简单热带海气耦合模式中的耦合波及其不稳定性（II）

为了分析热带海气耦合系统中不稳定扰动究竟由哪种自由波占主导地位，根据本文第I部分提出的热带海气耦合模式，讨论了取耦合系统中不同的径向模时耦合波的性质，即分别讨论了大气长Rossby波和海洋长Rossby波、大气Kelvin波和海洋长Rossby波、大气长Rossby波和海洋Kelvin波的耦合波以及考虑了大气和海洋中所有这些波动时耦合波的性质。结果指出，这些耦合波对海气耦合模式中参数的取值很敏感，不同的参数可以产生性质不同的耦合波。本文的结果也说明了海气耦合系统的性质与热带大气的性质和结构有很大关系。     

简单热带海气耦合模式中的耦合波及其不稳定性（I）

本文建立了一个简单的热带海气耦合模式，模式大气和海洋中包含了Kelvin波和长Rossby波。在赤道β平面近似下，讨论了取耦合系统中最大径向模时，即大气和海洋中只存在Kelvin波时耦合波的性质。结果指出，向东传的耦合Kelvin波可以出现不稳定性，并且由于海气相互作用，在长波部分可以产生向西传的耦合Kelvin波。 耦合Kelvin波的性质与模式中所选用的参数有很大关系，当大气与海洋中自由波的频率相差很大时，耦合波的性质与没有海气相互作用时自由波的性质非常接近；只有当大气与海洋中自由波的频率相差不太大时     

简单的热带海气耦合波——Rossby和Kelvin波的相互作用

本文分析了当大气和海洋中未经耦合前的自由波分别为Kelvin波和Rossby波,经相互作用后所产生的耦合波的性质。结果表明,不管大气的自由波为Kelvin波或Rossby波,而海洋的自由波为Rossby波或Kelvin波,经相互作用后的耦合波可以分成两类。一类耦合波的色散关系接近自由的Kelvin波;另一类则由不同经圈模的Rossby波经相互作用后的耦合波。这两类波都具有不稳定性。文中讨论了耦合波的传播和不稳定的物理机制,并指出这类不稳定的热带耦合波,对研究ENSO事件中的某些现象有一定的参考意义。     

大气Rossby波动力学的研究进展

Rossby波是旋转大气和海洋中的一类重要波动,在天气和气候演变中起有重要的作用。该文介绍了北半球中纬度地区的两类重要Rossby波——斜压不稳定波和准定常行星波,在最近20余年来取得的一些重要研究进展。文中涉及的主要研究领域有:斜压不稳定波包动力学、湿斜压过程对斜压不稳定波的作用、北半球风暴轴动力学、斜压波包与高影响天气的预报、准定常行星波的形成机理、准定常行星波的水平传播与能量频散、准定常行星波的垂直传播与能量频散、三维准定常行星波的传播与能量频散。     

一个简单的准地转海气耦合模式

文章采用准地转带耗散因子的大气和海洋的动量、热力学方程,建立了一个简单的描写大尺度运动的准地转海气耦台浅水模式,分别在中高纬和低纬地区讨论了海气的耦合效应,分析了耦合低频模(海洋模)的振荡周期随耦合频率和经向波数的变化转征,并由此而说明低频振荡与海气相互作用有关。然后从海洋和大气的频散曲线中揭示出耦合强度对Rossby波传播的影响,还从缓变波列的观点,讨论了两种模之间的转换机制。 结果表明:Newton冷却Rayleigh摩擦对海洋Rossby波起稳定作用。随着耦合频率的增加,耦合低频模的周期也相应增加;经向波数越大,这种增加就越迅速。当耦合频率趋近于临界值时,海洋Rossby波趋于静止。当海气耦合强度增加到一定程度时,海洋Rossby波的传播方向变成与原来相反。通过海气相互作用,海洋Rossby波的一部分将转换成大气Rossby波,本文求解了其能量转换系数。      

