黄海夏季不同取样网具渔获物组成比较分析

根据 2 0 0 0年夏季双拖渔船和“北斗”号专业调查船对应站位拖网调查资料 ,进行了两种不同取样网具情况下渔获物组成的比较分析 ,结果表明 :渔船的单位扫海面积渔获量、几种重要种类的长度范围、平均个体长度、5 0 %选择长度、重量计优势度均高于“北斗”号 ,而渔获种类数则少于“北斗”号 ,且两者种类组成相似性较低 ,仅为 0 .4 5 8;而且“北斗”号的底层、近底层鱼类和无脊椎类占总渔获量的比例高于渔船 ,这主要是由于渔具的选择作用造成的。结果说明应用渔船针对渔业生产进行的渔业资源监测 ,对带鱼、小黄鱼、鱼等重要生产种类是适合的 ,能够反映其资源量状况 ,但对群落结构、生物多样性等生态系统水平上的研究却存在着明显的不足     

The State of the Adriatic Sea Centered on the Small Pelagic Fish Populations

Abstract. The paper provides an overview of the state of the small pelagic fish in the Adriatic Sea. The North Adriatic is reviewed for the 1976–1998 period and the South Adriatic for the 1987–1998 period. First the fluctuations in time and in space of the pelagic biomass, as a whole and per species, are presented. Then the dramatic collapse of anchovy stock and its apparent association with the decrease of surface temperature is discussed. Finally the changes of the anchovy and sardine catches are compared and analysed with respect to their abundances in the sea. The conclusion is that acoustic and satellite methods are able to provide a large amount of information on the variability in the pelagic populations; this is essential for an appropriate management of these resources. There is still a need, however, to refine the methods and to integrate this kind of information with further environmental data (including natural predators).     

夏季黄海南部沿海表层流刺网渔获物组成分析

结合银鲳和小黄鱼流刺网网目选择性试验,对夏季黄海南部沿海三层表层流刺网渔获物组成进行了调查分析.总共鉴定出渔获品种25种,其中优势种为梭子蟹(Portunus triuberbuculatus)、灰鲳(Stomateoidesnozawae Ishikawa)和银鲳(Stromatecoides argenteus),分别占总渔获量的59.2%,21.5%和11%,灰鲳体长分布范围为17～30 cm,优势体长范围为21～24 cm,占71.6%;银鲳体长分布范围为13～23 cm,优势体长范围为15～21 cm,占95.8%.数据分析表明,三重流刺网作业网具选择性较差,渔具兼捕种类多,捕获量大,占总渔获量的66.5%;渔获的灰鲳和银鲳处于生长型捕捞期,不利于资源的可持续利用,建议适当改良渔具,避免对其资源造成过度破坏.     

The role of social norms on conservation programmes in shellfish fisheries

Ostrom (1990) has argued that in collective action problems, social factors are crucial in order to promote conservation. A survey instrument among shellfish gatherers has been used to analyse their preferences with respect to a proposed conservation management programme, assessing the effect of co-management initiatives and the impact of social norms on extraction. Results show that shellfish gatherers working in a Marine Protected Area (MPA) behave more conservatively with respect to their counterparts in terms of their current extraction patterns, promoting species conservation. With regards to social norms, expected believes about the fulfilment of the current extraction regulation in their network, allow for the acceptance of restrictions imposed by the conservation management plan without decreasing the shellfish gatherers’ utility in any significant way.     

坛子网渔获物的组成分析

利用Sorensen相似性指数Ss、Shannon—Weiner多样性指数H、均匀度指数J，针对山东省日照市坛子网(张网的1种)的渔获物组成进行了生物统计分析。结果表明坛子网的选择性能差，在捕捞小型甲壳类时，会混捕小型鱼类和经济幼稚鱼等大量副渔获。为合理开发利用这些小型甲壳类资源，促进渔业的可持续发展，开展坛子网等张网类渔具的选择性能的研究，具有重要的现实意义。     

Adaptive management of declining fisheries: When is it worth trying to rebuild stocks through fishery regulation?

Declining catches are typically taken to be a warning sign of overfishing. But in fact, many such declines have been driven by recruitment changes unrelated to stock size, as evidenced by the failure of stocks to recover after reduction in fishing or recovery despite the failure to reduce fishing. Given a declining pattern, supposedly precautionary decisions to reduce fishing should be treated as experimental management options with a high probability of not resulting in the desired recovery to more productive stock sizes. Simple decision tables can be used to compare such experimental options to “wait and see” options that do not involve fishing reductions. A case example with a grouper fishery in Kuwait demonstrates that experimental effort reduction may not be the best policy from a decision analysis perspective, at least when there are substantial reasons to expect recruitment changes unrelated to stock size. In this case, virtual population analysis and stock reduction analysis models indicate either unusually weak recruitment compensation (steepness h < 0.4) or progressive decline in recruitment carrying capacity, possibly caused by decreases in estuarine rearing habitat associated with declining flows of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.     

