Geochemistry of the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Tongtian He and Jinsha Jiang: Silicate weathering and CO2 consumption

Water and sediment samples were collected from the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Tongtian He and Jinsha Jiang (upstream of the Yangtze River which flows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau). A detailed geochemical study of the river system was carried out to determine: (i) temporal and spatial variations of the major ions and their implications; (ii) contribution of carbonate, silicate and evaporite to the river dissolved load and (iii) CO₂ consumption via silicate weathering. Results show that cations derived from evaporite dissolution account for 44.7–82.8% of the total cations in the headwaters of the Yangtze River and increasing from SE to NW of the drainage basin. The contribution from silicate weathering gradually increases from the headwaters due to exposure of intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks in the Jinsha Jiang suture belt. Proportion of cations derived from silicate weathering to the total cations in river waters reaches a maximum at Panzhihua City, which is consistent with the abundant exposure of Cenozoic granitoids and Precambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks around Panzhihua. The Jinsha Jiang basin has higher silicate weathering rates but lower carbonate weathering rates than the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The calculated enrichment factors of potentially harmful metals in the river sediments are within the range of 0.33–2.59, indicative of level 1 or 2 contamination. The highest enrichment factor for Co, Cr and V is found in Panzhihua City, indicating that it has been influenced by anthropogenic sources.     

长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作用

长江与黄河沉积物的稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）组成特征不同。长江沉积物ＲＥＥ含量较高,元素含量变化也大于黄河样品;球粒陨石标准化模式表明长江沉积物的（Ｌａ／Ｌｕ）Ｎ、（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ、（Ｇｄ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ的值也相应地比黄河沉积物中的高１０％左右,分布曲线均呈明显的石倾状,轻重稀土分馏明显,相对富集ＬＲＥＥ。且长江样品比黄河样品更富集ＬＲＥＥ,但Ｅｕ亏损不及黄河样品;两者的北美页岩标准化曲线均呈平坦稍右倾状,具有     

Isotope and trace element geochemistry of sediments from the Barbados Ridge-Demerara Plain region,Atlantic Ocean

Twenty-four piston core sediment samples and 13 sediments and 3 basalts from DSDP Leg 78 Site 543 were analyzed for Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions. The results show sediment with highly radiogenic Pb${}^{206}\text{Pb}{}^{204}\text{Pb}$ up to 19.8) and rather radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd has been deposited in the region since the Cretaceous. The source of this sediment is probably the Archean Guiana Highland, which is drained by the Orinoco River. Pb and Sr isotopic compositions and sediment thickness decrease and${}^{143}\text{Nd}{}^{144}\text{Nd}$ increases northward due to a decrease in turbiditic component. This decrease is partly due to the damming action of basement ridges. Rare earth concentrations in the sediments are somewhat low, due to the abundance of detrital and biogenic components in the sediment and rapid sedimentation rates. Both positive and negative Ce anomalies occur in the surface sediments, but only positive Ce anomalies occur in the Site 543 sediments. It is unlikely that sediment subducted to the source region of Lesser Antilles arc magmas could be the cause of negative Ce anomalies in those magmas.Isotopic compositions of Site 543 basalts show some effect of contamination by seawater-basalt reaction products and sediments. Beyond this, however, they are typical of “normal” depleted MORB.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Holocene lacustrine sediments in Nam Co, Tibet

The carbonates, clays and major chemical compositions of lacustrine sediments in Nam Co (Lake) were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis. Carbonates include monohydrocalcite (MHC, first report from China and in a high-altitude lake), low-Mg calcite and traces of dolomite. MHC in Nam Co is developed in water (1.8 g/L) with high Mg/Ca molar ratios (10.03–15.03), high pH (8.04–9.72) and the presence of bacteria, algae, diatom and ostracoda. Illite and Mg-chlorite provide a strong evidence for physical weathering in the Holocene. Most Ca and Sr in sediments originate from carbonates as the molar ratios of Ca and CO₃²⁻ are all less than 1 and the curve of Sr is very similar to that of Ca. However, most of the Mg, Fe and Rb are from clays. The lake water shifted from a fresh water environment to an evaporative, alkaline environment by 2.06 cal. ka BP. There was a depositional event that the depositional rate changed from 0.134 to 1.639 mm/a at about 2 cal. ka BP.     