热带大气和海洋运动的频率差异在海气系统演变中的作用

对热带太平洋地区850 hPa纬向风场、海表温度场月平均距平进行了谱分析。结果表明:纬向风距平与海表温度距平的振幅在El Ni?o或La Ni?a期间同时增长。而在其他期间,波振幅随时间呈相反变化趋势。在El Ni?o或La Ni?a事件发展期间,纬向风距平的位相角与海表温度距平位相角的差值在90o左右,而在事件的衰减期间,它们的位相角的差值在0o左右。本文还利用长波近似、海洋对大气加热取局地热力平衡近似时的简单热带海气耦合模式,研究了大气变量和海洋变量位相差随时间变化对海气耦合解的影响。在海气耦合模式中,当大气模式取为非定常时,大气和海洋Kelvin波之间以及Rossby波之间存在着能量转换,使大气和海洋波振幅呈相反变化趋势。此时,耦合波振幅随位相角差的变化没有共同的增长或衰减区间。大气Kelvin波与海洋Rossby波或大气Rossby波与海洋Kelvin波相互作用时,波振幅随位相差的变化存在着相同增长和衰减区间,它们的振幅要么同时增长,要么同时减少。当大气模式取定常时,因为相互作用波之间的位相差是一常数,波振幅随时间无限制增长。本文还在大气模式取为非定常和定常两种情况下,对海气耦合模式进行了数值求解。结果表明,当大气模式取为非定常时,数值解随时间的变化趋势跟观测结果有较好一致性。当大气模式取为定常时,数值解随时间的变化趋势跟观测结果差别较大。     

简单的热带海气耦合波——Rossby波的相互作用

在本文中分析了当大气和海洋中未经耦合前的自由波均为Rossby模时,经相互作用后所激发出的耦合波的物理性质。结果表明,由于大气和海洋的背景状态不同,可以激发出两类不稳定耦合Rossby波。一类波要求大气的背景场是斜压的,而海洋的混合层较深,即热容量较大。这是一类弱相互作用的不稳定波。另一类要求大气的背景场趋于正压性,而海洋的混合层较浅,即热容量较小。这是一类强相互作用的不稳定波。色散关系的计算表明,这两类不稳定波产生的物理机制也不相同。文中对解不同截断模的本征值问题提出了几种数学方法,同时还进一步提出了一种使大气和海洋自由Rossby模的色散关系不受歪曲的处理方法。     

北半球冬季准定常行星波的三维传播及其年际变化

作者回顾了应用叶笃正先生所创立的Rossby波频散理论,来研究准定常行星波在三维大气的能量频散以及在北半球冬季三维大气中的传播规律,并应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和由大气环流数值模拟所得的模式资料的40年风场、温度场资料计算了冬季北半球准定常行星波的E-P通量.计算结果表明了北半球冬季准定常行星波在三维大气传播具有沿两支波导的传播特征,这与从理论分析所得的结果相吻合.作者还分析了冬季准定常行星波的E-P通量分布的年际变化,分析结果表明了准定常行星波在北半球冬季三维大气中传播的这两支波导有明显的年际振荡;并且,从冬季准定常行星波的E-P通量辐散辐合的年际变化与北极涛动的年际变化相比较,发现准定常行星波两支波导的年际振荡直接影响着北极涛动(AO),因而说明了准定常行星波活动的年际变化可以影响对流层的气候变化.     

热带大气和海洋的半地转适应和发展运动

半地转适应和半地转发展是热带大气和海洋运动的两种基本形态,它们在时间上是可分的,反映了不同的物理过程。当初始扰动作用于大气或海洋时,首先将激发出重力惯性波,当重力惯性波频散后,建立起半地转的平衡状态,此后运动进入到以Rossby波（长波或短波）、Kelvin波和混合波中的Rossby短波为主导的发展状态。文中研究的纬圈半地转适应和发展运动,是Gill长波近似模式的理论基础。同时研究了经圈半地转适应和发展运动,实际上这相当于短波近似模式,它可以应用到研究海洋经圈边界附近的一类问题。     

