超低密度河漫滩沉积物地球化学采样的代表性

为了响应国际地球化学旗图计划(ICCP259)中的全球地球化学采样子计划的实施,研制超低密度地球化学采样的最佳方法,1989～1990年在江西省开展了一项试点研究.在约15.7万平方公里的可采面积内采集了121件河漫滩沉积物样品.平均采样密度约为五个点/1300km².采样覆盖度为24%.采样点主要布置在100-500km²的汇水盆地口上,其中有33个采样点控制的汇水盆地面积在400～2000km²之间.河漫滩沉积物样品来自深度在0.5m以下到1.2m的柱状剖面.样品定量分析了38种元素.文章从多方面讨论了超低密度河漫滩沉积物地球化学术样的代表性,并得出以下主要结论:1.在400-2000km²的汇水盆地口上采集河漫滩沉积物样品能较好地反映上游汇水盆地中的主要矿化.2.超低密度采样和以2个点/km²采集水系沉积物样品所获得的W、Sn、Cu、Pb和Zn五个元素的地球化学趋势相似.3.超低密度样品中W、Ph、Be、Rb等元素的分布特征与省内花岗岩的分布相吻合.4.超低密来样品中“3Ni+Cr+V”的分布能较好地反映扬子准地台与华南加里东精皱系在省内的分界线.     

内蒙古朱拉扎嘎金矿物探化探新进展和超大型远景规模评述

朱拉扎嘎金矿区已圈出3km² 激电异常和磁异常,在综合异常区外侧又圈出15km² 磁异常,使异常区范围扩大到18km² ,已施工的18个钻孔均见矿,推断18km² 异常均为原生硫化物金矿层所引起,据估算黄金储量可达1000t。     

地球化学综合找矿隐蔽信息数据处理方法研究与应用

本文认为:化探数据的正态变换是正确估计背景、异常,清晰反映元素间相关关系的基础;R型因子分析是揭示元素相关结构进行成因分类的有效方法;多层次拟合、插值是表征矿化因子得分空间分布规律正确圈定找矿靶区的可靠依据。以此种技术措施对某区1:5万水系沉积物测量520km²的面积和土壤测量12km²面积的实际资料进行数据处理,获得大量有用信息,新发现矿化异常多处,深化了对控矿条件的认识,为进一步找矿指出了方向。     

区域化探扫面资料可以满足1:5万区调对化探的需求——试述水系沉积物测量采样密度试验成果

本文以福建区域化探的实际资料为基础,讨论了1:5万化探区调的采样密度.对比了不同采样密度的化深异常和经济效益.认为在福建省1:5万区域化探以1—2点/km²最好,既能取得较好结果,又经济高效.     

1:50 000山东毕郭幅地球化学数据集

该数据集依托中国地质调查局“山东莱州-招远地区金矿整装勘查区矿产调查与找矿预测”项目,在充分收集地质、物探、化探、遥感及矿产等资料基础上,开展毕郭幅矿产地质调查。项目共采集1 875件水系沉积物样品,采样粒级为-10～+80目,平均采样密度4.5个/km²。采用电感耦合等离子质谱法（ICP-MS）、原子荧光光谱法（AFS）、粉末发射光谱法（ES）和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GF-AAS）分析了16种元素,最终形成1：50 000山东毕郭幅地球化学数据集,数据集包含有1 875件样品×16种元素的原始分析数据表格一个,图集一套（含有1张矿产地质图、一张采样点位图和16张元素地球化学图）。区内共新发现单元素地球化学异常149处,综合异常10处,结合地质、矿产、物探、化探、遥感等信息并圈出金矿找矿靶区5处。     

河北宽城蛇纹石玉的宝石矿物学特征研究

河北宽城蛇纹石玉结构细腻,颜色可呈肉红色、绿色,当地市场称之为"热河玉"。本文通过常规宝石学测试结合激光拉曼光谱、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、激光剥蚀等离子质谱以及可见光吸收光谱等手段对其进行了系统分析,并采用伽玛能谱仪对其放射安全性进行了检测。结果表明,肉红色样品折射率及相对密度值均较低,折射率为1.54~1.55,相对密度为2.33~2.43,主要组成矿物为斜纤蛇纹石,主要具纤维交织结构、纤维柱粒交织结构,局部可见变余生物骨架结构,次要矿物有方解石和透辉石,Fe和Mn元素含量相对较高,Fe元素含量范围在184.9×10^-6~951.7×10^-6,Mn元素含量为106.4×10^-6~287.3×10^-6;绿色样品折射率为1.55~1.56,相对密度为2.58~2.62,主要组成矿物为叶蛇纹石,具更加细腻的纤维交织结构,次要矿物为滑石及四方硫铁矿,Fe元素含量极高,可达5 979×10^-6~6 359×10^-6。结合可见光吸收光谱分析结果认为Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺以及Mn³⁺的综合作用是导致样品呈现肉红色的主要原因,而Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺则是导致绿色的主要原因。放射性检测结果显示样品的内、外照射指数及放射性比活度值均低于标准要求,对人体无放射性危害。     