Historical trace element distribution in sediments from the Mississippi River delta

Five sediment cores were collected on the shelf of the inner Mississippi Bight in June 2003 for a suite of radionuclides to establish geochronologies and trace elements to examine patterns of contaminant deposition and accumulation. Core sites were chosen to reflect a matrix of variable water depths, proximity to the Mississippi River mouth as the primary source for terrigenous particles, and extent and duration of summertime water column hypoxia. The vertical distribution of^239,240Pu and²¹⁰Pb_xs(=²¹⁰Pb_total−²²⁶Ra) provided reliable geochronological age constraints to develop models for mass accumulation rates and historic trace element inputs and variations. Mass accumulation rates ranged from 0.27 to 0.87 g cm⁻²yr⁻¹ and were internally consistent using either²¹⁰Pb_xs or^239,240Pu. Measured inventories of¹³⁷Cs,^239,240Pu, and²¹⁰Pb_xs were compared to atmospheric deposition rates to quantify potential sediment focusing or winnowing. Observed variability in calculated mass accumulation rates may be attributed foremost to site-specific proximity to the river mouth (i.e., sediment source), variability in water depth, and enhanced sediment focusing at the Mississippi River canyon site. Trace element concentrations were first normalized to Al, and then Al-normalized enrichment factors (ANEF) were calculated based on preanthropogenic and crustal trace element abundances. These ANEFs were typically >1 for V and Ba, while for most other elements studied, either no enrichment or depletion was observed. The enrichment of Ba may be related, in part, to the seasonal occurrence of oxygen-depleted subsurface waters off the Mississippi River delta, as well as being an ubiquitous byproduct of the petroleum industry.     

苏鲁榴辉岩中磷灰石的矿物学和微量元素地球化学

磷灰石是榴辉岩中最常见的副矿物之一,见证了高压-超高压变质岩从原岩形成、俯冲和折返所伴随的物理化学过程。为进一步揭示苏鲁超高压榴辉岩经历的物理和化学过程,我们对取自中国大陆科学钻探工程（CCSD）主孔岩心和苏北地表露头榴辉岩中的磷灰石进行了详细的岩相学分析和LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素分析。分析结果表明,在苏鲁榴辉岩中,磷灰石绝大多数是在超高压变质作用阶段重结晶生长的。未受退变质影响的磷灰石富含LREE和Sr元素,退变质作用促使磷灰石中活动性较强的LREE和Sr明显降低而HREE含量略微升高,并产生负Eu异常。磷灰石边部HREE的升高可能与折返过程中的升温作用和石榴子石分解有关,Eu负异常的产生可能还与退变质过程中发生了氧逸度f^O2的降低有关;结合前人对磷灰石中“出溶”现象的研究,提出榴辉岩磷灰石中的独居石“出溶体”很可能是磷灰石与富含NaCl和硅酸盐的退变质流体发生交代反应所致,磷灰石中硫化物“出溶体”的形成除了氧逸度降低的原因外,可能也与折返过程中发生的短期升温作用有关。超高压变质岩从进变质-峰期→早期退变质→角闪岩相退变质阶段,变质流体可能经历了氧化→还原→氧化状态的复杂变化。     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of sediments in arid lakes of Australia

Arid lakes of South, Central and Western Australia generally fill local depressions in Pre-Cambrian rocks. Their hydrochemical evolution represents a special type within the system of inland waters and is characterized by the lack of carbonate sedimentation. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the fine-grained lake deposits is mainly influenced by mechanical weathering products, indicating a distinct detrital heritage from the lithology of the lake basins and of the surrounding areas.Thus, sediments from arid lakes provide simplified conditions to evaluate both (1) economic metal accumulations and (2) baseline data for environmental geochemistry. The former is shown by the concentrations of nickel, chromium and cobalt in lakes of the Western Australian greenstone area. The latter is demonstrated by the concendations of zinc and copper, which are particularly uniform and similar to average shale composition; elevated contents of lead in sediments in some of the lakes studied might indicate an increase of atmospheric lead pollution.

