震级的物理含义与体波波谱特征频率

本文应用位错模型地震震源波谱理论和观测资料,论证了远场体波质点位移或速度最大值（地震震级）决定于彼此独立的两个震源动力学参数地震矩M₀和体波波谱特征频率f₀。因此,仅以地震矩表征地震强度或仅以断层尺度（体波波谱特征频率）分类地震大小,只在另一个震源参数保持为常数时才有可能。体波波谱特征频率携带着震源体波脉冲持续时间的信息。据此,探讨了地震震级的物理含义。     

Analysis of strong earthquake ground motion for prediction of response spectra

Prediction of response spectra for earthquake engineering purposes is considered from a new point of view based on the dislocation theory of earthquakes. It is shown that the traditional scaling of response spectra by the predicted peak acceleration should be limited to the high-frequency end of the spectrum, and that the peak acceleration in the near field is not strongly correlated with earthquake magnitude. The amplitude of the long-period end of response spectrum at source to station distances greater than about 10 source dimensions should be scaled with seismic moment, while for distances less than about one source dimension this amplitude should be proportional to the permanent ground displacement. To reconcile the existing extensive data on seismicity of active regions based on magnitude scale, it is shown that magnitude can be used to determine approximately the seismic moment.     

中强地震能量震级测定

本文根据地震波衰减特性,开展了利用宽频带地震波形数据测定地震波能量E_S和能量震级M_e的方法研究。利用震中距处于20°—98°范围内的宽频带远震P波波形数据,测定了4次国外和4次国内中强震的能量震级M_e,并对其面波震级M_S、矩震级M_W及能量震级M_e进行了分析对比。结果表明:面波震级M_S表示的是地震在某一固定频率所辐射的地震波能量大小;矩震级M_W与地震所产生的断层长度、断层宽度、震源破裂的平均位错量等静态构造效应密切相关;而能量震级M_e反映的是震源动态特征,与地震震源的动力学特性密切相关。由于地震是以地震波形式辐射,能量主要集中在震源谱的拐角频率附近,因此能量震级M_e更适合描述地震的破坏性。由此可见,联合测定面波震级M_S,矩震级M_W和能量震级M_e对于地震定量研究以及地震灾害与风险评估具有重要作用。      

河北省测震台网中小地震矩震级的测定

利用河北省测震台网的数字地震波形资料,反演了2008年12月至2010年4月62个中小地震的震源波谱参数,计算了这些地震的地震矩M0和矩震级Mw,利用正交回归分析方法得到了近震体波震级ML和Mw之间的关系式.     

广西南丹大厂矿区震源参数研究

利用广西南丹县大厂矿区地震监测台网记录的地震波资料,采用Brune（1970）模型,将速度记录谱归算为震源位移谱,使用遗传算法计算拐角频率及零频极限,然后计算地震矩、应力降等小震震源参数,并系统分析各种参数之间的关系。大厂矿区38次较大地震的震源参数计算结果为：地震矩范围在2.18×1011~7.89×1012 N·m之间;震源破裂半径78~439m;地震应力降在0.01~1.79 MPa之间。表明：地震矩与震级、震源半径、拐角频率之间呈线性关系,而应力降不依赖于地震矩,分布较为离散。大厂矿区应力降值明显偏低,这可能与该区域背景应力低有关。     

浙江珊溪水库地震震源参数特征研究

利用2014年1月-2015年12月浙江省区域数字地震台网记录的1 360次珊溪水库M_L0.5-4.4地震资料,采用Brune模式,将台站获取的速度记录进行几何扩散校正、介质衰减校正及仪器校正后得到速度谱,对速度谱在频率域进行傅里叶积分得到震源位移谱,之后使用遗传算法计算得到拐角频率和震源位移谱零频极限值,进而计算出该区的地震矩为1010-1014 N·m,震源破裂半径为33-550 m,拐角频率为2.4-39.7 Hz,地震应力降为0.04-6.74 MPa,视应力为0-2.75 MPa.在此基础上,对各参数特征及其关系进行系统性分析,结果表明:各震源参数之间表现出一定的对数线性或半对数线性关系;空间上,应力降和拐角频率在库区西北段较高,东南段较低;应力降与地震矩在空间上呈反向关系,拐角频率与破裂半径在空间上呈负相关.      

