肯尼亚马加迪湖及其前身

<正> 马加迪湖是位于肯尼亚裂谷的活动盐湖。湖内沉积有厚层天然碱(NaHCO_3·Na_2CO_3·2H_2O),已开采多年。通过一系列研究,马加迪湖已成为很典型的盐碱湖。在埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的东非裂谷(即Gregory裂谷)内分布着约20个封闭湖盆(见图1)。有些是淡水湖,如Naivasha湖和Turkana湖;有些是咸水湖,如马加迪     

硫酸钠矿床的类型及找矿方向

硫酸钠通常称为芒硝或元明粉(无水芒硝),是重要的化工原料.主要用于制清洁剂、造纸、玻璃和其他化工产品.国外硫酸钠的用量一半来自天然矿产资源,另一半为化工合成;我国则来自天然资源.具有开发利用价值的、含硫酸钠组成的矿物仅有数种:芒硝NaSO_4·10H_2O(Na_2SO_4占44.1%),无水芒硝Na_2SO_4(Na_2SO_4占100%),钙芒硝NaCa(SO_4)_2(Na_2SO_4占51.07%),白钠镁矾Na_2Mg(SO_4)_2·4H_2O     

单斜钠钙石晶体结构的初步研究

单斜钠钙石(Na_2CO_3·CaCO_3·5H_2O)是自然界产出的含水碳酸盐矿物,最早发现于委内瑞拉。晶体结构分析用的单斜钠钙石晶体采自吉林省乾安县大麻苏盐硷湖,其结晶形态与矿物学研究工作,由长春地质学院何绍武、郑松彦同志完成。     

陆相断陷咸化湖盆地层水化学场响应及与油气聚集关系——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷为例

东营凹陷古近系水化学场分布与湖盆演化有着良好的对应关系,矿化度从深到浅逐渐降低,体现出沉积环境开放性的增强。高矿化度分布是咸化湖盆重要特征,盐岩溶解、扩散、运移和断裂沟通是其主要成因。在这种高矿化度地层水化学场中主要发育CaCl_2水型,在盆地边缘低矿化度地层水中,以NaHCO_3水型为主,同时发育有少量低—较高矿化度的Na_2SO_4水型和MgCl_2水型。对东营凹陷大量实测地层水及油气性质资料分析表明:东营凹陷CaCl_2水型指示地层封闭性条件较好的还原环境,在该环境中油气藏分布最为广泛,目前发现的高矿化度(100 g/L)油藏与CaCl_2水型相关;低矿化度(10 g/L)NaHCO_3水型指示封闭性条件差、水交替强烈的水文流畅环境,对油气聚集不利,可形成次生油气藏;高矿化度(30～100g/L)的NaHCO_3水型对油气聚集也有利,在该水型中多形成原生油气藏,其成因与地幔高浓度的CO_2运移及断裂通道的沟通作用有关;研究区高矿化度(30 g/L)Na_2SO_4水型的形成与膏盐有关,其中可形成原生油气藏;低矿化度Na_2SO_4水型指示封闭性条件差的氧化环境,对油气聚集不利。研究结果表明,在东营凹陷断陷咸化湖盆中,含NaHCO_3水型的地层环境更能代表地层水交替强烈的开放性沉积环境,而Na_2SO_4水型分布多与硫酸盐有关;东营凹陷表现出高矿化度的NaHCO_3水型和Na_2SO_4水型等异常地层水环境,但在各类型地层水环境中油气藏都有所发现,显示出典型断陷咸化湖盆中水化学场分布特征及与油气成藏之间独特的相互关系。     

Phase Chemistry Study of the Zabuye Salt Lake Brine:Isothermal Evaporation at 15℃ and 25℃