Hawaii Cyclonic Eddies and Blue Marlin Catches: The Case Study of the 1995 Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament

The combination of prevailing northeasterly tradewinds and island topography results in the formation of vigorous, westward propagating cyclonic eddies in the lee of the Hawaiian Islands on time scales of 50–70 days. These mesoscale (∼10² km) features are nowhere more conspicuous or spin up more frequently than in the Alenuihaha Channel between the Island of Maui and the Big Island of Hawaii. Cyclonic eddies in subtropical waters such as those around Hawaii vertically displace the underlying nutricline into the overlying, nutrient-depleted euphotic zone creating localized biologically enhanced patches. Insight into how these eddies may directly influence pelagic fish distribution is provided by examination of recreational fish catch data coinciding with the presence of eddies on the fishing grounds. We highlight the 1995 Hawaii International Billfish Tournament in which a cyclonic eddy dominated the ocean conditions during the weeklong event and the fish catch distribution differed significantly from the average historical tournament catch patterns. On the tournament fishing grounds, well-mixed surface layers and strong current flows induced by the eddy's presence characterized the inshore waters where the highest catches of the prized Pacific blue marlin (Makaira mazara) occurred, suggesting possible direct (e.g., physiological limitations) or indirect (e.g., prey availability) biological responses of blue marlin to the prevailing environment. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Carbon and nitrogen primary productivity in three North Carolina estuaries

Uptake of inorganic carbon and ammonium by the plankton community of three North Carolina estuaries was measured using ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N isotope methods. At 0% light, C appeared to be lost via respiration, and at increasing light levels uptake of inorganic carbon increased linearly, saturated (mean I_k = 358±30 μEin m⁻² s⁻¹), and frequently showed inhibition at the highest light intensities. At 0% light NH₄⁺ uptake was significantly greater than zero and was frequently equivalent to uptake in the light (light independent); at increasing light levels NH₄⁺ uptake saturated (mean I_k = 172±44 μEin m⁻² s⁻¹) and frequently indicated strong inhibition. Light-saturated uptake rates of inorganic carbon and NH₄⁺ were a function of chlorophyll a (r² = 0·7−0·9); average assimilation numbers were 625 nmol CO₂ (μg chl. a)⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 12·9 nmol NH₄⁺ (μg chl. a)⁻¹ h⁻¹ and were positively correlated with temperature (r² = 0·3−0·7). The ratio of dark to light-saturated NH₄⁺ uptake tended to be near 1·0 for large algal populations at low NH₄⁺ concentrations, indicating near light independence of uptake; whereas the ratio was lower for the opposite conditions. These data are interpreted as indicative of nitrogen stress, and it is suggested that uptake of NH₄⁺ deep in the euphotic zone and at night are mechanisms for balancing the C:N of cellular pools. A 24-h study using summed short-term incubations confirmed this; the cumulative C:N of CO₂ and NH₄⁺ uptake during the daylight period was 10–20, whereas over the 24-h period the ratio was 6 due to dark NH₄⁺ uptake. Annual carbon and nitrogen primary productivity were respectively estimated as 24 and 4·0 mol m⁻² year⁻¹ for the South River estuary, 42 and 7·3 mol m⁻² year⁻¹ for the Neuse River estuary, and 9·6 and 1·6 mol m⁻² year⁻¹ for the Newport River estuary.     

渤海湾与莱州湾西部毛虾定置网渔获物组成的初步分析

渤海湾与莱州湾西部,定置网的主要渔获物种类,挂子网50余种,樯张网40余种。主要捕捞对象是毛虾,其他种类大多都在2％以下。其中占0.1％以上的经济幼鱼、幼虾有鳓、青鳞、斑鰶、黄鲫、鲻、梭鱼、鲈、梅童鱼、小黄鱼、黄姑鱼、银鲳、半滑舌鳎和幼对虾等。毛虾等经济虾类和经济鱼类的主要出现时间,挂子网为7月11日—8月20日;樯张网为7月6日—8月25日。夏一世代毛虾产卵群体的主要死亡时间在8月中、下旬。经济幼鱼和幼对虾,挂子网从6月21日,樯张网从5月21日开始逐日增多,至8月20日以后出现的数量都很少。为合理利用毛虾资源,保护经济幼鱼、幼虾资源,根据调查结果并参看毛虾生殖期等有关文献资料,建议这两个海区的毛虾生产期,春汛挂子网应于6月20日,樯张网于5月20日结束,秋汛应于8月21日开捕为宜。禁渔期,挂子网应由原来的7月1日—8月31日调整为6月21日—8月20日;樯张网由原来的6月10日—8月31日调整为5月21日—8月20日较为合理。     