依据电性特征推断黄河冲积扇的发展

根据电性与岩性、矿化度的经验关系,通过对电测深不同极距等视电阻率值平面电性分布特征,综合钻探地质、测井曲线反映的沉积相规律,推断黄河冲积扇的演变,由深到浅,或者说从老到新的规模是由小到大,即面积大约为11800km²→52000km²→66700km²的发展过程。     

吉林省浑江市幅1∶50 000水系沉积物测量原始数据集

吉林省浑江市幅1∶50 000水系沉积物测量共采集1961件水系沉积物样品, 采样粒级为-10目~+80目, 平均采样密度为5.1个/km²。采用发射光谱法(AES)、泡沫塑料吸附石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱法(GFAAS)、原子荧光法(AFS)及等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析了Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、W、Sn、Mo、Cd、Co、Cr、Ni 等16种元素, 形成吉林省1∶50 000浑江市幅水系沉积物测量原始数据集。数据集包含有1961件样品以及其16元素的原始数据表1个(Excel), MapGIS格式图集1套(含有1张矿产地质图、1张采样点位图、16张单元素地球化学图、16张单元素异常图)。通过本数据集新发现单元素地球化学异常403处, 综合异常24处, 结合地质、物探、化探、遥感及已有成矿线索圈定金矿找矿靶区3处、铜及多金属找矿靶区2处。本文数据集为该区域提供了一套基础性的数据资源, 为基础地质及其他领域应用提供基础地球化学依据。     

西藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷入口处 第四纪多次冰川阻江事件*

在第四纪的末次冰期、新冰期和小冰期期间,位于大峡谷入口处的则隆弄跃动冰川发生多次的快速前进,多次发生阻塞雅鲁藏布江事件,在大峡谷以上河段形成4期(Ⅳ~Ⅰ)的林芝古堰塞湖。¹⁴ C测年结果指示第2次、第3次和第4次堰塞湖分别发生在9760~11300aB.P.,1220±40~1660±40aB.P.和287±93~394±83aB.P.。估计Ⅳ~Ⅱ期堰塞湖库容量约2150km³,835km³和81km³。冰川阻塞湖坝的溃决释放突发性洪水,对下游的雅鲁藏布大峡谷河段及下游地区的环境产生巨大的影响。     

重力异常与高程关系的统计分析

本文采用数理统计方法,对我国东南部约300万km²范围内的布伽重力异常和地形高程的关系进行了统计分析。通过对布伽异常和高程关系的讨论,提出了一种分离重力异常的方法。利用这种方法对某区与高程有关的重力异常和因地壳地质构造引起的剩余重力异常进行分解,编制了相应的图件。这为不同构造单元的密度结构特征及其可能的深部构造轮廓的推断提供了信息。     

Elemental Concentrations of Stream Sediments in Southern China

Over 3 million samples were collected from southern China at a density of 1–2 stream sediment samples per square kilometre as part of the Regional Geochemistry National Reconnaissance (RGNR) programme of China initiated in the late 1970s. Approximately 5244 composite samples of stream sediments from twelve provinces of southern China were prepared from the original RGNR samples collected from a territory with an area of 2300000 km² at a density of one composite sample per 1:50000 map sheet (about 400 km²). Seventy‐six elements were determined by the geoanalysis laboratory of Henan Province (platinum‐group elements) and by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (IGGE) laboratory for the remainder. Internal quality and external quality control methods were applied to ensure that the analytical data were comparable. Statistics were used to derive the mean and background values and indicate the average concentrations of the seventy‐six elements. Comparisons were made against the mean values obtained from stream sediments, floodplain sediments, overall sediments and overall soils of the entire territory of China. The concentrations of Hg, Cd, rare earth elements and 24 other elements were higher than their background for the whole of China. In contrast, the concentration of Na₂O, CaO, Ba and Sr were lower in the stream sediments in southern China than their whole China background.     

National-Scale Geochemical Mapping Projects in China

Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km² of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km² and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km² with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km² has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km²). Approximately 1 million km² have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km², and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km² and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements.     

