4种石斑鱼的分子遗传多样性和亲缘关系的RAPD分析

采用25个引物,对海南养殖的点带石斑鱼、广东养殖的斜带石斑鱼、南海西沙野生鲑点石斑鱼和蜂巢石斑鱼的基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析,并用UPGMA法对4种石斑鱼进行聚类分析.研究结果表明:(1)野生鲑点石斑鱼和蜂巢石斑鱼群体内遗传多样性较高,多态位点比率分别为58.07%和55.65%,平均遗传杂合度分别为0.1793和0.1622,表明南海野生石斑鱼遗传变异水平较高,种质资源状况良好;而养殖的点带石斑鱼和斜带石斑鱼遗传多样性偏低,多态位点比率分别为49.70%和40.38%,平均遗传杂合度分别为0.1349和0.1135,表明石斑鱼养殖群体遗传多样性水平有所下降,应及时采取适当的保护措施.(2)4种石斑鱼种间遗传距离及聚类分析表明,点带石斑鱼与斜带石斑鱼遗传距离最近(D=0.2570);鲑点石斑鱼与蜂巢石斑鱼遗传距离次之(D=0.5146);斜带石斑鱼与蜂巢石斑鱼的亲缘关系最远(D=0.5810).(3)在8个引物中,有区分4种石斑鱼的特异性片段,可用于这些石斑鱼的鉴定.     

4种裸胸鳝的分子遗传多样性和亲缘 关系的RAPD 分析

采用29个随机引物,对海南近海及西沙的野生群体黄边裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax flavimarginatus)、云纹裸胸鳝(Gym-nothorax chilospilus)、波纹裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax undulatus)及细斑裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax fimbriatus)的基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析,并用UPGMA法对这4种裸胸鳝进行聚类分析。研究结果表明:(1)黄边裸胸鳝、云纹裸胸鳝、波纹裸胸鳝及细斑裸胸鳝4种裸胸鳝群体内遗传多样性都较高,其多态位点比率分别为68.65%、57.00%、50.80%、67.42%,平均杂合度分别为0.222 1%、0.207 4%、0.166 6%、0.221 2%,表明南海野生裸胸鳝遗传变异水平较高,种质资源状况良好;(2)4种裸胸鳝种间遗传距离及聚类分析表明,黄边裸胸鳝与细斑裸胸鳝遗传距离最近(0.340 6);黄边裸胸鳝与云纹裸胸鳝的次之(0.386 8);云纹裸胸鳝与波纹裸胸鳝的最远(0.531 2)。(3)在7个引物中,有区分云纹裸胸鳝、波纹裸胸鳝及细斑裸胸鳝的特异性片段,可用于这些裸胸鳝的鉴定。     

鲆鲽鱼类品种遗传改良的研究进展

<正>动植物育种的科学理论在20世纪初期建立起来[1]。到20世纪60年代,随着遗传学和其他自然科学的不断发展,扩大了生物遗传改良的范围,除了传统的选择育种和杂交育种仍是行之有效的方法外,还发展了辐射诱变、化学诱变、单倍体、多倍体、体细胞杂交、细胞核移植、抗性、染色体工程以及基因工程育种等方法[2]。上述育种技术在许多方面得到了广泛应用,尤其在禽畜和农作物品种改良、创造新品种和产业开发应用中成果显著。但是在水产领域取得的遗传育种成就还很有限,系统选育的优良品种很少,绝大多数的养殖对象是野生品种,大约仅1%～2%的水产品得益于品种的遗传改良[1]。     

福建近海2个鮐鱼群体遗传结构与遗传多样性分析

测定了福建近海鮐鱼(Scomber japonicus)2个群体共62尾个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区序列,探讨了闽东、闽南群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性.获得长度为864 bp的控制区全序列,在所分析的62个样本中,共检测到35个变异位点,定义了36个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(h)为0.960,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.009 85,核苷酸差异数(K)为8.508,提示鮐鱼是一个遗传多样性水平较高的稳定的大种群.构建的单倍型邻接关系树和单倍型网络图均没有表现出明显的地理分布特征.分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异全部存在于群体内个体间,2个群体间具有相似的遗传结构.群体间和群体内的Kimura双参数遗传距离均为0.01.Tajima’s D中性检验及核苷酸不配对分析暗示鮐鱼是一个平衡的大种群,mtDNA控制区符合中性理论进化.结果显示,福建近海鮐鱼遗传多样性较高,闽东、闽南群体间不存在显著的遗传分化.扩散能力、种群大小、栖息地环境和台湾海峡环流促进了鮐鱼2个群体间频繁的基因交流,可能是闽东群体和闽南群体具有相似遗传结构的重要原因.     

