小湾水电站饮水沟大规模倾倒破坏现象的工程地质研究

倾倒破坏是陡倾层状岩体一类主要的变形破坏形式,一般发育于地表临空面附近的坡体浅部。根据文献资料,前人研究的倾倒破坏体能保持其完整形态者规模并不大。小湾水电站左岸坝前高边坡由于其特殊地形地貌及其岩体结构条件,使得如此大规模的倾倒变形体能保持其完整形态至今。由于倾倒变形体紧邻大坝且地势较高,一旦失稳,将给小湾水电站的建设造成不可估量的损失。查明倾倒破坏堆积体规模及其岩体结构特征,为倾倒堆积体边坡支护方案选择及稳定性评价参数选取提供依据。更重要的是,揭示这类大规模的倾倒破坏表现特征及其形成条件,对认识复杂条件下岩石高边坡的变形破坏机理具有一定指导意义。本文通过细致的野外调查,揭示了一类发育深度较大的大规模倾倒变形破坏。通过对边坡的详细描述与记录,阐明了这类变形破坏发育的特征和空间展布,并对其形成机制作了简要的分析。     

花岗岩中高放废物地质处置库系统分析方法研究

首先以甘肃北山预选区花岗岩场址为例,提出该场址中高放废物地质处置库概念设计和结构设计,然后以系统分析方法论为基础,描述处置库的系统功能、结构、环境及其演化过程,并以模拟软件GoldSim为工具,建立该处置库演化过程的计算机模型,最后以该计算机模型为模拟实验平台,模拟处置库中辐射毒性时空分布,分析模型中的参数灵敏度,优化设计参数,并预测和评价处置库性能。其研究成果可为合理配置资源和有效协调各研究项目之间关系提供技术支持。     

节理网络有限元在倾倒斜坡稳定分析中的应用

节理网络有限元是指具有节理网络模拟功能的有限元,它不但能将野外节理统计特征直接输入到模型中,同时允许节理按一定的破坏准则产生屈服,从而较好地模拟边坡的实际结构及破坏特征。论述了倾倒变形边坡的分析方法及存在的问题,介绍了节理网络有限元的功能及参数输入,说明了其在倾倒变形边坡应用中的优势,并以黄河上游茨哈峡电站Ⅰ号倾倒体为例,计算了该倾倒边坡的稳定性及破坏趋势,结果表明,节理网络有限元是倾倒变形边坡稳定分析的一种有效、可靠的方法。     

考虑空间效应的地下洞室爆破开挖松动区参数场位移反分析

将地下洞室爆破开挖松动区视为一个随开挖过程演变的非均匀、非稳定三维扰动场,松动区内岩体力学参数则是一个具有时空演化特性的参数场。考虑爆破开挖扰动空间效应和岩体真实变形响应,提出了真实工作状态下开挖松动区岩体参数场辨识的位移反分析方法。基于局部监测变形空间插补得到的空间位移场,通过分析洞室爆破开挖围岩变形扰动机制,建立了开挖松动区岩体变形模量参数场数值演化模型,并进行了模型适用性和参数敏感性分析。在此基础上,以变形模量参数为例,结合围岩实测位移信息,提出了开挖松动区参数场位移反分析的动态实现过程。将该方法应用于溪洛渡地下洞室群施工期参数场反演和围岩稳定动态反馈评价及预测,结果表明,该方法合理有效,在大型地下洞群施工开挖与快速监测反馈方面具有显著的工程适用性及实用性。     

Numerical modeling and inverse parameter estimation of the large-scale mass movement Gradenbach in Carinthia (Austria)

This paper deals with the inverse problem of using time-displacement monitoring data to determine the material parameters of a numerical model of a large-scale mass movement. A finite element model for simulating the mechanical behavior is presented for the Gradenbach landslide in Carinthia, Austria. Particular attention is paid to the calibration of the constitutive relationships, which represent a prerequisite for a realistic quantitative analysis. After a short introduction to the concept of model-parameter identification, this paper demonstrates how to apply the proposed model identification strategy to determine model parameters for the Gradenbach example. The impact of the amount of reference data available for the inverse model-parameter analysis is evaluated by means of artificial reference data. Subsequently, the numerical model is calibrated using field measurement data. The results obtained are presented, and the benefits and drawbacks of the proposed concept are evaluated.     