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Zusammenfassung Die Trockenseen Süd-, Zentral- und Westaustraliens füllen lokale Vertiefungen, überwiegend in präkambrischen Gesteinen, mit meist geringmächtigen Ablagerungen. Ihre hydrochemische Entwicklung stellt einen besonderen Typus im System der Binnengewässer dar und zeichnet sich durch das Fehlen von Karbonatabscheidungen aus. Die mineralogische und chemische Zusammensetzung der feinkörnigen Seeablagerungen ist in erster Linie von mechanischen Verwitterungseinflüssen geprägt und läßt eine deutliche detritische Verwandtschaft zu den Gesteinen im Seebecken und der näheren Umgebung erkennen.Die Ablagerungen in ariden Seen bieten deshalb günstige Voraussetzungen (1) zur Exploration nutzbarer Metallanreicherungen und (2) zur Ermittlung von background Daten für umwelt-geochemische Untersuchungen. Der erstgenannte Aspekt wird anhand von Nickel-, Chrom- und Kobaltanreicherungen in See-Sedimenten Westaustraliens beschrieben. Für den zweiten Anwendungsbereich sind vor allem die Zink- und Kupferwerte zu nennen, die sehr geringe Schwankungen aufweisen und mit ihren Durchschnittsgehalten den mittleren Tongesteinsanteilen dieser Elemente entsprechen; die Zunahme der Bleigehalte in den Sedimenten einiger der untersuchten australischen Trockenseen könnte einen Hinweis auf den Anstieg der atmosphärischen Bleiverschmutzung darstellen.

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Résumé Les lacs arides de l'Australie du Sud, de l'Ouest et du Centre représentent un type spécial dans la système des eaux continentales. Leur développement hydrochimique se caractérise par l'absence d'une précipitation de carbonates. La composition minéralogique des sédiments lacustres est surtout influencée par une dégradation nonchimique et montre un »héritage détritique« distinct des formations rocheuses situées dans le basin lacustre et dans sa proximité.Les sédiments dans les lacs arides offrent donc des conditions favorables (1) à l'exploration des enrichissements de métaux exploitables et (2) à l'évaluation de données fondamentales (»background«) pour les analyses géochimiques de l'environnement. Le premier de ces deux aspects sera décrit au moyen des enrichissements de nickel, de chrome et de cobalt dans les sédiments lacustres de l'Australie de l'Ouest. Pour le second aspect et pour son application, il faut avant tout signaler les teneurs de zinc et de cuivre, qui varient très peu et qui correspondent aux teneurs moyennes de ces métaux dans les roches argileuses; l'enrichissement en plomb dans les sédiments de quelques lacs arides explorés en Australie pourrait donner une indication sur l'accroisement de la pollution atmosphérique par le plomb.

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Mineralogy,petrology, and trace element geochemistry of the Johnstown meteorite: a brecciated orthopyroxenite with siderophile and REE-rich components

The Johnstown meteorite is a brecciated orthopyroxenite (diogenite) containing coarsegrained centimeter-sized clasts of cumulate origin that have undergone subsolidus recrystallization. The brecciated portion is dominated by subangular fragments of orthopyroxene (Wo_2–3En_72–74Fs_23–25) in a variably comminuted matrix of the same material. Minor and accessory phases include plagioclase (An_82–90Ab_10–18Or_0–1), diopside (Wo_44–45En_46–47Fs_9–10), olivine (Fo_71–72), tridymite, troilite, metallic Ni-Fe (~3% Ni), and chromite (Cm_71–80Hc_1–8Sp_11–19Mt_2–4Uv_1–3).The clastic component is parental to the brecciated matrix which contains no foreign lithic or mineralogic components. Siderophile trace element studies, however, reveal the presence of meteoritic (chondritic) contamination in the brecciated portion using unbrecciated clasts for indigenous values. Rare earth element abundances show a wide range of values for the light REE in different samples, although all samples exhibit a strong negative Eu anomaly, indicative of earlier plagioclase fractionation. Two pairs of adjacent brecciated and unbrecciated samples from different portions of the meteorite show, respectively, the most enriched and the most depleted light REE patterns. The variability in La content is over a factor of 100. However, in each case the REE pattern for the brecciated portion is very similar to that of the unbrecciated portion. These differences are attributed to sampling of variable amounts of residual, REE-enriched, trapped liquid. The most representative REE pattern for the bulk meteorite has an intermediate composition and was obtained from the largest sample. The data presented here indicate that Johnstown is a monomict breccia, in contrast to several other diogenites which may be considered to be polymict on the basis of their mineral compositions and/or clast populations.     

