烟囱质量诊断专家系统构建

烟囱是工业建设中的主要工程项目，特别是在冶金，化工和电力建设中更为广泛，由于地质条件，施工环境和人为因素的影响，其施工质量难以保证，当烟囱施工完毕，由于它竖在空中而不易准确评判其质量，为此，烟囱质量诊断成为土木工程界关注的课题，现有比较成熟的烟囱检测方法是用测量设备对其测量，而测量方法对烟囱的裂缝及扭转的判断存在问题，使其结果的准确性受到影响。为了解决烟囱质量诊断中存在的种种薄弱环节，笔者构建了一个基于人工神经网络（ANN）方法的烟囱质量诊断专家系统（ESDQC）。     

变形倾斜烟囱定向爆破拆除

变形倾斜烟囱定向爆破拆除南宁广信高能量控制技术公司黄年辉，肖彬，朱建平１９９５年１月，我公司受广西田阳第一造纸厂委托，承担其３０ｍ高砖砌烟囱走向爆破拆除任务，由于烟囱顶部偏离中心线４０ｃｍ，已严重变形，厂方要求２天内将其拆除。经过精心设计和施工，成功...     

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱硫化物矿床矿石化学特征与分带型式

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱式硫化物矿床分布于琉球弧后扩张盆地、产于尹是名洼陷盆地（深１４００ｍ），其特征与日本黑矿类似。硫化物矿石及烟囱主要有３种化学类型：Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ型、Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ型和Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ型，三者分别代表温度不断升高的热液体系的早、中、晚３个成矿阶段产物，其中，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石及烟囱形成于高ｆｏ２环境和高流速、低温、富Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｂａ热液体系，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石及烟囱形成于低流速、高温、富Ｃｕ热液体系，Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ矿石则介于其间。硫化物烟囱显示明显的矿物－化学分带。在Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石（烟囱），Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ集中于烟囱中央，Ｂａ、Ｆｅ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ａｇ、Ｐｂ集中于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ则富集于烟囱中外部。在Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石，Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｆｅ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ仍富集于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ则在烟囱中央富集。依此元素化学分带型式，建立了古代黑矿硫化物矿体分带与硫化物堆积模式。     

人工洞穴和地基处理

江西省景德镇市的一个厂房位于昌江中游的Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级阶地上,厂房基础座落于砂卵石层。该厂在施工中,一场暴雨后,在设计120米高的烟囱环形基础下,地基土发生局部坍落。经过调查,发现在距基础底部1米多的地基土中有很大的洞穴(照片1、2)。雨后洞穴坍塌,造成烟囱基础下地基土的陷     

海底硫化物黑烟囱典型结构构造及其成因意义

在已发现的现代海底黑烟囱中基本都发育分带性构造、通道构造、胶状构造、多孔和填充构造、交代构造、枝状构造等,这些构造为硫化物烟囱的典型构造,它们记录了硫化物烟囱的形成过程和每个阶段的特征,是鉴别硫化物烟囱构造的重要特征。不同类型烟囱的形成除了与其围岩相关外,也与烟囱演化的成熟度相关。弥散式喷射作用(diffuser)是与烟囱构造相似的常在丘体中发育的另一重要构造,与烟囱构造不同的是弥散式喷射缺乏象烟囱那样的轴向中央通道,热液与海水的混合有严格的范围。烟囱与弥散式喷射作用是丘体上部形成的主要机制。在现代陆上保存的地史时期的块状硫化物矿床中,陆续找到了遗留下来的烟囱构造或烟囱残片(如乌拉尔、皮尔巴拉、爱尔兰、高板河等),为块状硫化物矿床的黑烟囱形成机制提供了直接的证据。     

高烟囱爆破拆除倾倒折断力学分析

针对150 m以上高烟囱在爆破拆除过程中频繁发生空中折断的现象,按照国内烟囱设计规范[1],选定相应烟囱结构设计参数,通过建立高耸钢筋混凝土烟囱在爆破拆除定向倾倒过程中的力学模型,推导了任一时刻烟囱任一截面的内力分布表达式和极限承载能力表达式,分析了其破坏机制。根据所受的荷载和承载能力对烟囱倾倒过程中是否会发生空中断裂进行了判断,结果表明,高度超过150 m的钢筋混凝土烟囱在倾倒角度超过40°～60°后,均可能在离顶部约1/3烟囱高度处发生断裂。     

东太平洋海隆9°～10°N热液烟囱体矿物成分、结构和形成条件

为研究东太平洋海隆9°～10°N热液活动特征,采用成因矿物学方法,通过矿相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析以及电子探针等手段,对烟囱体矿物成分、结构和地球化学特征进行了研究.该区烟囱体硫化物矿物有3种矿物组合:(1)硬石膏 白铁矿 黄铁矿;(2)黄铁矿 闪锌矿 黄铜矿;(3)黄铜矿 斑铜矿 蓝辉铜矿 铜蓝.成矿热液流体温度经历了低-高-低的变化,最高温度可达到400℃以上.该热液烟囱为典型的"黑烟囱"类型,早期硬石膏沉淀形成烟囱体的框架,后期的金属硫化物在烟囱体内表面沉淀,由烟囱壁向内形成了硬石膏-黄铁矿、多金属硫化物和黄铜矿及次生铜矿物的矿物分带.     

复杂条件下烟囱控制爆破拆除方法研究

以三门峡市渑池县化工厂70m高烟囱定向爆破拆除为例,针对在复杂条件下烟囱控制爆破拆除方案的选择,爆破切口、定向窗的设计,爆破参数的选取进行了研究,可为复杂条件下烟囱控制爆破拆除提供参考。     

采用定向控制爆破技术拆除水塔

文章通过分析了介绍采用定向控制爆破技术拆除水塔，烟囱类高耸筒状建构筑物的方法，提出了相应的爆破参数。     

南海北部烟囱状碳酸盐岩记录的冷泉流体活动演化特征研究

冷泉碳酸盐岩是冷泉渗漏活动的重要产物之一,它记录了冷泉流体的来源、其活动演化特征和沉积环境等。通过对南海北部东沙海域Site3站位采集的三个烟囱状冷泉碳酸盐岩的矿物成分、碳氧同位素及碳酸盐岩中黄铁矿硫同位素的研究,确定了冷泉渗漏可能的流体来源,结合烟囱状碳酸盐岩独特的形貌特征,探讨了研究区冷泉流体的活动演化特征。烟囱A为环状,外环直径16 cm,中央流体通道直径5 cm;烟囱B呈底部直径8 cm的实心锥形;烟囱C也为环状,外环直径20 cm,中央流体通道直径12 cm。三个烟囱都具有较负的碳同位素组成(δ~(13)CVPDB值低至–55.7‰)和较正的氧同位素组成(δ~(18)OVPDB值高达5.4‰)特征。研究认为,甲烷是该海域冷泉渗漏流体的主要烃类来源,其中沉淀烟囱C的冷泉流体中很可能存在水合物分解释放流体的加入。三个烟囱状碳酸盐岩的外层相比于内层,普遍具有δ~(13)C值高、δ~(18)O值低、δ~(34)S值高的特征,认为这是由于烟囱状碳酸盐岩从外至内形成过程中沉积空间逐渐受到限制导致流体渗漏强度增强而造成的。综上所述,烟囱状冷泉碳酸盐岩因其独特的形态结构,是冷泉流体渗漏特征在时间和空间上变化的优良记录者。     

复杂环境下120m高烟囱定向爆破拆除

常州市第一热电厂内需要爆破拆除的一座高120 m的烟囱,其周边存在有热气管道、厂房、通信发射塔、高压线等,爆破区域范围内环境复杂、距离保护目标较近,使得塌落振动及爆破飞石控制困难等。结合烟囱结构特性及现场实际,通过提高爆破切口标高,选择合理的设计方案及参数,采取减震沟、减震土堤、堵截墙等多项针对性安全防护措施,取得了良好的爆破效果。     

华北中元古代硫化物黑烟囟发现的初步报道

海底黑烟囟为当代海洋地质调查的重要发现，对于揭示地史时期块状硫化物的成矿过程中以及生命起源具有重要意义。本文初步报道在冀东中元古代块状硫化物矿床中首次发现保存完好的黑烟囟构造，它们保留了成矿流体运移的通道构造，围绕通道构造还显示良好的矿物分带现象。完全可以与现代海底黑烟囟对比，黑烟囟的发现证明了该区硫化物矿床的形成与海底喷流过程密切相关。     

Mineralization of a Proterozoic Sulfide Black Smoker Chimney and Thermophilous Microorganisms in Eastern Hebei, China

A sulfide black smoker chimney exists in the Gaobanhe seabed exhalation massive sulfide deposit in the Xingiong-Kuancheng secondary fault basin of the Proterozoic Yaniiao rift trough in Hebei Province, taking the shape of mounds, individually about 2-3 cm high. Abundant fossils of thermophilous bacteria and algae in perfect preservation are found in the ore surrounding the black smoker chimney. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and molecular biomarker studies on the microorganismai ore fabric show that the microorganism in the sulfide ore is in fact a sedimentary product of probiotic bacteria and algae. In the special food chain based on black smoker chimney at ancient seabed- thermophilous bacteria, the thermophilous bacteria and algae reproduce in large quantity. Intermittently erupting of fluid from the chimney creats conditions for formation of sulfide deposit. In the process of exhalation action of hot fluid, thermophilous bacteria and algae grow and reproduce around the sulfide black smoker chimney, absorbing mineralizing substances brought by the fluid. Massive sulfide deposits are formed in this process of absorption of seabed black smoker chimney exhalation-mineralizing fluid pulsation-thermophilous microorganism.     

气烟囱的形成机理及其与油气的关系探讨

气烟囱是由热流体活动形成的一种特殊的伴生构造.其一经形成后,对后期幕式活动的热流体或油气运移仍为一种特殊的运移通道,而且影响油气的聚集成藏.本文对气烟囱形成机理和演化特征进行了研究,探讨了气烟囱与油气生成、运移、聚集的关系,并通过光测弹性力学模拟和物理相似模拟等实验方法进行了验证.结果表明,在中国东部油气勘探中,气烟囱研究不仅可预测浅层油气藏分布,而且为寻找深层有机、无机气藏提供科学依据.     

Microtexture and Distribution of Minerals in Hydrothermal Barite-Silica Chimney from the Franklin Seamount, SW Pacific: Constraints on Mode of Formation

An extinct hydrothermal barite-silica chimney from the Franklin Seamount of the Woodlark Basin, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, was investigated for mineral distribution and geochemical composition. Six layers on either side of the orifice of a chimney show significant disparity in color, mineral assemblage and major element composition. Electron microscope(SEM) images reveal that the peripheral wall of the chimney is composed of colloform silica, suggesting that incipient precipitation of silica-saturated hydrothermal fluid initiated the development of the chimney wall. Intermediate layers, between the exterior wall and the inner fluid-orifice, dominate with barite and sulfides. Low Sr-to-Ba ratios(SrO/BaO = 0.015–0.017) indicate restricted fluid-seawater mixing, which causes relatively high-temperature formation of the intermediate layers. Whereas the innermost layer bordering the chimney orifice is characterized by more silica and a higher Sr-to-Ba ratio(SrO/BaO = 0.023), could have formed due to a paragenetic shift from a high-temperature active phase to a cooler waning stage of formation. A paragenetic shift is also probably responsible for the change in mineral formation mechanism that resulted in the textural variation of barite and colloform silica developed during different growth phases of this barite-silica chimney.     

570矿床控制因素及富矿形成条件

570矿床地质背景是破火山旋回边缘活动带;矿床定位要素是受破火山断裂系统构造结控制的隐爆角砾岩筒;隐爆加断陷组成的聚矿结构,是富矿形成的主要条件;隐爆角砾岩筒与次火山花岗岩浆侵位组成的热泵汲取效应,是矿床基本成因模式。矿床扩大方向是在探索隐爆角砾岩筒深部的同时,沿边缘活动带,在破火山断裂系统构造结处寻找新的隐爆角砾岩筒。     

Dissociation of gas hydrates by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation-derived slope failures: An example from the South China Sea

The mechanism of slope failure associated with overpressure that is caused by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation remains unclear. High-resolution seismic data and gas hydrate drilling data collected from the Shenhu gas hydrate field (site SH5) offer a valuable opportunity to study the relations between submarine slope failure and hydrocarbon accumulation and flow that is associated with a ～2 km-diameter gas chimney developed beneath site SH5 where none gas hydrates had been recovered by drilling and sampling despite the presence of distinct bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) and favorable gas hydrate indication. The mechanism of submarine slope failure resulted from buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation which were caused by overpressure from a ～1100 m-high gas column in a gas chimney was studied via numerical simulation. The ～9.55 MPa overpressure caused by hydrocarbons that migrated through the gas chimney and then accumulated beneath subsurface gas hydrate-bearing impermeable sediments. This may have resulted in a submarine slope failure, which disequilibrated the gas hydrate-bearing zone and completely decomposed the gas hydrate once precipitated at site SH5. Before the gas hydrate decomposition, the largely impermeable sediments overlying the gas chimney may have undergone a major upward deformation due to the buoyancy extrusion of the overpressure in the gas chimney, and slope failure was initiated from plastic strain of the sediments and reduced internal strength. Slope failure subsequently resulted in partial gas hydrate decomposition and sediment permeability increase. The pressurized gas in the gas chimney may have diffused into the overlying sediments controlled by seepage-derived deformation, causing an effective stress reduction at the base of the sediments and significant plastic deformation. This may have formed a new cycle of submarine slope failure and finally the total gas hydrate dissociation. The modeling results of buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation of the overpressure in the gas chimney would provide new understanding in the development of submarine slope failure and the link between slope failure and gas hydrate accumulation and dissociation.     

Mineral Components, Texture, and Forming Conditions of Hydrothermal Chimney on the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°N

To characterize the hydrothermal processes of East Pacific rise at 9o-10oN, sulfide mineral compositions, textural, and geochemical features of chimney ores were studied using ore microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron microprobe techniques. Results show that there are three mineral assemblages for the hydrothermal chimney ores, namely: (i) anhydrite marcasite pyrite, (ii) pyrite sphalerite chalcopyrite, and (iii) chalcopyrite bornite digenite covellite. Mineral assemblages, zonational features, and geochemical characteristics of the ore minerals indicate that ore fluid temperature changed from low to high then to low with a maximum temperature up to 400 ℃. The chimney is a typical black smoker. The initial structure of the chimney was formed by the precipitation of anhydrites, and later the sulfides began to precipitate in the inner wall.     

倾角导向体控制的气烟囱识别技术及其在海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷中的应用

在调研了国内外气烟囱研究成果与思路的基础上,通过全新的地震解决方案——OpendTect平台提供的基于属性多层感知器(MLP)的人工神经网络(ANN)的方法预测气烟囱的发生概率体,并利用倾角导向体对算法进行改进,提出倾角控制下的地震气烟囱识别技术,很好地补充并发展了模式识别技术在地震勘探领域的应用。通常该技术一方面可以解释运移通道和浅层气成藏的原因;另一方面,形成的气烟囱地震数据体还可以预测源岩的发育情况;此外,对于判别断层封闭性也非常适用。最后应用这一技术对海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷一含油区块的运移通道和成藏规律进行研究,分析该研究区的断裂发育特征和运移通道类型,总结了油源、通道、储层和盖层的空间配置关系,并建立相应的成藏模式。     

海底黑烟囱的识别研究及其科学意义

现代海底黑烟囱广泛出现于大洋中脊、弧后盆地、浅海及大陆裂谷等环境,形成巨大规模的块状硫化物,并且在黑烟囱周围发现了化学自养细菌。海底硫化物黑烟囱具有明显的柱状-锥状构造形态,常保留通道构造,矿物同心圈状分带明显。黑烟囱的形成涉及热液流体与海水相互作用,外壁快速沉淀及通道内部硫化物结晶等过程。深部岩浆热源、热液沿裂隙集中流动和持续喷发,有利于形成大规模黑烟囱构造。海底硫化物丘体的钻探及其与地史时期块状硫化物的对比研究表明,它们具有相似的内部构造和矿床分带特征。黑烟囱的生长、垮塌以及丘体内部角砾化、交代、重结晶作用,有助于大规模矿床的形成。最后,在块状硫化物中寻找黑烟囱残片的研究,对于探讨成矿过程与早期生命活动具有重要意义。