<正>Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet,China is a carbonate-type salt lake,which has some unique characteristics that make it different from other types of salt lakes.The lake is at the latter period in its evolution and contains liquid and solid resources.Its brine is rich in Li,B,K and other useful minor elements that are of great economic value.We studied the concentration behavior of these elements and the crystallization paths of salts during isothermal evaporation of brine at 15℃and 25℃.The crystallization sequence of the primary salts from the brine at 25℃is halite(NaCl)→aphthitalite (3K_2SO_4·Na_2SO_4)→zabuyelite(Li_2CO_3)→trona(Na_2CO_3·NaHCO_3·2H_2O)→thermonatrite (Na_2CO_3·H_2O)→sylvite(KCl),while the sequence is halite(NaCl)→sylvite(KCl)→trona (Na_2CO_3·NaHCO_3·2H_2O)→zabuyelite(Li_2CO_3)→thermonatrite(Na_2CO_3·H_2O)→aphthitalite (3K_2SO_4·Na_2SO_4) at 15℃.They are in accordance with the metastable phase diagram of the Na~+,K~+-Cl~-, CO_3~(2-),SO_4~(2-)-H_2O quinary system at 25℃,except for Na_2CO_3·7H_2O which is replaced by trona and thermonatrite.In the 25℃experiment,zabuyelite(Li_2CO_3) was precipitated in the early stage because Li_2CO_3 is supersaturated in the brine at 25℃,in contrast with that at 15℃,it precipitated in the later stage.Potash was precipitated in the middle and late stages in both experiments,while boron was concentrated in the early and middle stages and precipitated in the late stage.     

小柴旦盐湖卤水25℃等温蒸发

小柴旦盐湖卤水含NaCl 17.32％,KCl 0.18％,MgSO_4 1.66％,Na_2SO_4 2.75％,MgO 0.037％,B_2O_3 0.106％。以246kg卤水进行实验,获得了介稳状态下的蒸发结晶路线,对析出的11种固相进行了化学分析和固相鉴定,并分别测定了与之平衡的液相组成和各项理化参数。研究发现卤水蒸发浓缩到钾石盐阶段,得到含B_2O_3 7.13％的高硼卤水,其在MgCl_2共结点前直接蒸发析出两种镁硼酸盐,其中至少有一种含MgCl_2组成。根据化学分析硼碱比值,显微镜下观察外形,并按物料平衡计算,初步推测该两种镁硼酸盐化学式为2MgCl_2·3MgO·4B_2O_3·22H_2O和MgO·2B_2O_3·6.3H_2O。     

内蒙古河套盆地晚更新世地层划分、环境演变及黄河的贯通

内蒙古河套盆地为受断裂控制形成的新生代断陷盆地,盆地中积水成湖,称河套古湖。晚更新世时期,河套古湖为继承性闭塞型断陷湖。上更新统主要为湖泊沉积体系,地层划分建组为上部东河村组、中部万水泉组、下部达拉特组。达拉特组在湖盆连续沉降条件及半深湖深湖中硫酸盐型、碳酸盐型湖水交替环境下沉积形成。万水泉组在湖盆沉降速率与沉积速率大体平衡条件及浅湖半深湖中半咸水湖环境下沉积形成。东河村组在湖盆沉降速率小于沉积速率条件下以及半咸水湖、局部时期为碳酸盐湖环境下的滨浅湖中沉积形成。晚更新世末期,河套古湖处于大湖水期,晋陕内蒙古交界处河流袭夺、河套盆地北侧山前断裂强烈活动和超强地震导致河套古湖湖水快速外泄,银川盆地、河套盆地、晋陕峡谷贯通而形成今日黄河河道。     