Mineralogy and trace element geochemistry of sulfide minerals from the Wocan Hydrothermal Field on the slow-spreading Carlsberg Ridge,Indian Ocean

The basalt-hosted Wocan Hydrothermal Field (WHF), located on the NW slope of an axial volcanic ridge at a depth of ∼3000 m at 6°22′N on the slow-spreading Carlsberg Ridge, northwest Indian Ocean, was discovered in 2013 during Chinese DY28th cruise. Preliminary investigations show that the field consists of two hydrothermal sites: Wocan-1, which shows indications for recent high-temperature hydrothermal activity, is located near the peak of the axial volcanic ridge at a water depth of 2970–2990 m, and Wocan-2 site, located at a water depth of 3100 m, ∼1.7 km to the northwest of Wocan-1. The recovered hydrothermal precipitates can be classified into four groups: (i) Cu-rich chimneys; (ii) Cu-rich massive sulfides; (iii) Fe-rich massive sulfides; and (iv) silicified massive sulfides. We conducted mineral texture and assemblage observation and Laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses of the hydrothermal precipitates to study the mineralization processes. Our results show that there are distinct systematic trace element distributions throughout the different minerals in the four sample groups. In general, chalcopyrite from the group (i) is enriched in Pb, As, Mo, Ga, Ge, V, and Sb, metals that are commonly referred to as medium- to low-temperature elements. In contrast these elements are present in low contents in the chalcopyrite grains from other sample groups. Selenium, a typical high-temperature metal, is enriched in chalcopyrite from groups (ii) and (iv), whereas Ag and Sn are enriched only in some silicified massive sulfides. As with chalcopyrite, pyrite also shows distinct trace element associations in grains with different habitus. The low-temperature association of elements (Pb, Mo, Mn, U, Mg, Ag, and Tl) is typically present in colloform/framboidal pyrite, whereas the high-temperature association (Se, Co, and Bi) is enriched in euhedral pyrite. Sphalerite in the groups (i) and (iii) at Wocan-1 is characterized by high concentrations of Ga, Ge, Pb, Cd, As, and Sb, indicating that sphalerite in these sample groups likely precipitated at intermediate temperatures. Early bornite, which mainly occurs in the central part of the Cu-rich chimney, is typically enriched in Sn and In compared to the other minerals. In contrast, late bornite that likely formed during increasing interaction of hydrothermal fluids with cold, oxygenated seawater has low Sn and In, but significantly higher concentrations of Ag, Au, Mo and U. Digenite, also forming in the exterior parts of the samples during the late stages of hydrothermal fluid venting, is poor in most trace elements, except Ag and U. The notable Ag enrichment in the late-stage mineral assemblages at both Wocan-1 and Wocan-2 may therefore be related to lower temperatures and elevated pH. Our results indicate that Wocan-1 has experienced a cycle of heating with Cu-rich chimney growth and subsequent cooling, followed by late seafloor weathering, while Wocan-2 has seen intermediate- to high-temperature mineralization followed by intense silicification of sulfides. Seafloor weathering processes or mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater during the waning stages of hydrothermal fluid flow result in significant redistributions of trace elements in sulfide minerals.     

滇东南老寨湾金矿床主微量元素迁移及稀土元素地球化学特征

老寨湾金矿床位于扬子地台西南缘与华夏地块结合部位的南盘江造山褶皱带文山—富宁断褶束西畴拱凹北缘。矿体主要赋存于下泥盆统坡松冲组下段(D_1ps~1)石英砂岩、石英岩,硅化石英细砂岩、石英细砂岩中。本文运用Gresens和Grant提出的蚀变岩成分、体积公式和C_i~0—C_i~A图解法,对老寨湾金矿床岩(矿)石形成过程中主要元素迁移规律进行了研究,结果表明:1)石英砂岩在硅化过程中,SiO_2和As被带入,Au被带出进入流体;在氧化矿形成过程中,SiO_2和Au被带入;而在黄铁矿化矿石形成过程中,As、Au、FeO和Fe_2O_3被带入,SiO_2被带出。2)矿区各类岩(矿)石稀土元素分布模式图均呈右倾型式,为轻稀土富集型;氧化型岩(矿)石、硅化型岩(矿)石和石英砂岩的稀土元素分布型式类似,均表现为负铕异常,无明显的铈异常。3)黄铁矿化型矿石稀土元素分布模式图中样品分为2类:沉积成因和热液成因;沉积成因黄铁矿化型矿石含金低,w(ΣREE)值高,表现为负铕异常;热液成因黄铁矿化型矿石含金较高,w(ΣREE)值低,表现为正铕异常。4)黄铁矿化型矿石w(ΣREE)值明显低于其它几类岩矿石,说明热液型黄铁矿化型矿石的形成可能与矿区辉绿岩脉相关,表现出了深源的特征。     