Strain-dependent Fluid Flow Defined Through Rock Mass Classification Schemes

Summary ?Strain-dependent hydraulic conductivities are uniquely defined by an environmental factor, representing applied normal and shear strains, combined with intrinsic material parameters representing mass and component deformation moduli, initial conductivities, and mass structure. The components representing mass moduli and structure are defined in terms of RQD (rock quality designation) and RMR (rock mass rating) to represent the response of a whole spectrum of rock masses, varying from highly fractured (crushed) rock to intact rock. These two empirical parameters determine the hydraulic response of a fractured medium to the induced-deformations. The constitutive relations are verified against available published data and applied to study one-dimensional, strain-dependent fluid flow. Analytical results indicate that both normal and shear strains exert a significant influence on the processes of fluid flow and that the magnitude of this influence is regulated by the values of RQD and RMR.     

岩体结构理论在中国的广泛、成功应用及进展

岩体结构理论是20世纪中国工程地质的重大理论创新。本文简介了自20世纪70年代岩体结构理论创立以来,在中国得到的广泛应用。为一大批大型、世界级的工程修建中的工程岩体评价和重大工程地质问题解决提供了理论基础和方法。叙述了岩体结构理论在中国岩体稳定性评价、岩体质量分级、岩质斜（边）坡变形破坏机制、大型、巨型水电站建基岩体的选择的成功应用,和中国各工程领域（部门）将岩体结构列入规范,得到的广泛推广。论述了岩体结构划分主要指标的获取方法、量值选取及需要改善的方面,提出了岩体结构新的亚类原位镶嵌碎裂结构和黏结层状结构的典型特征、划分指标及其在工程中的成功应用。     

一种基于地质指标的裂隙岩体渗透系数估算模型

裂隙岩体的渗透特性受控于裂隙的发育特征、连通特性和充填情况,并与岩体的地应力水平具有显著的相关性。基于裂隙岩体渗透性的影响因素,并考虑现有渗透系数估算模型的不足,利用钻孔压水试验和钻孔电视图像资料,建立考虑埋深(Z)、岩石质量指标(RQD)以及充填物指标(FSD)等3个指标的渗透系数估算ZRF模型,并应用到牙根二级水电站及其他工程区的渗透系数估算中。结果表明,与已有的渗透系数估算模型相比,ZRF模型较好地反映了岩体渗透性的影响因素,且模型参数物理意义明确,便于获取,对分析裂隙岩体渗透性具有一定的工程参考价值。     

矿山垮落大体积松散体中水泥-水玻璃浆液可控灌注原理及其应用

松散体是采矿、隧道、地下空间等工程中一种常见的岩体结构,具有强度低、稳定性差等特点,注浆改造重构其完整性和强度是现场处理该类问题的重要技术手段之一.为满足河北杏山铁矿大垮塌主溜井满井状态下封堵工程的特殊需求,提出了大体积松散体中水泥-水玻璃浆液可控灌注的理念.通过大体积松散体中水泥-水玻璃浆液灌注试验研究,将灌注历程分...     

渗透性参数非均质特征的研究进展

尺度效应、非一致性、随机性和结构性是渗透性参数的四大特征，通过分析比较独立离散参数法、连续相关参数法、离散相关参数法、条件模拟，认为地质统计学的理论与方法是非均质问题研究的理想工具，并提出了今后研究的趋势。     

Computation of large-scale parameters for dispersion in fissured porous medium using finite-volume method

In this work, we are interested in solute transport in fissured porous media. The medium is considered as a special case of a two-region system, and a two-equation model previously obtained from a volume averaging technique is used to derive large-scale dispersion coefficients. These coefficients are obtained as solutions of a set of closure problems and the main objective of this work is to present an efficient method to solve these closure problems. The method makes use of an unstructured grid and special techniques to take into account the fissure network. Results are compared with other existing methods on simple fissured media. Finally, the technique is applied to a complex structure.     

