南海南部1百万年以来的放射虫动物群特征

定量分析了ODP184航次1143站岩心中的117个放射虫样品，得出南海南部1MaB．P．以来地层中的放射虫动物群特征如下：自1MaB．P．以来放射虫的数量分布丰度值呈现由低到高的变化趋势，并具有规律性的旋回特征，体现了1MaB．P．以来该海区放射虫动物群由贫乏向繁盛的逐步演化过程，以及海洋环境的几个阶段性变化。放射虫属种组成呈现明显的热带暖水动物群的组合面貌，优势种的组成与南海中北部海区及其它低纬度大洋相比存在一定差异，体现了该海区独特的放射虫组成特征。此外，指示温度的特征种在1MaB．P．来地层中的分布也显示了热带、亚热带海区放射虫的特殊指示作用。     

南海南部晚中新世的放射虫及其环境探讨

南海是东亚古季风产物的主要沉积盆地，保存着比陆地更加完整和连续的沉积记录。详细分析了ODP1143号钻井晚中新世的放射虫化石群，主要根据标志种Diartus petterssoni,D.hughesi和Stichocorys delmontensis等的分布特征，分别建立了南海南部晚中新世的RN6，RN7和RN8等3个放射虫化石带，并讨论了其地层年龄。探讨了以地层中放射虫的丰度变化特征等在南海南部作为东亚古夏季风活动替代性指标的可能性，初步说明东亚古夏季风可能早于8．7Ma B.P．出现，约在8．24Ma B.P.强化达到高峰，认为与印度季风的出现几乎同步或略早。     

南海表层沉积硅藻的分布及其与环境因子的关系

通过对取自南海62个站位的表层沉积物样品,进行了硅藻、沉积物粒度分析,查明了研究海区硅藻的种类组成及分布特点,共鉴定到硅藻56属的235个种和变种、变型.种类以热带外洋种为优势,如Azpeitia nodulifer、Roperia tesselata、Azpeitia africanus、Hemidiscus cuneiformis、Nitzschia marine 等,伴有一定量的热带—亚热带近岸种和广布种如Paralia sulcata、Thalassiosira excentrica、Cyclotella stylorum、Thalassionema nitzschioides、Thalassiothrix longissoma等.总体上,南海硅藻丰度变化呈现从陆架向陆坡至海盆递增的趋势.研究海区硅藻种类组成与临近的菲律宾海域相似程度最大,其次是东海、太平洋东北部海域.对影响南海表层沉积硅藻分布的主要因素进行了探讨,南海表层沉积硅藻主要受海底地质地貌、沉积速率、水动力条件和水文气候条件等的影响较大,硅藻的分布往往是这些因素综合作用的结果.     

红河活动断裂带在南海西北部的反映

红河断裂带是一条走滑的活动断裂带，它控制着南海西北部的构造活动，也控制着莺歌海盆地的形成和演化。根据南海西北部中穿过莺歌海盆地的地震剖面和历史资料进行解释，结果表明，莺歌海盆地的形成可分3个阶段：自50MaB．P．开始，沿红河断裂带的左旋错动和在印支地块的顺时针旋转的应力作用下，形成了莺歌海盆地的雏形；24MaB．P．之后在左旋压扭应力场作用下，形成了盆地西北部的反转构造；5MaB．P．之后发生了右旋错动，盆地内快速沉降，发育巨厚沉积层。根据盆地内最老和最新的沉积中心之间的距离，推测沿红河断裂带的左旋位错约200km。该断裂带发展到现代，其活动性大为减弱，曾发生10次小于5级地震。     

南海南部第四纪表层海水古生产力变化的钙质超微化石证据

深海沉积中的钙质超微化石是古海洋表层生产力的替代性标志之一。通过对南海南部ODP1143站第四纪沉积中超微化石分析，从绝对丰度和堆积速率、Florisphaera profunda百分含量及碳同位素三个方面探讨了该区第四纪表层海水古生产力的变化特征。结果显示，1．56Ma以来南海南部表层海水古生产力呈现两种不同时间尺度的变化。一是随冰期－间冰期旋回而变化，间冰期时，表层海水生产力高，而冰期时则降低；另一种则是大约40万年的长周期变化，自1．56Ma以来，可以分成四个大的旋回，每个旋回内表层海水古生产力又经历了从低到高再到低的变化。     

南海深海表层沉积硅藻的分布

定量分析了南海36个深海现代表层沉积样品中的硅藻，发现主要的种有Thalassionema nitzschilides、Chaetoceros messanensis、Coscinodiscus modulifer、Thalassionthrix longissima、Nitzschia marina和Cyclotella spp.。根据硅藻优势种含量、丰度等特征以及Q型聚类分析，大致划分为5个组合带，它们主要受温度、上升流等环境因素的影响。     

南海东部海域柱样沉积物浊流沉积探讨

利用1998年南海东部陆坡69号柱样、深海盆149号柱样、南部岛礁323号柱样沉积物的粒度、化学、古生物、矿物等鉴定分析测试资料,分析了南海东部海域发生浊流沉积的地质背景、产生浊流沉积的条件和诱发因素,进而发现南海东部浊流沉积发育,在南北陆坡及中部深海盆地均有浊流沉积层。从其出现层位看,为氧同位素2—4期,即晚更新世中晚期。从浊流沉积出现层数分析,具有自北向南浊流发生频次减弱的趋势。从浊流沉积物成分看,南海东部浊流沉积物具有多样性,北部陆坡以陆源为主,中部深海盆以陆源及火山源为主,南部岛礁以生物源为主。     

南海晚第四纪的硅藻遗体及其地质意义──Ⅳ.南海中部深海平原KL 91剖面的硅藻组合

南海中部深海平原KL91剖面共鉴定出硅藻109种和变种，隶属于43属。依据剖面硅藻种类的含量变化，自下而上划分为三个硅藻带，其中Ⅰ带划分出6个亚带，Ⅱ带8个亚带。文中讨论了各硅藻带的古温度和古地理条件，并依据结节圆筛藻壳体大小比值变化，确定出该剖面的地层年代：Ⅲ带属于全新世沉积，Ⅱ带和Ⅰ2～6亚带属于晚更新世沉积，Ⅰ1亚带属于中更新世沉积。     

朝鲜南海内陆架晚第四纪沉积演化

朝鲜南海内陆架晚第四纪沉积演化Ｓ．ＣｈｕｌＰａｒｋ等朝鲜南海大陆架为一巨厚的陆源碎屑沉积物堆积的地区．其中心陆架在深海和底部特征的基础上可被分为窄的内陆架和宽的中部陆架，内陆架区（深＜５ｓｍ）是晚第四纪沉积的沉积中心，沉积物主要来自部分河流．大量来自...     

南海晚第四纪的硅藻遗体及其地质意义──Ⅲ.南海北部深海平原边部KL29剖面的硅藻组合

南海北部深海平原边部KL29柱样中共鉴定出硅藻169种和变种，隶属于53属。依据硅藻种类的含量变化，自下而上划分为三个硅藻带。其中，Ⅰ带划分出5个亚带，Ⅱ带划分出8个亚带。文中讨论了各硅藻带的古温度和古地理条件，并依据结节圆筛藻壳体大小的比值变化，确定出该柱样的地质年代：Ⅲ带属于全新世沉积，Ⅱ、Ⅰ带均属于晚更新世的沉积。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.