Mineralogy and major-trace element geochemistry of the Haymana manganese mineralizations,Ankara, Turkey

The study area comprises Çayirli, Harapa?illari and Ortabel (ÇHO) districts in the Haymana town 25 km SW of the Ankara city. In this study, geologic setting, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of manganese mineralizations are examined and their origin is discussed. Data were obtained from field observations, various polished and thin section determinations and chemical analyses of 25 ore samples. Major and trace element analyses were conducted with ICP-ES and ICP-MS methods at ACME Laboratories (Canada). ÇHO manganese ores are found in reddish radiolarites and partly interbedded marls of the Ankara ophiolitic melange of lower Cretaceous-upper Senonian age. In these extremely folded rocks, manganese is observed as band and lenses. All samples are composed of pyrolusite and quartz. Circular pyrolusites around the gangue form a ring texture and radiolarite ores yield spherical sections. In addition, breccia-like texture is observed between pyrolusite and quartz. Geologic setting, mineralogical and textural data indicate an exogene environment. Major and trace element abundances and correlation among them imply that ÇHO mineralizations are of hydrothermal origin and linked to the same source. Evaluation of all these data shows that ÇHO manganese mineralizations are of hydrothermal type sedimentary mineralization and they were deposited in distal part of the source.     

Major, trace and REE geochemistry of the Ganga River sediments: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes

The sediments of the Ganga River from different depositional regimes in the Plain region such as the river channel, active flood-plain and the older flood-plain sediments from the inter-fluve region were analysed for major, trace and the rare earth elements (REEs). These are compared with catchment zone sediments of the river and probable source rocks in the Himalaya. The lower CIA values between 48 and 54.7 for the catchment sediments indicates that the sediments supplied to the Ganga Plain are chemically immature and subjected mostly to physical weathering due to higher erosion rates in the Himalaya. The CIA values ranging between 55 and 74, with average value of 59, 61.4 and 67 for sediments from the Plain's bed-load, active flood-plain and older flood-plain from the inter-fluve region indicates that silicate weathering of Ganga River sediments has occurred only after entering into the plains. This is likely because of higher residence time and change in the climate from cold-frigid in the Himalaya to tropical sub-humid in the plains. Therefore, the use of geochemical data on ancient system to infer climate in their source region may not always be true. Although the CIA values indicate a moderate chemical weathering in the plains, it is far from impressive. Dominance of physical weathering in the catchment region and lower degree of chemical weathering in the Plains indicate that weathering of sediments supplied by Himalayan Rivers, particularly the Ganga River may not have affected the atmospheric CO₂ to a significant level as is generally believed. Thus the net effect of the Himalaya on the CO₂ sequestration and consequent global cooling needs a re-evaluation.The plots of sediments in ternary diagram among La, Th, Sc and ratios involving Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th indicate granitic to granodioritic source rocks to the sediments. The ratio plots involving relatively immobile Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and FeO along with REE plots suggest that out of the major Himalayan lithologies, gneisses and Cambro-Ordovician granites of HHCS have acted as the dominant source to the sediments.The plots of LogNa₂O/K₂O vs. LogSiO₂/Al₂O₃ and FeO/SiO₂ vs. Al₂O₃/SiO₂ diagrams show that the combination of processes including erosion, weathering, sorting and aeolian activity has together played a major role in progressively changing the chemistry from source rock to catchments bed-load to Plains bed-load, active flood-plains and the older inter-fluve sediments in the Ganga River system. The above plots demonstrate that as a result of above processes the ratios between the elements generally thought to be immobile and used in provenance studies does not always remain invariant and the linear trend line in the scatter gram between the two immobile elements show rotation around the fine grained end member.     