东亚夏季对流云顶黑体辐射温度的频率分布及其日变化

利用简单海气耦合模式，分析了经向风应力和纬向风应力对热带太平洋不稳定海气耦合模态的相对贡献。结果表明：在局地热力平衡假设下，海气相互作用导致了海洋Kelvin波的不稳定，该不稳定模态发生在一定波长范围内，只有纬向风应力对其作出贡献；在海温仅由平流过程决定的假设下，海气相互作用导致了海洋Rossby波的不稳定，该不稳定模态在整个波长范围内都有发生，波长越大，不稳定越强，经向风应力与纬向风应力都可以对海洋Rossby波的不稳定作出贡献，但是前者贡献较小；不稳定Rossby波比不稳定Kelvin波的增长率要小；由于无论哪一种不稳定模态，都是纬向风应力在海气耦合中起着绝对的主导作用，所以在研究热带太平洋海气耦合动力学对ENS0不稳定发展的贡献时，采用忽略经向风应力作用的近似是合理可行的。     

STUDY OF CHARACTERISTIC MODES IN SIMPLE TROPICAL COUPLED AIR-SEA MODEL

The propagation features, stabilities and dynamical characteristic structures of coupled Kelvin inner modes andsecond order Rossby inner modes are studied using a simple tropical coupled air-sea model in this paper. It is shownthat there is mechanism of selecting scale and frequency in the tropical air-sea system. The effects of air-sea couplingare mainly on the large-scale modes and nonuniform. These effects make the frequency of Kelvin modes decrease andeven excite the eastward propagating Rossby inner modes. These effects make the unstable development of Kelvinmodes and result in the decay of Rossby modes. The effects of atmospheric damp are opposite to those of air-sea coup-ling. The oceanic damp only make the wave amplitudes decay. Simutaneously, this paper shows the dynamical character-istic structures of air-sea coupled system and the phase relations between the atmospheric and the oceanic wave compo-nent.     

Advances in research on atmospheric energy propagation and the interactions between different latitudes

Early theoretical analyses indicated that the tropics and extratropics are relatively independent due to the existence of critical latitudes. However, considerable observational evidence has shown that a clear dynamical link exists between the tropics and midlatitudes. To better understand such atmospheric teleconnection, several theories of wave energy propagation are reviewed in this paper: (1) great circle theory, which reveals the characteristics of Rossby waves propagating in the spherical atmosphere; (2) westerly duct theory, which suggests a “corridor” through which the midlatitude disturbances in one hemisphere can propagate into the other hemisphere; (3) energy accumulation-wave emanation theory, which proposes processes through which tropical disturbances can affect the atmospheric motion in higher latitudes; (4) equatorial wave expansion theory, which further explains the physical mechanisms involved in the interaction between the tropics and extratropics; and (5) meridional basic flow theory, which argues that stationary waves can propagate across the tropical easterlies under certain conditions. In addition, the progress made in diagnosing wave-flow interaction, particularly for Rossby waves, inertial-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves, is also reviewed. The meridional propagation of atmospheric energy exhibits significant annual and interannual variations, closely related to ENSO and variation in the westerly jets and tropical upper-tropospheric troughs, amongst others.     

Resonance of baroclinic waves in the tropical oceans: The Indian Ocean and the far western Pacific

The Indian Ocean has a particularity, its width is close to half the wavelength of a Rossby wave of biannual frequency, this coincidence having been capitalized on by several authors to give the observations a physical basis. The purpose of this article is to show that this is not the case since the resonance of tropical baroclinic waves occurs in all three oceans. This is because the westward-propagating Rossby wave is retroflexed at the western boundary to form off-equatorial Rossby waves dragged by countercurrents before receding and turning back as a Kelvin wave. Thus a quasi-stationary baroclinic wave is formed, whose mean period is tuned to the forcing period. Two independent basin modes resonantly forced are highlighted – 1) a nearly symmetric zonal 1/2-yr period Quasi-Stationary Wave (QSW) that is resonantly forced by the biannual monsoon. It is formed from first baroclinic mode equatorial-trapped Rossby and Kelvin waves and off-equatorial Rossby waves at the western antinode. This QSW controls the Equatorial Counter Current at the node. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) results from a subharmonic mode locking resulting from the coupling of this QSW and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th baroclinic modes - 2) a 1-yr period QSW formed from an off-equatorial baroclinic Rossby wave, which is induced from the southernmost current of the Indonesian Throughflow through the Timor passage, propagating in the southern and northern hemispheres: the drivers are south-easterlies in the southern hemisphere and monsoon wind in the northern hemisphere.     

