelled well by a Weibull distribution. The time distribution of the quiescent periods has relatively small discretion, and can be approximately described by some distributions as the normal. Both the durations of the active periods and the numbers of strong earthquakes within the active periods vary obviously cycle by cycle, leading to the relatively active periods having never repeated quasi-periodically. Therefore, the probabilistic assessment for middle- and longterm seismic hazard for entireties of active fault zones based on data of historical strong earthquakes on the fault zones still faces difficulty.     

Study on Medium- and Long-term Strong Earthquake Risk Along the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone

INTRODUCTIONManyhlstoric andrecent eaythquakes occurred along the Zhan9lakou－Penglal fanfaut zone situatedIn h。northern part of North China seismic regl()n(Fig．l),Including Sanhe－Pinggu MS．0 earthquakeonseptemberZ,1679 and Tangshan M7．8 eal’thquake on July28,1976．Afterthe Tangshanearthquake,a seismic quiescence along this zone lasted for 20 or more yeas without M 3 6．0eafthquake．Butonjanuary20,1998 theZhangbel M6．2 eafthquake occurred·Then the seismicactivity tends to …     

THE 3-D VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE

It is important to detect the fine velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle to understand the regional tectonic evolution, earthquake generation processes, and to conduct earthquake risk assessment. The inversion of uppermost mantle velocity and Moho depth are strongly influenced by crustal velocity heterogeneity. In this study, we collected first arrivals of Pg and Pn and secondary arrivals of Pg wave from the seismograms recorded at Fujian provincial seismic network stations. New 3-D P-wave velocities were inverted by multi-phase joint inversion method in Fujian Province. Our results show that the fault zones in Fujian Province have various velocity patterns. The shallow crust is characterized by high velocity that represents mountains, while the mid-lower crust shows low velocities. The anomalous velocities are correlated closely with tectonic faults in Fujian Province. Velocity anomalies mainly show NE-trending distribution, especially in the mid-lower crust and uppermost mantle, which is consistent with the NE-trending of the regional main fault zones. Meanwhile, a part of velocity patterns show NW trending, which is related to the secondary NW-oriented faults. Such velocity distribution also shows a geological structural pattern of "zoning in east-west direction and blocking in north-south direction" in Fujian area. In the crust, a low velocity zone is found along Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone as mentioned by previous study, however our result shows the low velocity exists at depth of 20~30km in mid-lower crust. Compared with previous study, this low velocity zone is larger and deeper both in range and depth. The crustal thickness of 28~35km from our joint inversion is similar to the results from the receiver functions of previous studies. The thinnest crust(28km)is observed at offshore in the north of Quanzhou; while the thickest crust(35km)is located west of Zhangzhou near the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone. Generally, thinner crustal thickness is found in offshore of Fujian Province, and thicker crustal thickness is in the mainland. However, we also found that crustal thickness becomes thinner along the east side of Yongan-Jinjiang Fault. The values of Pn velocities in the region vary from 7.71 to 8.26km/s. The velocity distribution of the uppermost mantle presents a large inhomogeneity, which is correlated with the distribution of the fault zone. High Pn velocity anomalies are found mainly along the west side of the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone(F₂), and the east side of the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone(F₁), which is strip-shaped throughout the central part of Fujian. Low Pn velocity anomalies are observed along the coast and Taiwan Straits, including the Changle-Zhaoan fault zone, the coastal fault zone, and the Fuzhou Basin. We also found a low Pn velocity anomaly zone, which extends to the coast, in the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone at the junction of the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the west of Taiwan Straits, both high and low Pn velocity anomalies are observed. Our results show that the historical strong earthquakes(larger than magnitude 6.0) are mainly distributed between positive and negative anomaly zones at different depth profiles of the crust, and similar anomalies distribution also exists at the uppermost mantle, suggesting that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the region is not only related to the anomalous crustal velocity structure, but also affected by the velocity anomaly structure from the uppermost mantle.     

中国东部重力梯级带的地震地质分析

中国东部重力梯级带上的强震震中分布有着明显的分段性。区域重力场及其地震地质分析表明,沿带现代地震活动的不均一性是与其深部构造环境的差异相联系的。因此重力场与地震关系实质上是一个地震与构造的关系问题。区域重力场只有当其综合反映了所在地区(带)存在强震孕育的构造条件方可作为强震发生的一种判别标     

唐山－河间－磁县新生地震构造带

地震构造研究往往注重那些形成历史长且规模较大的活动断裂带。实际上还存在一种与现代地质环境和区域应力状态基本保持一致的最近构造阶段新发育的断裂带，即新生断裂带。地震活动与这两种构造带关系密切。根据地震和地质构造等资料分析认为，唐山－河间－磁县地震带是一条晚第三纪开始发育的新生地震构造带。     

Relation between the characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Chinese mainland and the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper studies the relations between the great Wenchuan earthquake and the active-quiet periodic characteristics of strong earthquakes, the rhythmic feature of great earthquakes, and the grouped spatial distribution of M_S8.0 earthquakes in Chinese mainland. We also studied the relation between the Wenchuan earthquake and the stepwise migration characteristics of M_S?≥7.0 earthquakes on the North-South seismic belt, the features of the energy releasing acceleration in the active crustal blocks related to the Wenchuan earthquake and the relation between the Wenchuan earthquake and the so called second-arc fault zone. The results can be summarized as follows: ① the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake was consistent with the activequiet periodic characteristics of strong earthquakes; ② its occurrence is consistent with the features of grouped occurrence of M_S8.0 earthquakes and follows the 25 years rhythm (each circulation experiences the same time) of great earthquakes; ③ the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake follows the well known stepwise migration feature of strong earthquakes on the North-South seismic belt; ④ the location where the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake took place has an obvious consistency with the temporal and spatial characteristic of grouped activity of M_S≥?7.0 strong earthquakes on the second-arc fault zone; ⑤ the second-arc fault zone is not only the lower boundary for earthquakes with more than 30 km focal depth, but also looks like a lower boundary for deep substance movement; and ⑥ there are obvious seismic accelerations nearby the Qaidam and Qiangtang active crustal blocks (the northern and southern neighbors of the Bayan Har active block, respectively), which agrees with the GPS observation data.