西藏阿里地区泽错大型盐湖锂（硼）矿床的发现及开发利用前景

2016—2018年中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心联合西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第五地质大队组建盐湖调查队伍,针对西藏羌塘盆地西段泽错盐湖开展调查评价工作,探获大型锂(硼)矿产地1处。泽错湖表水体长16.3 km,宽3.3～11.3 km,湖表面积113.8 km2。湖水深度变化较大,四周水较浅,逐渐向中间变深,最深处达44 m,湖水平均深度为24 m,湖面海拔4940 m。泽错盐湖位于藏北羌塘—三江复合板块内,矿区第四纪地层可划分为更新统湖积,全新统现代湖水,全新统冲洪积,全新统冲积和全新统湖积。湖盆可划分基岩裂隙水层、亚砂土孔隙含水层、亚黏土孔隙含水层和湖表卤水4个水文地质单元。经计算直接补充到湖盆表面的大气降水量为1.081×107m3/a,地表水补给湖水量为8.262×107m3/a,地下水补给量为2.052×107m3/a,泽错年补给水量为11.395×107m3/a左右。自然蒸发为泽错湖盆的主要排泄方式,泽错湖水年蒸发量为12.745×107m3/a,年均水量变化值为1.35×107m3/a,地表水补给湖水带入的总盐量为7.8×104t/a。泽错湖盆卤水中主要成盐元素有Cl-、Na+、SO42-、K+、CO32-、HCO3-、B2O3、Mg2+、Li+等,平均矿化度41.57 g/L,pH值为9.31,泽错湖水为高矿化度盐水,水化学类型为硫酸钠亚型。泽错盐湖LiCl平均品位为376.02 mg/L,LiCl资源量为102.68×104t,远景规模达到大型;B2O3平均品位为840 mg/L,B2O3资源量为229.38×104t,远景规模达到大型。在综合分析锂、硼资源需求、提锂技术、盐田建设、气候条件、经济价值等方面的基础上,对泽错盐湖的开发利用前景进行了展望。     

沾化凹陷渤南—罗家地区沙四上亚段层序地层及沉积演化研究

陆相断陷湖盆特殊的凸洼相间分布的地貌条件和多断裂发育的构造格局决定其物源的多方向性、沉积相的多类型性和平面分布的复杂性。综合地震、钻井岩芯、录井和粒度分析等各项测试资料,以及通过识别层序界面和总结沉积相变规律建立渤南—罗家地区沙四上段层序地层格架,并在此基础上通过统计砂体连通性和岩屑组分类型确定物源方向,通过岩芯观察、单井-连井沉积相分析、地层等厚图等单因素图件分析,阐释渤南—罗家地区沙四上段平面沉积相展布特征和演化过程。研究表明,渤南—罗家沙四上亚段系由低位域、湖侵域和高位域组成的三级层序单元。在沙四上段沉积初期,湖盆中所充填地层终止于渤南断层,范围局限;至沙四上段沉积末期,湖水持续上涨,湖盆范围扩展到南部陈家庄凸起。低位域沉积地层主要分布于渤南断裂带以北部位并向南超覆于下伏地层,主要为来自于北部和东北部物源的厚层陡坡扇三角洲前缘沉积。湖侵域和高位域沉积地层则在全区均有分布,其中前者包括北部和东北部陡坡扇三角洲、南部和东南部缓坡扇三角洲以及中西部滩坝沉积;高位域沉积地层在盆地中心以深湖—半深湖沉积的厚层泥膏岩为特征,而在南部由于较长的搬运距离和相对低缓的地形条件而以缓坡扇三角洲沉积、浅水低隆起区碳酸盐岩沉积及其二者的混合沉积为主。     

青藏高原腹地中新世早期古大湖的特征及其构造意义

青藏高原腹地五道梁群及相当层位的沉积地层呈缓倾斜或近水平产状,广泛分布于渐新世夷平面之上,厚度300～350m,富含白云质灰岩和泥灰岩,指示了中新世早期长期稳定的古湖泊沉积环境.根据五道梁群湖相沉积的分布范围,认为中新世早期在唐古拉山和昆仑山之间发育五道梁、北麓河、沱沱河、通天河和东温泉等面积5000～15000 km2的古湖盆,在唐古拉山与冈底斯-念青唐古拉山之间发育安多、那曲、罗马、班戈、伦坡拉和双湖等面积1500～2000km2的古湖盆.根据ETM遥感和野外观测资料,发现中新世早期主要湖盆之间存在古湖水相互连接的通道,形成规模更大的巨型古湖,包括唐古拉山北侧面积超过10×104km2的青西古大湖和唐古拉山南侧面积超过5×104km2的藏北古大湖.青藏高原腹地中新世早期古大湖的发育时代为23.5～16.0 Ma.     