Study on the Moment Magnitude of Small and Moderate Earthquakes Located in the Inner Mongolia Region

Based on digital seismic waveform data from Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network, the source spectrum parameters of 182 small and moderate earthquakes from January, 2009 to September, 2016 are derived, and the seismic moment M₀ and moment magnitude M_W of the earthquakes are calculated. The M_L-M_W relationship and the relationship between stress drop and magnitude are obtained using the linear regression method. It is clear that incorporating the moment magnitude into the seismic quick report catalog and the official earthquake catalog can enrich earthquake observation report content, thus providing better service for earthquake emergency and earthquake scientific research.     

地幔波震级的规范化标定与观测

本文基于瑞利面波的激发和传播理论,导出了零级地震的理论面波谱表达式;并以零级地震为参考地震,以零级地震所相应的面波谱和地震矩作为地幔波震级规范化标定的参照依据,进而提出了测定地幔波震级的新方案。利用CDSN-LPZ信道中的面波资料测定了1987-1990年间全球54次浅源大地震的地幔波震级M_m,并对Okal和Talandier（1989）用GEO-SCOPE-VLPZ及PAS-VLPZ信道中的基阶瑞利波所测1970-1987年间88次地震的结果作了校正。综合这两部分观测结果,得到M_m=1.00 1gM₀-12.13,由此测定的地幔波震级与中小地震的面波震级M_s趋势相一致,为解决面波震级饱和问题提供了一种可行的途径。     

地幔波震级的规范化标定与观测

本文基于瑞利面波的激发和传播理论,导出了零级地震的理论面波谱表达式;并以零级地震为参考地震,以零级地震所相应的面波谱和地震矩作为地幔波震级规范化标定的参照依据,进而提出了测定地幔波震级的新方案。利用CDSN-LPZ信道中的面波资料测定了1987—1990年间全球54次浅源大地震的地幔波震级M_m,并对Okal和Talandier(1989)用GEO-SCOPE-VLPZ及PAS-VLPZ信道中的基阶瑞利波所测1970—1987年间88次地震的结果作了校正。综合这两部分观测结果,得到M_m=1.00 1gM_0—12.13,由此测定的地幔波震级与中小地震的面波震级M_s趋势相一致,为解决面波震级饱和问题提供了一种可行的途径。     

应用近场速度记录快速估算川滇地区中强地震强度

采用Wu等(2004)提出的地震强度测定方法,应用近场速度波形记录,测定地震参数M_(ew),实现了川滇地区中强地震(M_W≥5.7)强度近实时快速测定。M_(ew)是一个与矩震级M_W对接的地震参数,与传统的应用振幅测定震级的方法相比,不会存在震级饱和问题,与全球矩心矩张量(GCMT)的矩震级M_W具有较好的一致性。该方法解决了应用近场波形资料和矩张量反演方法求取大地震矩震级比较困难的问题,可为区域中强地震速报提供近实时矩震级提供参考,从而提高地震速报的时效性和准确性,同时为强震加速度数据的应用奠定基础。     

张北地震序列波谱分析

采用石家庄遥测台网数字化的地震记录,选取了1998年1月～1999年12月张北震区的146条地震,分别对P波、S波作了波谱分析,求取了拐角频率、地震矩、震源半径、应力降、平均位错和波谱能量。分析了拐角频率和应力降随时间的变化趋势,并讨论了震源参数相互之间的关系。结果表明,在1999年3月11日5．6级地震之前应力降和拐角频率均出现异常,同时发现,S波对环境的变化比P波敏感,P波较稳定,且各震源参数与震级有一定相关。     