变差函数与沉积地球化学旋回周期率识别

提出用变差函数（交叉变差函数）方法刻画地球化学旋回的层次结构，并利用东北太平洋１７８７柱状沉积物的硅质生物氧、硅同位素资料，具体说明了变差函数刻画地球化学旋回的有效性。     

Analysis of hydrobiological pattern in the Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia)

This study deals with the use of a multivariate analysis method in order to understand the functioning of the Bizerte lagoon ecosystem. A set of hydrobiological parameters was collected during 10 monthly campaigns in 2004. A variant of the EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) technique is used to examine hydrobiological variability modes in this lagoon. The permanent features characterising the lagoon are obtained by applying the EOF technique to data after removing the annual cycle. Two major modes were obtained. The first one shows a contrast between the northern sector of the lagoon, influenced by the Mediterranean Sea, and the southern one influenced by continental waters. This mode is mostly prominent for temperature and salinity. The second mode shows a contrast between shallow waters along the coastal zones and the deep central area of the lagoon. This contrast is more pronounced towards the southwestern edge of the lagoon, a region of important freshwater input from the Tinja channel, which drifts towards the downstream area of Menzel Bourguiba. This second mode may also correspond to northward water circulation under southerly wind blowing frequently in summer. The spatial and temporal variability in the lagoon is highlighted by applying the EOF to the raw data without removing the annual cycle. A weight series is obtained for each variable by extracting the corresponding data and then projecting them on the corresponding eigenvector. Using this technique, only one mode was found dominant with more than 52% of the total variance. It was also found that the north–south contrast of temperature, salinity and phosphorous and the coast-centre contrast of Chlorophyll a are enhanced in summer. Other variables such as ammonia and nitrate also show significant annual cycles but with local patterns.     

西太平洋暖池海域热含量场的变异及其影响

基于 1 95 5— 1 999年间太平洋月平均海温资料 ,利用经验正交函数 (EOF)分解法 ,研究了西太平洋暖池海域 ( 1 2 0°E— 1 60°W ,1 8°N— 1 6°S)热含量场的时空变化 ,并分析了该海域东、西区热含量变化与南方涛动、副热带高压及ENSO的关系。结果表明 ,暖池海域热含量场主要包括年变化型、年际变化型和年代际变化型三个模态 ,其主要变化周期依次为 1 .0、3.6和 1 3.7年。相关和合成分析表明 ,暖池东、西区热含量的变化均与南方涛动、副热带高压和ENSO循环有十分密切的关系。     

西太平洋边缘海封闭程度定量化的尝试

西太平洋边缘海由于地形特征存在着巨大的差异,它们与开放大洋以及相互之间的联通程度很不相同,用三个比值即：海槛深度与海盆最大深度的比值（Ｓ／Ｂ）,海峡通道宽度与海区面积的比值（Ｐ／Ａ）以及通道截面积与海盆体积的比值（Ｃ／Ｖ）来描述它们的封闭程度,结果表明,日本海在西太平洋边缘海中封闭程度最高,而爪哇海和东海的封闭程度最低,而不同封闭程度的边缘海对冰期旋回的反应有显著的不同。     

Seasonal anecdysis and moulting synchrony in field populations of Palaemon elegans (Rathke)

A population of Palaemon elegans studied during 1978–1980 showed a characteristic moult cycle structure according to season, comprising a winter anecdysis, ‘epidemic’ spring moulting and synchrony of moult cycle development. The initiation of moulting in the spring was temperature-dependent, an estimated environmental temperature of 7–8 °C being necessary to allow moulting. Developmental synchrony during the moult cycle was observed following the initial spring moults, and it is thought that the degree and duration of moult synchrony is temperature-dependent. Synchrony is lost during the summer. Despite seasonal climatic differences between years, little difference in the time of appearance of berried females was seen. It is thought that oogenesis is controlled primarily by photoperiodic rather than temperature-dependent mechanisms. During egg development the moult cycle of ovigerous females was prolonged during intermoult stages and, during late vitellogenesis, premoult stages were prolonged.     

干湿交替下水分及氯离子在混凝土中传输的细观数值模拟

氯离子侵蚀已成为影响海洋及近海环境中混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素。考虑材料组成的非匀质特性,将混凝土看作由粗骨料、硬化水泥砂浆及二者界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料的细观层次方法,是开展物质传输过程研究的新途径。建立非饱和混凝土中氯离子传输的一维非线性对流扩散方程,并利用伽略金加权余数法给出了该方程的有限元形式,采用适用于物质传输的细观格构网络模型开展了水分及氯离子在非饱和混凝土中传输过程及分布规律研究,分析了干湿循环周期和循环机制对水分及氯离子传输性能的影响规律。数值计算结果表明,干湿交替下,相同的干燥时间,非饱和混凝土内水分及氯离子的侵入深度主要取决于湿润时间,而干燥时间和循环周期数则影响混凝土表层氯离子含量,并在混凝土表层10 mm处有浓度集中现象。