Phase Chemistry Study of the Zabuye Salt Lake Brine: Isothermal Evaporation at 15°C and 25°C

Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet, China is a carbonate-type salt lake, which has some unique characteristics that make it different from other types of salt lakes. The lake is at the latter period in its evolution and contains liquid and solid resources. Its brine is rich in Li, B, K and other useful minor elements that are of great economic value. We studied the concentration behavior of these elements and the crystallization paths of salts during isothermal evaporation of brine at 15°C and 25°C. The crystallization sequence of the primary salts from the brine at 25°C is halite (NaCl) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3)→ trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → sylvite (KCl), while the sequence is halite (NaCl) → sylvite (KCl) → trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) at 15°C. They are in accordance with the metastable phase diagram of the Na+, K+-Cl?, CO32?, SO42?-H2O quinary system at 25°C, except for Na2CO3·7H2O which is replaced by trona and thermonatrite. In the 25°C experiment, zabuyelite (Li2CO3) was precipitated in the early stage because Li2CO3 is supersaturated in the brine at 25°C, in contrast with that at 15°C, it precipitated in the later stage. Potash was precipitated in the middle and late stages in both experiments, while boron was concentrated in the early and middle stages and precipitated in the late stage.     

硅酸盐体系的化学平衡:(2)反应热力学

通过具体的应用实例,系统介绍了在矿物材料学研究中硅酸盐体系的多相平衡反应热力学的基本原理。对硅酸盐体系的典型多相平衡反应进行了热力学计算,包括:(1)微晶玻璃制备过程中的硅酸盐熔融反应;(2)霞石正长岩和高铝粉煤灰利用技术中的硅酸盐烧结反应;(3)S iO2-CaO-H2O体系和KA lS i3O8-CaO-H2O体系雪硅钙石、硬硅钙石的水热晶化反应;(4)高铝粉煤灰和霞石正长岩烧结产物的溶解反应;(5)Na[A l(OH)4]-A l(OH)3-H2O体系和Na2SO4-Ca(OH)2-H2O体系中α-A l(OH)3和CaSO4.2H2O的析晶反应。研究成果可望对矿物材料制备实验方案设计、工业生产过程优化及改进产品性能提供理论指导,同时为同类材料学研究提供借鉴。     

Studies of quaternary saline lakes—II. Isotopic and compositional changes during desiccation of the brines in Owens Lake,California, 1969–1971

Owens Lake is an alkaline salt lake in a closed basin in southeast California. It is normally nearly dry, but in early 1969, an abnormal runoff from the Sierra Nevada flooded it to a maximum depth of 2·4 m. By late summer of 1971, the lake was again nearly dry and the dissolved salts recrystallized. Changes in the chemistry, pH, and deuterium content were monitored during desiccation.During flooding, salts (mostly trona, halite, and burkeite) dissolved slowly from the lake floor. Their concentration in the lake waters increased as evaporation removed water and salts again crystallized, but winter temperatures caused precipitation of some salts and the following summer warming caused their solution, resulting in seasonal variations in the concentration patterns of some ions. The pH values (9·4–10·4) changed with time but showed no detectable diurnal pattern.The deuterium concentration increased during evaporation and appeared to be in equilibrium with vapor leaving the lake according to the Rayleigh equation. The effective α(D/H in liquid/D/H in vapor) decreased as salinity increased; the earliest measured value was 1·069 [as total dissolved solids (TDS) of lake waters changed from 136,200 to 250,400 mg/1]and the last value (calc.) was 1·025 (as TDS changed from 450,000 to 470,300 mg/1). Deuterium exchange with the atmosphere was apparently small except during late desiccation stages when the isotopic contrast became great. Eventually, atmospheric exchange, combined with decreasing α and lake size and increasing salinity, stopped further deuterium concentration in the lake. The maximum contrast between atmospheric vapor and lake deuterium contents was about 110%.     