AUS: Anisotropic undrained shear strength model for clays

A total stress model applicable to clays under undrained conditions is presented. The model involves three strength parameters: the undrained shear strengths in triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and simple shear. The amount of physical anisotropy implied by the model is a function of the relative magnitude of these three strengths assuming a Mises-type plastic potential. Elastoplastic deformation characteristics below failure are accounted for by a hardening law requiring two additional parameters that can be related to the axial strains halfway to failure in triaxial compression and extension. Finally, elasticity is accounted for by Hooke law. The result is a relatively simple model whose parameters can all be inferred directly from a combination of in situ and standard undrained laboratory tests. The model is applied to a problem involving the horizontal loading of a monopile foundation for which full scale tests have been previously conducted. The model shows good agreement with the measured data.     

破碎岩体压实特性的三维离散元数值计算方法研究

研究破碎岩体的压实特性是矿井地下工程的基础工作之一,由于破碎岩体所处环境的隐蔽性与危险性,常采用实验室测试和数值计算的研究方法。提出了一种三维破碎岩体模型构建方法,即在3D Voronoi建立完整岩体数值模型的基础上,通过预定孔隙率,随机删除完整岩体中的块体反演破碎岩体结构,测定破碎岩体的压实特性。该方法可较真实地反映破碎岩体的块度特征、碎胀特性与压实特性,与现有研究方法有较高的吻合度,为矿山地下工程的安全控制提供了新的有效的研究方法。     

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在,在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点,现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型,以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础,基于常泊松比假定,在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上,按照算子替换的方法,将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵,并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性,推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点,提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识,从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数,并与试验结果进行对比分析,从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步,指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性,给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路,可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。     

岩石力学参数的非线性随机反分析

从概率统计学估计原理出发，考虑工程中实测位移的随机波动性，应用随机反分析的目标函数，并得出反演参数方差计算公式，引用弹塑性开裂模型描述岩体的性态，非线性迭代采用收敛稳定的子增量变Kp法。同最小二乘法反分析作比较，研究结果表明随机反分析更符合实际岩石工程的实际情况。     

基于数字表面模型的岩体结构面产状获取

针对传统现场接触式测量获取岩体结构面参数效率低、工作量大、结果精确性受人为因素影响等问题,本文结合数字摄影测量技术与运动法（structure from motion,SFM）进行岩体三维数字表面模型重建,并在此基础上建立了岩体结构面自动识别方法。岩体数字表面模型重建步骤主要为岩体影像资料采集,基于尺度不变特征变换（Scale-Invariant Feature Transform,SIFT）算法进行图像特征匹配、稀疏点云构建、点云稠密化以及岩体曲面模型重构。结构面识别方法流程主要为:首先平滑岩体数字表面模型;通过改变搜索半径和角度阈值实现模型平面分割;基于区域生长原理进行结构面搜索;最后基于随机采样一致性拟合结构面得到结构面产状。将该方法应用于甘肃北山地下实验巷道,实现了巷道三维数字表面模型的重建与结构面产状数据获取,最后将识别到的结构面分组表征在模型表面。与人工实地测量方法以及现有的结构面识别软件相比,本文提出的方法具有良好的准确性,可为工程应用提供一定的参考。     

The effect of heterogeneity of diffusion parameters on chloride transport in low-permeability argillites