即将通用的矩震级标度Mw──远震震级测定工作综述

本文从地震观测数据的利用角度出发，讨论世界范围内远震震级的测定问题。笔者认为，现震级标度存在的弊病是：震级饱和，测值偏差大，过分依赖频率的变动以及需要各种校正等。体波震级的问题大于面波；周期较短的震相问题大于周期较长的震相问题。矩震级标度将逐渐取代依据变幻不定的各种地震波的观用的各种标度。对于远震，长周期地震仪记录的面波震级Ｍｓ将得以发展，成为矩震级的一种辅助标度。本文最后提出了矩震级标度实行后，历史地震震级和区域地震震级如何与之衔接的初步设想。     

Method for Determining the Ultimate Strain for Rocks of the Earth’s Crust from the Magnitude of Relative Slips on the Earth’s Surface after a Strong Earthquake

The ultimate strain value for rocks in aggregate with their other physicomechanical characteristics plays a substantial role when solving different problems related to the bearing capacity and behavior of soils. These include determination of the maximum displacement, velocity, and acceleration values of soils during earthquakes and estimation of the potential strain energy accumulated in a medium during strong earthquake preparation. The latter parameter is also key in predicting earthquakes from the ultimate strain of rocks. The paper describes a technique developed by the author for determining the ultimate strain of soil columns under natural conditions from their relative slope on the surface after a strong earthquake. The empirical dependences of the ultimate strain of rocks on earthquake magnitude, relative slip, rupture length, and the seismic moment are obtained by analyzing their values calculated by the proposed method for 44 strong earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.6–8.5. A comparative analysis of the ultimate strain values obtained by other researchers by geodesic triangulation is performed.     

由二维破裂模式导出的地震定标律

使用二维矩形破裂模式,导出了大小不同地震的震源位移谱的表达式.位移谱有三个拐角频率fc1,fc2,fc3.fc1和fc2分别联系着长度方向和宽度方向的破裂时间,fc3联系着震源函数的上升时间.根据三个拐角频率,可以把位移谱u（）分成四个区域,在Ⅰ区,fc1,u（）=u（0）f0;在Ⅱ区,fc1c2,u（）1/f;在Ⅲ区,fc2c3,u（）1/f2;在Ⅵ区,f >fc3,u（）1/f3.由于在四个区域u（）随频率的增加下降的速度不一样,决定了震源参数在不同的震级范围内（也就是不同地震矩范围）有不同的表达式.假定地震满足几何相似、应力环境相似以及动力学相似条件,因而地震矩M0,长度和宽度方向的破裂时间、上升时间都可以用断层长度L来定标。根据Dziewonski and Woodhouse给出的1981——1983年800多个地震的地震矩M0资料,以及BISC给出的面波震级Ms、体波震级mb,来确定定标律中的常数.这样就可以从定标律推导出震源参数之间的统计关系.      

内蒙古中西部地区中小地震矩震级研究

基于S震相"S窗"内的波形信号识别、品质因子Q(f)和22个台站场地响应,利用2009~2016年3月内蒙古中西部地区地震的波形资料,反演了182次中小地震的震源波谱参数,得到这些小震的零频幅值及其拐角频率,据此计算了这些地震的地震矩M_0、矩震级M_W和应力降Δσ。利用回归分析方法得到了近震震级与矩震级、矩震级与应力降的关系式。分析表明,近震震级与矩震级、矩震级与应力降呈线性关系。可见,将矩震级纳入地震的快报与正式目录中,可以丰富地震观测报告内容,更好地为地震应急和地震科研服务。     

Determination of source,path and site parameters based on non-linear inversion of accelerometric data in Greece