方斑东风螺3个选育世代遗传多样性和遗传结构的微卫星分析

采用12个多态性微卫星标记对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)泰国选育系TF₄~TF₆连续3代选育群体的遗传多样性与遗传结构进行了分析。3个群体的多态信息含量分别为0.730、0.717和0.708,均高于0.5,表现出较高的多态性。平均等位基因数(A)、有效等位基因数(A_e)、观测杂合度(H_o)、期望杂合度(H_e)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)的变化范围分别为11.667~12.583、6.334~6.915、0.658~0.672、0.737~0.787和1.837~2.003,整体呈降低趋势,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。分子方差分析结果显示,群体间的遗传变异仅占总变异的0.95%;群体间的遗传分化系数(F_st)介于0.00569~0.01324,处于低等分化水平(F_st<0.05)。主坐标分析和STRUCTURE分析结果显示,3个群体呈现出相似的遗传背景和遗传结构。以上研究结果表明,经过连续多代的人工选育,方斑东风螺选育群体保持着较高的遗传多样性水平,遗传变异和遗传分化水平较低,遗传结构趋于稳定,仍具有较高的遗传选育潜力。     

我国不同纬度白骨壤种群遗传多样性和遗传分化的研究

红树林是生长在热带、亚热带潮间带的一种常绿木本植物群落,分布于我国的海南、广西、广东、福建和台湾5省区的沿海地带,它具有胎生、抗盐及富含单宁等特性,这使得它与其他陆生植物群落存在着很大差别.虽然科学家已对红树植物在生理、生态、能量生态和污染生态方面开展了较为详尽的研究工作[1,2],但对其遗传结构研究较少.     

Real-time wave forecasting using genetic programming

The forecasting of ocean waves on real-time or online basis is necessary while carrying out any operational activity in the ocean. In order to obtain forecasts that are station-specific a time-series-based approach like stochastic modeling or artificial neural network was attempted by some investigators in the past. This paper presents an application of a relatively new soft computing tool called genetic programming for this purpose. Genetic programming is an extension of genetic algorithm and it is suited to explore dependency between input and output data sets. The wave rider buoy measurements available at two locations in the Gulf of Mexico are analyzed. The forecasts of significant wave heights are made over lead times of 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. The sample size belonged to a period of 15 years and it included an extensive testing period of 5 years. The forecasts made by the approach of genetic programming indicated that it can be regarded as a promising tool for future applications to ocean predictions.     

A genetic dimension to deep-sea biodiversity

Our knowledge of deep-sea biodiversity is based almost entirely on morphological distinctions at the species level. Here, we use haplotype variations in the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene to assess biodiversity at the genome level in four deep-sea molluscan morphospecies. Genetic divergence levels among populations of the morphospecies fall within the range of interspecific divergence found in coastal marine and aquatic molluscan genera. Results indicate a rich population structure at the genetic level in deep-sea mollusks, and suggest the possibility that some seemingly coherent morphospecies are composed of cryptic species.     

Mooring optimization of floating platforms using a genetic algorithm

This paper presents a new procedure for the optimization of the mooring design of floating platforms, in which an automatic design sequence is also established. Regarding the optimization philosophy, the following aspects are dealt with:

• The optimization of the platform heading and its mooring pattern, taking into account the environmental force spreading;

• optimum line length or line tension for each mooring line, associated to the optimization of the mooring line materials and sizes.

Basically, the main goal of this paper is to introduce a new method, which will provide the quickest way to find the best mooring system, defined here as that which minimizes platform responses.A genetic algorithm (GA) is applied in this contribution, and this paper describes exactly the procedure of developing a GA code directed toward the solution of mooring design optimization problems. In order to prove the efficiency and the vast potential of the proposed algorithm as a design tool, sample moorings are analyzed for different environmental conditions and the final results, including the time required to run them, are presented.     