Assessment of trace element geochemistry of Hampton Roads harbor and lower Chesapeake Bay area sediments

Acid extractable Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb. and Zn were determined in sediments from the Inner Virginia Shelf, and from shipping channels in the lower Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, Virginia, harbor system. Data were evaluated by a variety of techniques Levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded average crustal abundances for most of the study sites. Cumulative frequency curves suggested that there were two major populations for all metals and perhaps a third and smaller, one for Cd, Cr, and Mn Plots of metal vs Fe indicated no anthropogenic inputs of metals for shelf and Chesapeake Bay channel sites, but suggested anthropogenic influences for all metals in several of the inshore sites. Enrichment factor calculations showed enrichment of Cd, Pb, and Zn with respect to average crustal abundances for all sites and of Cu for the industrial harbor system. A recommendation of this study for evaluation of environmental geochemical metals data is to utilize mean concentrations, cumulative frequency plots, and metal vs Fe and/or enrichment factor calculations when evaluating the pollution status of sediments.     

Rare-earth element geochemistry as a tracer for clarifying the provenance of the stream sediments in Namhan River, Korea

In the last forty years, the rare-earth elements （REEs） have been used as a powerful tool for solving various geological and geochemical problems due to their unique and chemically coherent behavior. The river sediments are produced by weathering, transportation and deposition. Nesbitt suggested that the rare-earth elements had been mobilized and fractionated during supracrustal alteration of the Torrongo granite, southeastern Australia. Nevertheless, recently, our replicate estimation for REE patterns in sediments revealed that there is nearly no variation in REE patterns. This suggests that invariability of REE patterns in weathering and solidification can be used as a tracer for constraining the provenance of stream sediments. In order to trace the pathway of the river sediments geochemically, based on the REE geochemistry from the river sediments and rocks, we have monitored the REE abundance of stream sediments at branch rivers of the Namhan River in South Korea for three years. The branches studied are Bokhacheon, Shinduncheon and Yanghwacheon. The sediments were divided into coarse （〉300 μm） and fine fractions （〈300 μm）. As a result, we could observe that major element compositions were similar to each other regardless of particle size and sampling date. This suggests that it is difficult to deduce a geochemical difference between river sediments based on major element composition and particle size. The geochemical characteristics of surrounding soils were similar to those of fine river sediments. And the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of most of the fine and coarse sediments in combination with grain sizes and drainage area showed very close relationship with the surrounding rocks. However, some sites showed that there were large variations in REE patterns including total REE abundance and Eu anomaly due to feldspars. This variation trend of REE patterns suggests that changes might have happened in sediment supply for the drainage system in the study area due to floods or large-scale construction.     

Regional geochemistry of trace elements in Chesapeake Bay sediments

The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in 177 surface sediment samples from throughout Chesapeake Bay are reported. Analyses were made of both unfractionated samples and the <63 μm fractions. Analytical uncertainty, always less than ±10%, controlled reproducibility in analyses of the <63 μm fractions, but sampling variance controlled reproducibility in the unfractionated samples, especially when coarse-grained sediments were being analyzed. Sediments in the northernmost part of the bay are enriched relative to average continental crust in all elements except Cr. This reflects the composition of dissolved and suspended material being delivered to that region by the Susquehanna River. The enriched sediments appear not to be transported south of Baltimore in significant quantily. Zinc, cadmium, and lead are enriched relative to average crust throughout the bay and in most other estuaries in the eastern United States.     