Source, propagation path and site conditions are the factors affecting seismic ground motion. Consequently, recordings acquired at a seismic station are formed by the convolution of these three factors. In this work S-wave acceleration Fourier spectra of earthquakes recorded at local and regional scale, by the ITSAK accelerometric network for the period 2010–2016, are modeled as a product of source, propagation path (including geometric and anelastic attenuation) and site effects. The data set consists of 136 crustal earthquakes occurred in the broader Aegean area, with magnitudes 4.2?≤?M_w?≤?6.5 and epicentral distances 20 km?≤?R?≤?350 km, recorded at 112 broadband accelerometric stations installed at sites with various geologic conditions. Based on this data set, an iterative Gauss–Newton inversion method to solve the non-linear problem and retrieve the different terms of source, propagation path and site, is applied. This method uses an initial input model trying to find the best and at the same time a stable solution for the inverted parameters, which are, moment magnitude (M_w), corner frequency (f_c), attenuation quality factor (Q_s?=?Q_of^α), slope of the geometric attenuation (1/R^γ) and site transfer function (S(f)). The initial values of the starting model can be either known from other studies or inferred within a reasonable range. Depending on the level of knowledge on these input parameters, the associated standard deviation can be adjusted (large values for unknown parameters or small values for parameters which are well constrained). Results of the analyses exhibit satisfactory agreement of estimated source parameters with those proposed by seismological centers in Greece and propagation path properties similar to the ones determined in relevant previous studies for the same region. In addition, the site transfer functions obtained by the non-linear inversion are comparable with those calculated for the same sites using either standard spectral ratio or horizontal-to-vertical spectral ration (HVSR—receiver function) techniques. The aforementioned results are encouraging for reliable earthquake source parameters, propagation path properties and site effect assessment, in areas of intermediate to high seismicity.     

论发震构造特性在潜在震源区参数确定中的应用

发震构造特性是潜在震源区划分及其地震年发生率确定的重要依据。潜在震源区除了反映“未来具有发生破坏性地震的地区”的内涵外,还应反映高震级档地震具有相似复发特征的涵义。由于在地震活动性参数统计单元内,有一些具有不同本底地震的活动构造块体,为更好地反映地震活动的空间不均匀性,考虑潜在震源区的三级划分是有必要的。通过分析潜在震源区内高震级档地震的复发特征,计算预测时段内潜在震源区的高震级档地震的发震概率,采用预测时段内概率等效转换获得地震年平均发生率的方法,有助于在中国地震危险性分析框架内考虑潜在震源区的强震复发特性。另外,文中还对潜在震源区内特征地震次级震级档频度不足的特性和发震构造上强震非均匀性在地震危险性分析中的应用问题进行了探讨     

Spectral characteristics of the seismic hazard between the alps and the dinarides

Empirical correlations between response spectra, magnitude, distance from the source and geological site conditions are introduced in a regional study of seismic hazard. A 350-year earthquake catalogue is treated by means of the statistics of extremes and both the spectral amplitudes (pseudovelocity) corresponding to a series of frequency bands are separately mapped, and the complete predicted response spectra calculated at some sites. Three kinds of geological site conditions are considered: thick and thin (less than 20 m deep) alluvium, and rock. A particular dependence of the results on the geographical distribution of earthquakes and on their magnitudes is commented. The seismic hazard of the study area is also computed by applying a traditional regression between peak ground velocity, magnitude and distance; a comparison with the seismic hazard given by the frequency dependent psuedovelocity indicates the extent of the uncertainty associated with the common practice of scaling response spectra directly from ground motion parameters.     

河北唐山地区中小地震震源参数的测定

采用谱分析的方法，利用首都圈数字遥测地震台网的观测资料，计算了唐山地区2002年ML2．0以上的58个中小地震的波谱，进而估算了地震矩、拐角频率、应力降、震源破裂半径，并讨论了它们之间的相互关系以及拐角频率和应力降的时间分布特征。分析表明，地震矩与震级、拐角频率与震级的关系密切，证实结果可信、稳定。     

用强震动观测资料估算2007年宁洱M_S6.4地震震源参数

通过对2007年6月3日宁洱M_S 6.4、M_S 5.1两次地震的强震动台站观测记录的谱分析,估算了两次地震的辐射能量、地震矩、矩震级等震源参数.结果表明,虽然对拐角频率、应力降等参数各台站的估算结果离散性较大,效果不甚理想,但利用近场强震动观测记录,可以对地震辐射能量、地震矩、矩震级3个参数作出较好的估计.