花尾胡椒鲷养殖群体遗传多样性的等位酶研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）技术对取自厦门火烧屿海水网箱的花尾胡椒鲷人工鱼养殖群体的遗传多样性进行等位酶分析。结果表明：所检测的16种同工酶的24个基因座位中，在XDH和GCDH基因座位上发现多态性，其平均多态位点比例为8．33％，基因座位有效等位基因的平均数Ne为1.083，平均杂合度的观测值Ho为0．00556，预期值He为0．00537,Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数（D)为0．035。与其他鱼类相比较说明了其遗传多样性处于较低水平，文中对此进行了探讨并提出相应的种质资源管理保护措施。     

海绵共附生微生物基因多态性的RAPD-PCR分析

采用传统分离手段对中国南海海域的细薄星芒海绵（Stelletta tenui（Lindgren,1897）1、皱皮软海绵（Halichondria rugosa（Ridley＆Dendy））、澳大利亚厚皮海绵（Craniella australiensis（Carter））、贪婪倔海绵（Dysidea avara（Schmidt））4种海绵体内的微生物进行了分离培养,随机挑选64株芽孢杆菌属细菌（每种海绵16株）进行了RAPD-PCR基因多态性分析。研究表明,一些海绵微生物是可以通过传统分离手段得到的,来自同一或者不同海绵的微生物均具有丰富的基因多态性。     

Linear genetic programming for prediction of circular pile scour

Genetic programming (GP) has nowadays attracted the attention of researchers in the prediction of hydraulic data. This study presents linear genetic programming (LGP), which is an extension to GP, as an alternative tool in the prediction of scour depth around a circular pile due to waves in medium dense silt and sand bed. Field measurements were used to develop LGP models. The proposed LGP models were compared with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model results. The predictions of LGP models were observed to be in good agreement with measured data, and quite better than ANFIS and regression-based equation of scour depth at circular piles. The results were tabulated in terms of statistical error measures and illustrated via scatter plots.     

造礁石珊瑚的分子系统学研究进展

综述了造礁石珊瑚系统发生关系和分类的研究现状,重点概述了造礁石珊瑚的分类和遗传多样性在分子生物学领域的研究进展。目前采用的进行造礁石珊瑚分类和遗传多样性研究的分子生物学方法,主要弥补了造礁石珊瑚在传统形态分类学上无法准确界定的缺点,其中核糖体RNA和线粒体DNA序列分析是目前对造礁石珊瑚分子进化和系统发育研究最有效的方法。最后,对未来造礁石珊瑚的分类和遗传多样性研究做了展望,对珊瑚礁框架生物造礁石珊瑚进行分类和遗传多样性的研究,将有助于为珊瑚礁生态系统的保护和恢复提供理论基础。     

东方鲀属主要经济鱼种繁育养殖、育种和基因研究现状

鲀类是指硬骨鱼纲（Osteichthyes）、鲀形目（Tetraodontiformes）的一个鱼类类群。在南方,人们称它为“鸡泡鱼”、“气泡鱼”,在北方则称“河鲀”或“廷巴”。鲀类种类繁多,从太平洋至大西洋到处都有它们的踪迹。     

斜带髭鲷养殖群体遗传多样性的同工酶研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）技术，对取自广东饶平海水网箱养殖的斜带髭鲷（Hapalogenys nitens)人工苗养殖群体同工酶的多态性进行分析。结果表明：在对48尾鱼所检测出的11种同工酶的23个基因座位中，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH)过氧化物酶（PER）等酶的基因座位上发现多态性，其平均多态位点比例（P）为17.39%，基因座位有效等位基因的平均数（Ne)为1.174，平均杂合度的观测值（Ho)为0.051，预期值（He)为0.039，Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数（D）为0.291。这说明该养殖群体具有较高的遗传变异水平。     

几种养殖鲍同工酶生化遗传的比较研究

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对我国主要养殖鲍(皱纹盘鲍、盘鲍及九孔鲍)12种同工酶(LDH、ME、MDH、GPI、PGM、IDH、IDDH、SOD、EST、ODH、ADH、AAT)26个基因座位进行了分析．结果表明：EST、PGM可以作为区分三种(亚种)鲍的生化遗传标记；在所分析的位点中，未发现多态现象，表明三种养殖鲍杂合子缺失严重，其主要原因可能在于哑基因、近交与自然选择。     

Design sea state assessment using genetic algorithm approach

Two major statistical issues can be distinguished in the procedure of wave extreme prediction. The first issue is that predicted extreme values must be based on data collected in a relatively short time. The second issue is extrapolation of the observed data into its extreme region, typically lying well beyond from even the most extreme available observation. The process of extrapolation plays a fundamental role in this area of analysis and therefore it is essential to fit empirically a convenient probability distribution that describes the available data as closely as possible. Determination of extreme values probability distribution parameters by genetic algorithm is applied to improve the methodology of extreme sea state prediction.Illustrative applications of the method are given for a North Atlantic sea environment. The results are presented as crest height maximum values occurring with a given probability or in a design storm that has a specified return period.