A simple quasi-geostrophic coupled ocean-atmosphere model

The quasi-geostrophic atmospheric and oceanic equations of momentum and thermodynamics with dissipation factors are used to create a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model describing the large-scale shallow-water mo-tion. We discuss the ocean-atmosphere coupling effect in mid-high and low latitudes separately and analyze charac-teristics of which the oscillatory periods of coupled low-frequency modes (ocean mode) vary with the coupling fre-quency and latitudinal number. This can interpret the correlation between low-frequency oscillation and ocean-at-mosphere interaction. Then from the dispersion curves of atmosphere and ocean, we reveal effect of the coupling strength on the propagation of Rossby waves. The convection mechanism between the two modes is also discussed in view of the slowly varying wave train.The results show that Newtonian cooling and Rayleigh friction play a stable rule in oceanic Rossby waves, the period of coupled low-frequency mode grows with the increment of the coupling frequency. The larger the latitudinal number is, the more rapidly it grows. When the coupling frequency tends to critical value, the oceanic Rossby waves become static. When the ocean-atmosphere coupling strength grows to some degree, the propagation of oceanic Rossby waves will become opposite to its original direction. One part of the oceanic Rossby waves is converted into atmospheric Rossby waves, the energy conversion coefficient is also solved out.     

大气能量传播及不同纬度间大气相互作用的研究进展

早期的理论分析认为大气中临界纬度的存在使得热带-热带外的大气活动互不影响。然而,大量的观测事实表明中低纬度大气运动存在着明显的动力联系。为了帮助人们更好地理解大气中的遥相关现象,在大量文献的基础上,综述了几种波能量传播理论:(1) 大圆理论指出了罗斯贝波在球形大气中的传播特征;(2) 西风通道理论发现了中纬度瞬变扰动越赤道传播的“走廊”;(3) 能量堆积-波列发射理论揭示了热带扰动影响到更高纬度大气活动的可能过程;(4) 赤道波侧向膨胀理论则利用转折纬度的概念更进一步解释了这种中低纬度大气相互作用的物理机制;(5) 经向基本流理论则认为在一定的条件下定常波可以穿过热带东风带传播到另一半球。此外,文中还回顾了在波-流相互作用诊断方面的研究进展,尤其是关于罗斯贝波、惯性重力波和赤道开尔文波。大气能量的经向传播具有显著的年变化和年际变化,这与ENSO、西风急流、大洋中部槽等的变化密切相关。     

The exchange of fluid mass between quasi-geostrophic and ageostrophic motions during the reflection of Rossby waves from a coast. I. The case of an infinite rectilinear coast

When the problem of the reflection of spatially localized Rossby waves from a coast is treated using the quasigeostrophic (QG) approximation, the total fluid mass and the along-shore circulation calculated from the geostrophic height field are not conserved. To understand the correct mass balance and the degree to which the QG equations and boundary conditions may be in error, we analyze an initial-value problem for the Laplace tidal equations on a β-plane in the asymptotic limit 1, where is the ratio of the spatial scale of the motion to the Earth's radius.It is shown that there is a coupling between QG and O() fields. Physically, the coupling occurs by a peculiar adjustment process in the O() approximation in which fast gravity waves are permanently generated to build up a quasi-stationary edge Kelvin wave. Different temporal scales (large for O(1) Rossby waves and small for the O() gravity waves make comparable the contributions of the waves to the mass and circulation balance equations. However, QG analysis itself describes the reflection of Rossby waves correctly, but is incomplete, and for satisfactory balances one has to take into account the fields of both orders of the approximation.Applications of the results to closed basins, baroclinicity, and variable bottom topography are discussed. It is conjectured that an interaction of strong oceanic eddies with a coast (continental slope) may give rise to noticeable along-shore jet currents.     

低纬大气Kelvin波和Rossby波的非线性相互作用

利用多重尺度摄动法,对低纬大气Kelvin波和Rossby波的波包演变进行了分析,得到两波的非线性相互作用方程为耦合的非线性复系数Landau方程组。数值计算表明两波相遇将使波振幅变化,波宽变窄;两波非线性相互作用可能是低纬强烈天气突然爆发的原因之一。