Understanding flow and transport in low-permeability media is very important in the context of nuclear waste disposal, oil and gas reservoirs and long term evolution of groundwater systems. In low-permeability media, transport by diffusion is often the most important mass transport process. This study investigates the effect of the heterogeneity of diffusion parameters on mass transport in low-permeability media. A geostatistical approach for integrating heterogeneity of diffusion parameters in groundwater flow and transport models is proposed and applied to the Toarcian argillites in France which are studied in the framework of feasibility of storing radioactive waste in deep clayey massifs. Stochastic fields of the diffusion parameters of the Toarcian argillites (France) are generated based on 64 measured values of diffusion coefficient and diffusion accessible porosity and used as input for a 3D local-scale groundwater flow and transport model. The chloride concentrations computed by these heterogeneous models are compared to the measured chloride concentrations and to concentrations calculated with a model in which the Toarcian argillites are subdivided into several homogeneous zones. The heterogeneous simulations result in a slightly better correspondence between measured and calculated values and have the additional advantage that the measured diffusion coefficient values in the Toarcian are perfectly honored in the model. This study shows that small-scale variability of diffusion parameters has a significant effect on solute concentrations and omitting this heterogeneity may be a problem in transport calculations in low-permeability media, depending on the specific setting and objectives of the study.     

Ti diffusion in quartz inclusions: implications for metamorphic time scales

Quartz inclusions in garnet from samples collected from the staurolite zone in central New England are zoned in cathodoluminescence (CL). The CL intensity is interpreted to be a proxy for Ti concentration and the zoning attributed to Ti diffusion into the quartz grains driven by Ti exchange between quartz and enclosing garnet as a function of changing temperature. The CL zoning has been interpreted using a numerical diffusion model to constrain the time scales over which the diffusion has occurred. Temperature–time histories are sensitive to the presumed peak temperature but not to other model parameters. The total time of the metamorphic heating and cooling cycle from around 450?°C to the peak temperature (550–600?°C) back to 450?°C is surprisingly short and encompasses only 0.2–2 million years for peak temperatures of 600–550?°C. The metamorphism was accompanied by large-scale nappe and dome formation, and it is suggested that this occurred as a consequence of in-sequence thrusting resulting in a mid-crustal ductile duplex structure.     

Analytical solution for micropile design under tension and compression

Micropiles are being increasingly utilized in foundation rehabilitation and seismic retrofitting projects. The function of the micropiles in these projects is to enhance the foundation ultimate capacity as well as reduce foundation deflection. This paper focuses on an analytical model for micropile load-displacement behavior subjected to compressive as well as tensile loading. The soil-micropile interaction is considered explicitly in the model development. Furthermore, to keep the model simple and accessible to designers, the micropile-soil interface is assumed to be linearly elastic-perfectly plastic and homogeneous with depth. Closed form expressions of micropile deformation as a function of applied load are presented. These expressions are used to study the effect of model parameters on micropile yield behavior. Micropile strain distribution and the load transfer behavior calculated by the model are discussed. The model calculations are compared with the field measured load-displacement curves. The measured micropile load-displacement data available in the literature are analyzed to evaluate the model parameters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于人工蜂群算法的岩体结构面多参数优势分组研究

岩体结构面优势分组是研究岩体力学性质与水力特性的基础,通常的分析方法是只根据产状进行划分。鉴于结构面其他特征对岩体力学性质的重要影响,考虑结构面倾向、倾角、迹长、张开度、表面形态5个特征参数,提出了基于人工蜂群算法的岩体结构面多参数优势分组方法。以样本总体离差平方和为目标函数,建立岩体结构面多参数优势分组的数学模型,应用人工蜂群优化算法求解,以目标函数值最小时的解作为聚类中心,并自动确定分组边界。对人工生成的结构面数据的计算结果验证了该方法的正确性,该方法的求解精度是令人满意的。最后,将该方法应用于怒江松塔水电站坝址区岩体结构面多参数优势组的划分,得到了较为合理的分组结果,进一步验证了此方法具有较高的运行效率与工程实用性。