Fractal analysis based on the continuous wavelet transform and lithofacies classification from well-logs data using the self-organizing map neural network

The main goal of this paper is to show that the fractal analysis based on the continuous wavelet transform is not able to improve lithofacies classification using the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network model from well-logs data. The proposed idea consists to inject many inputs in SOM neural network machines and to choose the best map. These inputs are: data set 1: the five raw well-logs data which are: the gamma ray, density, neutron porosity, photoelectric absorption coefficient and sonic well-log; data set 2: the estimated Hölder exponents using the continuous wavelet transform of the data set 1; data set 3: data set 1 and the three radioactive elements concentrations; data set 4: the estimated Hölder exponents of the data set 1 and the Hölder exponents of the radioactive elements concentrations; data set 5: the estimated Hölder exponents of the data set 1 and the three radioactive elements concentrations logs. Application of the proposed idea at two boreholes located in the Algerian Sahara shows that the Hölder exponents estimated with the continuous wavelet transform as an input of the SOM neural network are not able to give geological details. However, the raw well-logs as an input give more details and precision especially when they are enhanced with the natural gamma ray spectrometry data.     

利用自组织特征映射网络自动识别油气层

针对储层中流体不易判别、测试结果与测井解释结果吻合率低的特点;在测井曲线上提取反映储层中流体特征的参数,采用自组织特征映射神经网络,对东海西湖凹陷Ｈｙ构造上的两口井（Ｈｙ７－１－１,Ｈｙ１４－１－１）进行了油气层的识别,通过检测吻合率达到８９．６５％,证实该网络是一种有效的油气层识别方法。     

Analysis of High Density Regional Geochemical Soil Samples at the Council for Geoscience (South Africa): The Importance of Quality Control Measures

The Council for Geoscience (CGS, South Africa) has a statutory mandate to carry out regional geochemical mapping in South Africa that needs to be rapidly and accurately analysed. Both simultaneous X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (S-XRF) and a newly developed method using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were employed. Various trace elements that could not previously be analysed by S-XRF can now be analysed by ICP-MS for the regional geochemical mapping programme, e.g., Cd, Mo, Te and Li. Using both techniques, the CGS aims to report element distributions for some fifty elements. To ensure that element concentration levels correlate over map boundaries, quality control measures in the sampling, sample preparation and analyses were of critical importance. This paper aims to discuss the sample preparation and quality control measures as applied to the ∼5500 samples of the Giyani and Tzaneen 1:100000 scale map sheets sampled at a density of one soil sample per km². ICP-MS batch- and instrumental drift-correction procedures will be discussed. As a final step, geochemical data were overlain over simplified geological maps using geographical information system software. These maps complement existing geological information of South Africa, help in the identification of exploration targets, test exploration models and initiate further geological research.     

Reproducibility Tests for INAA Determinations With AGV-I, BCR-I and GSP-I and New Data For 17 Geochemical Reference Materials

During 1975–1977, the USGS reference rocks GSP-1, BCR-1 and from 1977 onwards AGV-1 have been systematically analysed in routine INAA as test samples. The results are given for up to 26 elements per sample and the reliability of our setup is demonstrated. For further 17 geochemical reference samples, new results are presented and compared with available data.     

中国南方地区水系沉积物中元素丰度

从中国南方12个省自治区230万km2面积上所采集的水系沉积物中按每1∶5万图幅一个组合样的密度组合成5 244件组合样,采用以ICP-MS、ICP-AES和XRF为主的先进的分析测试方法和严格的质量控制方法,准确测试了其中的76种元素。统计计算了中国南方地区76种元素的平均值,给出了中国南方地区水系沉积物中76种元素...     

区域化探样品元素测定几个问题的探讨

化探样品元素测定的要求,因任务的不同而异。区测与普查相比其要求不同。在普查(及详查)阶段,工作限定在较小的范围内,可能发现的矿种有限或可以预测,测定元素的数目也相应较少(约20种元素)．普查的测网较密,主要是圈出含量和衬度较高的异常内带,对灵敏度和准确度要求可以低些。区域化探主要是发现强度低、衬度低而范围大的区域地球化学异常,而且做为地球化学基础资料,是按分幅扫面,最后要拼缩成全国性的地球化学图。由于图幅间的对比拼接,要求较高的灵敏度和准确度。在区测中凡是能形成独立矿产的元素(包括稀有分散元素)以及有指示意义的伴生元素都要测定。区测化探不但用于找矿,目前日益为区域地质、自然区划、环境保护和农林畜牧的研究,提供重要的地球化学资料。目前测定的元素包括成岩特征元素在内已达39种。文中还探讨了在我国目前化验水平和能力的情况下,完成区测化探样品测定的方法和工作步骤。     

Using Remote Sensing Data to Delineate the Lineaments for Hydrothermal Mineral Prediction in Heqing Area, Northwest Yunnan Province, China

Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation.