福州市空气高污染与气象条件关系

利用地面天气图、高空天气图、地面气象要素资料,统计分析了2003-2007年福州市41个空气高污染过程与天气系统以及地面气象要素间的关系,得出冬季、春季和夏秋季福州市空气高污染发生时主要的天气形势,并对地面气象要素与高污染过程的关系进行了半定量分析,得出福州市空气高污染过程的一些天气概念模型和气象要素指标。     

小波阈值法在地面气象自动站资料审核中的应用

为了提高地面自动站资料审核的质量控制,引入了小波阈值法分析方法。根据气象资料的多时间尺度特征,通过小波分解分析了气象要素的变化过程、变化强度和变化复杂性,实现了噪声阈值对地面自动站资料异常数据的自动判别,保证了地面自动站资料质量的控制。     

自动气象站运行、维护及自动站数据与人工观测资料的对比分析

基本(准)站气象台站目前采集地面气象资料均采用两套设备。一套是人工观测，通过传统的目测和直接感应的观测方法；另一套是通过地面有线综合遥测仪自动采集每个正点的压、温、湿、风、降水、地温等气象要素。通过对运行一年来自动观测站与人工观测站各气象要素资料的对比分析，找出自动站观测资料与人工观测资料之间的差异，为气象资料的连续使用提供依据。     

华北平原雾发生的气象条件

根据1995-2000年全国基本气象观测站资料和T106模式内插到全国基本站的各种物理量资料，统计了华北平原12月雾发生前或发生时大气低层部分气象要素的特征，计算分析了气象要素的分布区间与雾发生频率之间的相互关系。结果表明，当近地面水平风很弱，相对湿度为80％～90%、温度露点差在2～4℃，饱和湿空气气层处于稳定或者弱不稳定状态以及近地面气温在3～9℃时雾的发生频率较高。     

飑的气象要素变化曲线判识

根据济南地面气象自动站观测资料,对飑过境时压、温、湿、风等气象要素变化曲线进行分析。结果表明:常规地面气象要素分钟数据变化可以较好地反映出飑的变化特征,将其作为判别飑的依据,为观测员在实际工作中熟练把握、记录该天气现象提供参考。     

根据地面要素场制作强对流天气的短时预报

使用预先设计的物理量计算方案,对北京地区逐时地面观测资料进行了处理,并将计算的区域地面要素场与雷达探测的回波发展、演变进行了对比分析。从中归纳总结出一些强对流回波移动、发展的规律,可供依据地面气象要素场制作短时天气预报参考。     

一次"低温阴雨"天气过程分析及预报检验

通过分析地面、高空环流形势变化及单站剖面图(以澄迈测站资料为准)气象要素的演变情况得出,当海南省(澄迈县)地面处于静止锋、高空处于稳定少动的南支槽前西南气流控制下的锋面低槽环流形势时,未来24~48h将出现"低温阴雨"天气过程。     

环北京地区空气污染指数与降水的周循环特征及其影响机制分析

部分气象要素在某些地区表现出明显的周循环特征,其位相和尺度因时因地而异.利用1980～2009年环北京地区地面常规观测气象要素资料、空气污染指数资料(简称API)及NCEP/DOE再分析资料,本文分析了环北京地区API、降水及多种气象要素的周变化特征,并对气溶胶影响降水的可能机制做了初步证明.分析表明:API表现出明显...     

浅析近地面层臭氧浓度与气温的关系

利用贵阳基准站2005年冬季（2005—12—2006-02）每日4个时次（02、08、14、20时）的近地面层臭氧浓度的连续监测数据和常规气象要素的观测资料,分析近地面层臭氧浓度与气温的关系,观测结果表明近地面层臭氧浓度日变化和气温日变化呈正相关。     

正点地面观测数据维护中数据异常的分析处理

地面观测资料报文传输方式调整之后,值班观测员应注意小时内自动气象站的数据采集情况,在正点后通过《地面气象测报业务软件》的"正点地面观测数据维护"对数据进行检查,当发现自动气象站错误或数据异常时,应及时对疑误数据进行分析处理,完成对自动气象站数据的质量控制。通过对几例正点地面观测数据维护中典型异常数据的分析处理,帮助地面测报值班人员在日常工作中对正点地面观测疑误数据进行快速的判断和维护,做好自动气象站数据的质量控制,以保证地面气象要素上传数据文件内数据的完整性、时效性和质量。     

The role of oceanic fluxes and initial data in the numerical prediction of an intense coastal storm

On 18–19 February 1979, an intense cyclone developed along the east coast of the United States and produced heavy snowfall accumulations from Virginia to southeast New York. A series of forecast experiments was conducted to assess the accuracy of the GLA model's prediction of this storm and the importance of oceanic heat and moisture fluxes and initial data to the cyclogenesis. The GLA model forecast from the GLA NOSAT analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February correctly predicted that intense coastal cyclogenesis and heavy precipitation would occur, even though important subsynoptic details of the development were underestimated or not forecast. A repetition of this forecast with surface heat and moisture fluxes eliminated failed to predict any cyclogenesis while a similar forecast with only the surface moisture flux excluded showed only very weak cyclonic development. An extended-range forecast from 0000 GMT 16 February as well as forecasts from the GLA FGGE analysis or the NMC analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February interpolated to the GLA grid predicted weaker coastal low development than the forecast from the NOSAT analysis.Detailed examination of these forecasts shows that diabatic heating resulting from oceanic fluxes increased low-level baroclinicity, decreased static stability and significantly contributed both to the generation of low-level cyclonic vorticity, and to the intensification and slow rate of movement of an upper-level ridge over the western Atlantic. As an upper-level short-wave trough approached this ridge, the diabatic heating associated with the release of latent heat intensified and the gradient of vorticity, vorticity advection and upper-level divergence in advance of the trough were increased, which provided strong forcing for the surface cyclogenesis.An examination of the NMC and GLA analyses indicated that a weaker representation of the upper-level trough in the interpolated NMC analysis was primarily responsible for the resulting forecast differences. Comparison of the GLA FGGE and NOSAT initial analyses showed that the FGGE analysis of cloud-track wind data probably underestimated the maximum wind speeds associated with an upper-level jet streak near the east coast. This diminished the effect of the oceanic fluxes in the forecast from the FGGE analysis and resulted in weaker cyclogenesis.     

GATE A/B‐scale budget analysis

Abstract

Using GATE A/B‐scale U.S.S.R. ship data, heat and moisture budget analyses have been carried out for the three‐day period: 0000 GMT, 7 September to 2400 GMT, 9 September, 1974. The period has been subdivided into an undisturbed period (0000 GMT, 7 September ‐1800 GMT, 8 September) and a disturbed period (1800 GMT, 8 September ‐ 2400 GMT, 9 September) based on surface precipitation and satellite cloud observations. During the undisturbed period, precipitation was very light (1–3 mm day^‐1). On the other hand, the precipitation rate became well over 10 mm day^‐1 during the disturbed period. A/B‐scale heat and moisture budget results for both periods are presented.

It is found that during the undisturbed period, cumulus clouds have heating and moistening effects in the lower troposphere below 700 mb, and cooling and moistening effects in the upper troposphere above 600mb. In the disturbed period, clouds have strong heating and drying effects throughout the entire cloud layer.

Using the diagnostic scheme developed by Cho (1977), the collective properties of cumulus clouds for both the undisturbed and the disturbed periods are also determined. During the undisturbed period, some clouds reached as high as the 300‐mb level, however, little precipitation was produced. The total cloud mass flux is found to be negative in the upper troposphere and can be attributed to downdrafts induced by the evaporation of cloud liquid water. On the other hand, total cloud mass flux for the disturbed period is positive throughout the entire troposphere.     

用青藏高原考察订正FGGE Ⅲ b资料作中期预报的数值试验

利用1979年5—8月青藏高原科学实验取得的资料，对1979年6月15日00 GMT 100—850 hPa等9层FGGE Ⅲ b分析的高度和风场进行了客观分析订正，并以订正前后的资料为初值，用T21L5和T42L9两种不同分辨率的北半球谱模式作了5个5天预报的数值试验。研究结果表明，通过高原实验资料对FGGE Ⅲ b资料的订正，将使FGGE Ⅲ b资料在高原地区的分析得到改善。对流层上层的资料订正比下层效果明显。高原地区初值场的订正对数值预报结果有显著影响，并且对较高分辨率模式的预报结果影响更大。初值订正后不仅影响未来高原地区的预报，而且通过能量频散可以影响到我国东部和日本，大约经过5天左右，甚至可以影响到阿拉斯加和北美。     

Use of Surface Observations to Estimate Upper Air Humidity for the Objective Analysis of Relative Humidity over Indian Region

In the present study objective analyses of relative humidity (RH) at surface and at the levels of 850,700 and 500 hPa have been made using Gandin’s (1963) optimum interpolation scheme. As the horizontal resolution of the radiosonde stations is rather inadequate for upper air humidity analysis, a scheme has been developed, following Rasmussen (1982) to estimate the upper air RH from the surface observations like surface RH, present weather and cloud cover. The relative humidities at the levels 850, 700 and 500 hPa were related to the surface observations through three separate regression relations. The RH values at 850, 700 and 500 hPa levels were estimated from the surface RH, cloud coverage and present weather using the above regression relations and subsequently the objective analyses at 00 GMT for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, were made using these estimated data along with the observed radiosonde data. Objective analyses were also made for the same period using only the radiosonde data for comparison to study the impact of those estimated data. Root mean square errors were computed for all the five days by interpolating RH at the observing stations from the objectively analysed field and comparing them with the actually observed RH to examine how best the analyses (with and without estimated data) fitted the observations. Lastly they were compared with satellite cloud pictures. This study shows that the estimated upper air RH values have positive impact on the analysis of upper air RH and could be used over radiosonde date sparse region and even over oceanic regions.     

SCMOC温度精细化指导预报在陕西区域的质量检验

利用2012年陕西区域99站共366天北京时间08:00和20:00起报的SCMOC温度精细化指导预报与实况资料的比较,检验分析了定时温度、日最高气温和日最低气温的预报质量。结果表明:陕西区域SCMOC温度精细化指导预报08:00起报的准确率高于20:00起报的,且预报准确率有明显的季节变化,夏、秋季节较高,冬、春季节较低,日最高(低)气温的预报准确率与预报时效成反比。地形高度影响温度预报准确率,二者之间的相关系数通过了显著性检验。08:00起报的48h内逐3h气温多出现负误差,20:00起报的多出现正误差。08:00起报的日最高气温和20:00起报的日最高(低)气温多出现负误差,08:00起报的日最低气温多出现正误差。从对典型天气过程的温度预报质量检验来看,强冷空气影响下的降温天气过程的温度预报难度较大,预报准确率较其他天气类型偏低一些。     

Climate Change Impacts on the Potential Productivity of Corn and Winter Wheat in Their Primary United States Growing Regions

We calculate the impacts of climate effects inferred from three atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) at three levels of climate change severity associated with change in global mean temperature (GMT) of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 °C and three levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) – 365 (no CO2 fertilization effect), 560 and 750 ppm – on the potential production of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) for the primary (current) U.S. growing regions of each crop. This analysis is a subset of the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) which has the goal of integrating the linkages and feedbacks among human activities and resulting greenhouse gas emissions, changes in atmospheric composition and resulting climate change, and impacts on terrestrial systems. A set of representative farms was designed for each of the primary production regions studied and the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) was used to simulate crop response to climate change. The GCMs applied were the Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS), the United Kingdom Meteorological Transient (UKTR) and the Australian Bureau of Meteorological Research Center (BMRC), each regionalized by means of a scenario generator (SCENGEN). The GISS scenarios have the least impact on corn and wheat production, reducing national potential production for corn by 6% and wheat by 7% at a GMT of 2.5 °C and no CO2 fertilization effect; the UKTR scenario had the most severe impact on wheat, reducing production by 18% under the same conditions; BMRC had the greatest negative impact on corn, reducing production by 20%. A GMT increase of 1.0°C marginally decreased corn and wheat production. Increasing GMT had a detrimental impact on both corn and wheat production, with wheat production suffering the greatest losses. Decreases for wheat production at GMT 5.0 and [CO2] = 365 ppm range from 36% for the GISS to 76% for the UKTR scenario. Increases in atmospheric [CO2] had a positive impact on both corn and wheat production. AT GMT 1.0, an increase in [CO2] to 560 ppm resulted in a net increase in corn and wheat production above baseline levels (from 18 to 29% for wheat and 2 to 5% for corn). Increases in [CO2] help to offset yield reductions at higher GMT levels; in most cases, however, these increases are not sufficient to return crop production to baseline levels.     

Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes and Surface Pressure Drags due to the Pyrénées: Variation with Numerical Model Horizontal Resolution

Summary. ?A hydrostatic numerical model is used to simulate the lee wave event IOP3 (0000 GMT to 1200 GMT 15^th October 1990) from the PYREX mountain experiment. Results from integrations at different horizontal resolutions are used to investigate the effect on surface pressure drag and the vertical flux of horizontal momentum due to orographically forced gravity waves. In particular, results showing the dependence on resolution of the partitioning between resolved and parametrized wave drag and fluxes are presented. With the model horizontal gridlength changing from 50 km to 10 km the majority of wave momentum flux changes from being parametrized to becoming resolved. More significantly, there is a change in the profile of flux with height. At 50 km resolution the largest inferred mean flow decelerations are at lower stratospheric level due to the parametrization scheme. At 10 km resolution this is shifted, with less deceleration high up and more wave deceleration lower down in the troposphere. Numerical weather prediction models are now beginning to take account of such low level drag with beneficial results. Received March 2, 1999/Revised July 15, 1999     

扰动风场对水汽输送过程的作用

给出了梅雨期暴雨过程中水汽输送３种内在输送过程的空间分布实例。指出无论在对流层中层或低层，无论是０８时或２０时的资料分析，均以扰动风场输送平均水汽场和平均风场输送扰动水汽场为主要输送过程，其中又以扰动风场输送平均水汽场占主导地位，故突出扰动场作用对预报降水落区更有参考意义。