The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments

We analyzed the redox sensitive elements V, Mo, U, Re and Cd in surface sediments from the Northwest African margin, the U.S. Northwest margin and the Arabian Sea to determine their response under a range of redox conditions. Where oxygen penetrates 1 cm or less into the sediments, Mo and V diffuse to the overlying water as Mn is reduced and remobilized. Authigenic enrichments of U, Re and Cd are evident under these redox conditions. With the onset of sulfate reduction, all of the metals accumulate authigenically with Re being by far the most enriched. General trends in authigenic metal accumulation are described by calculating authigenic fluxes for the 3 main redox regimes: oxic, reducing where oxygen penetrates ≤1 cm, and anoxic conditions. Using a simple diagenesis model and global estimates of organic carbon rain rate and bottom water oxygen concentrations, we calculate the area of sediments below 1000 m water depth in which oxygen penetration is ≤1 cm to be 4% of the ocean floor. We conclude that sediments where oxygen penetrates ≤1 cm release Mn, V and Mo to seawater at rates of 140%–260%, 60%–150% and 5%–10% of their respective riverine fluxes, using the authigenic metal concentrations and accumulation rates from this work and other literature. These sediments are sinks for Re, Cd and U, with burial fluxes of 70%–140%, 30%–80% and 20%–40%, respectively, of their dissolved riverine inputs. We modeled the sensitivity of the response of seawater Re, Cd and V concentrations to changes in the area of reducing sediments where oxygen penetrates ≤1 cm. Our analysis suggests a negligible change in seawater Re concentration, whereas seawater concentrations of Cd and V could have decreased and increased, respectively, by 5%–10% over 20 kyr if the area of reducing sediments increased by a factor of 2 and by 10%–20% if the area increased by a factor of 3. The concentration variations for a factor of 2 increase in the area of reducing sediments are at about the level of uncertainty of Cd/Ca and V/Ca ratios observed in foraminifera shells over the last 40 kyr. This implies that the area of reducing sediments in the ocean deeper than 1000 m (4%) has not been greater than twice the present value in the recent past.     

Mineralogy,geochemistry, and radiocarbon ages of deep sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico,Mexico

The mineralogy, geochemistry, and radiocarbon ages of two sediment cores (GMX1 and GMX2) collected from the deep sea area of the Southwestern Gulf of Mexico (∼876–1752 m water depth) were studied to infer the sedimentation rate, provenance, heavy metal contamination, and depositional environment. The sediments are dominated by silt and clay fractions. The mineralogy determined by X-Ray diffractometry for the sediment cores reveals that montmorillonite and muscovite are the dominant clay minerals. The sections between 100 and 210 cm of the sediment cores GMX1 and GMX2, respectively, are characterized by the G. menardii group and G. Inflata planktonic foraminiferal species, which represent the Holocene and Pleistocene, respectively. The radiocarbon-age measurements of mixed planktonic foraminifera varied from ∼268 to 45,738 cal. years B.P and ∼104 to 25,705 cal. years B.P, for the sediment cores GMX1 and GMX2, respectively. The variation in age between the two sediment cores is due to a change in sediment accumulation rate, which was lowest at the location GMX1 (0.006 cm/yr) and highest at the location GMX2 (0.017 cm/yr).The chemical index of alteration (CIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), and index of chemical maturity (ICV) values indicated a moderate intensity of weathering in the source area. The total rare earth element concentrations (∑REE) in the cores GMX1 and GMX2 vary from ∼94 to 171 and ∼78 to 151, respectively. The North American Shale Composite (NASC) normalized REE patterns showed flat low REE (LREE), heavy REE (HREE) depletion with low negative to positive Eu anomalies, which suggested that the sediments were likely derived from intermediate source rocks.The enrichment factor of heavy metals indicated that the Cd and Zn concentrations in the sediment cores were impacted by an anthropogenic source. The redox-proxy trace element ratios such as V/Cr, Ni/Co, Cu/Zn, (Cu + Mo)/Zn, and Ce/Ce* indicated that the sediments were deposited under an oxic depositional environment. The similarity in major element concentrations, REE content, and the NASC normalised REE patterns between the cores GMX1 and GMX2 revealed that the provenance of sediments remained relatively uniform or constant during deposition for ∼4.5 Ma. The major and trace element based multidimensional discrimination diagrams showed a rift setting for the core sediments, which is consistent with the geology of the Gulf of Mexico.     

刘家峡水库表层沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

采用多元统计的方法对刘家峡水库表层沉积物中25种微量元素的含量、相关性、来源及控制因素进行了分析。结果显示:研究区表层沉积物中Sr、Zn、Zr和Ba的含量平均值超过了170 μg/g,Cd、Mo和Tl的含量平均值都在1 μg/g以下,其它元素含量平均值则在2.01~104.34 μg/g。元素Cu、V、Co、Cr、Ni、Rb、Li、Cd、Be、Pb、Sc、As、Ga、Nb、Sn、Cs、Tl、Th和Al₂O₃等存在较为明显的相关性,且它们分布规律基本相似。因子分析表明,水库中微量元素分为3个主要来源,第一组分的元素分布受控于矿物岩石的自然风化剥蚀,其贡献率为63.20%;第二组分的Zr和Ba主要受河流沉积物中元素的迁移和转化的影响,其贡献率为12.51%;第三组分的Sr则主要受控于生物成因,其贡献率为9.76%。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Zn和As含量远超过了全球页岩平均值,值得进一步的深入研究。     

青海尕林格铁矿床电气石矿物学、元素地球化学及成因研究

尕林格矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床位于青海东昆仑祁漫塔格造山带与柴达木盆地结合带中部。电气石作为矿区内普遍出现的矿物,部分呈半自形-自形粒状出现在正接触带矽卡岩化蚀变火山岩中(Tour-Ⅰ),也有呈他形粒状形式出现在外接触带变质砂岩中(Tour-Ⅱ)。因其生长化学行为与寄主岩石和流体的化学属性强烈相关,所以电气石的主、微量元素成分为研究热液体系背景下的流体演化及成矿物质来源提供了渠道。尕林格电气石的化学成分包括富Na-Mg的镁电气石和富Ca-Mg的钙镁电气石。Tour-Ⅰ中的环带电气石存在早期核部(Gen-1)被晚期边部(Gen-2)交代的不连续反应边特征。Gen-1为钙镁电气石,而Gen-2为镁电气石。由于镁铁质火山岩的缓冲作用,Gen-1更多地显示出原地寄主岩石的化学成分。随着流体的持续补充,Gen-2则更多地与流体成分保持平衡,显示出较窄的变化范围,与成矿密切相关。Gen-1比Gen-2更加富Fe,意味着流体中Fe浓度降低;而Na含量逐渐上升则暗示流体p H值的升高。尕林格绝大部分矽卡岩电气石都是在早期成核阶段结晶生长的,因为电气石在酸性和中酸性溶液中更加稳定。除此之外,部分Tour-I中还存在沿早期电气石颗粒边缘生长的增生边结构(Gen-3)。Gen-3比Gen-1更加富Ca,推测Gen-3是在相对封闭环境下颗粒间隙溶液作用下的产物。Tour-Ⅱ则既包括钙镁电气石,又含有镁电气石。在Tour-Ⅰ中,Fe和Mg的含量变化范围较大,这与实际观测的Tour-Ⅰ围岩为镁铁质中-基性火山岩密不可分。Tour-Ⅱ比Tour-Ⅰ更加富集B、Ti、Sc、V、Cr、Ga、LREE等元素,这与B的溶解度随流体p H值的升高而升高有关。随着岩浆演化流体p H值的升高,B在相对碱性溶液中大量富集,而大部分微量元素和LREE易与挥发分结合成络合物的形式迁移,因此,B含量高的溶液中部分微量元素和稀土元素含量也会升高。     

Petrology and trace element geochemistry of the Papuan Ultramafic Belt

New petrologic and geochemical data are presented for a suite of rocks from the Papuan Ultramafic Belt (PUB), Papua New Guinea. Tectonite harzburgites at the base of the ophiolite have extremely refractory, uniform mineralogy, and are exceptionally depleted in lithophile elements. These features are consistent with the proposed origin of these rocks as depleted upper mantle, residual after extraction of a basaltic melt. The tectonite peridotites are overlain by a thick sequence of layered ultramafic and mafic cumulates containing olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase as the major cumulus phases. Early cumulates are characterized by magnesian olivine Mg₉₀, orthopyroxene Mg₉₀ and calcic plagioclase An₈₆, and exhibit cryptic variation towards more iron-rich and sodic compositions. Abundances of incompatible elements in the cumulates are extremely low which, together with the nature of the cumulus phases, points to a magnesian olivine-poor tholeiite or magnesian quartz tholeiite parent magma(s) strongly depleted in incompatible elements. Highly fractionated iron-rich products of this parent magma type are represented by the LREE-depleted lavas in the overlying basalt sequence which, although resembling the most depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) in terms of their low abundances of incompatible elements, have higher abundances of transition metals and lower abundances of Ti, HREE and other high valence cations compared to common MORB of similar Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio.Eocene tonalites intruding the PUB are genetically unrelated to the ophiolites, and appear to be related to the Ti-poor high-Mg andesites of Cape Vogel and similar andesites and dacites at the northern end of the PUB. These rocks are considered to represent the early stages of island-arc magmatism associated with a northeastward-dipping subduction zone in the early Eocene immediately prior to emplacement of the PUB.