添加剂对KAlSi_3O_8-CaSO_4-CaCO_3体系反应表观活化能的影响

首先测定了KAlSi3O8-CaSO4-CaCO3体系在不同焙烧条件下钾长石转化成可溶性氧化钾的转化率,进而通过模拟计算表明:KAlSi3O8-CaSO4-CaCO3体系的固相扩散动力学过程符合金斯特林格动力学方程,反应表观活化能Ea为128.92kJ/mol。并着重考察了4种添加剂Na2SO4、Na2SO3、NaCl和NaF对KAlSi3O8-CaSO4-CaCO3体系的影响,结果表明:向体系中分别加入占反应物总质量3%的Na2SO4、Na2SO3、NaCl和1%的NaF后,体系的反应表观活化能Ea从原来的128.92kJ/mol依次下降至87.15、98.71、117.38和126.14kJ/mol,这表明4种添加剂中Na2SO4的效果最好,它能较大程度上降低反应表观活化能,从而降低反应温度和提高固相反应速率。     

The role of hydrothermal fluids in sedimentation in saline alkaline lakes: Evidence from Nasikie Engida,Kenya Rift Valley

Saline alkaline lakes that precipitate sodium carbonate evaporites are most common in volcanic terrains in semi‐arid environments. Processes that lead to trona precipitation are poorly understood compared to those in sulphate‐dominated and chloride‐dominated lake brines. Nasikie Engida (Little Magadi) in the southern Kenya Rift shows the initial stages of soda evaporite formation. This small shallow (<2 m deep; 7 km long) lake is recharged by alkaline hot springs and seasonal runoff but unlike neighbouring Lake Magadi is perennial. This study aims to understand modern sedimentary and geochemical processes in Nasikie Engida and to assess the importance of geothermal fluids in evaporite formation. Perennial hot‐spring inflow waters along the northern shoreline evaporate and become saturated with respect to nahcolite and trona, which precipitate in the southern part of the lake, up to 6 km from the hot springs. Nahcolite (NaHCO₃) forms bladed crystals that nucleate on the lake floor. Trona (Na₂CO₃·NaHCO₃·2H₂O) precipitates from more concentrated brines as rafts and as bottom‐nucleated shrubs of acicular crystals that coalesce laterally to form bedded trona. Many processes modify the fluid composition as it evolves. Silica is removed as gels and by early diagenetic reactions and diatoms. Sulphate is depleted by bacterial reduction. Potassium and chloride, of moderate concentration, remain conservative in the brine. Clastic sedimentation is relatively minor because of the predominant hydrothermal inflow. Nahcolite precipitates when and where pCO₂ is high, notably near sublacustrine spring discharge. Results from Nasikie Engida show that hot spring discharge has maintained the lake for at least 2 kyr, and that the evaporite formation is strongly influenced by local discharge of carbon dioxide. Brine evolution and evaporite deposition at Nasikie Engida help to explain conditions under which ancient sodium carbonate evaporites formed, including those in other East African rift basins, the Eocene Green River Formation (western USA), and elsewhere.     

Raman Micro-Spectroscopic Study of Sulfate Ion in the System Na2SO4 – H2O

This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na₂SO₄-H₂O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperature（293 K） and in the 500 cm^₁-4000 cm^-1 spectral region.The results indicate that the intensity of the SO₄^2- band increases with increasing concentrations of sulfate ion.A linear correlation was found between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₁,which represents the ratio of the area of the SO₄^2- band to that of the O-H stretching band of water（A_s/A_w）:I₁=-0.00102+0.01538 c.Furthermore,we deconvoluted the O-H stretching band of water(2800 cm^-1-3800 cm^-1) at 3232 and 3430 cm^-1 into two sub-Gaussian bands,and then defined Raman intensity of the two sub-bands as A_Bi(3232 cm^-1) and A_B2(3430 cm^-1),defined the full width of half maximum（FWHM） of the two sub-bands as W_B1(3232 cm^-1) and W_B2(3430 cm^-1).A linear correlation between the concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and parameter I₂,which represents the ratio of Raman intensity of SO₄^2-（A_s）(in 981 cm^-1) to(A_B1+A_B2),was also established:I₂=-0.0111+0.3653 c.However,no correlations were found between concentration of SO₄^2-（c） and FWHM ratios,which includes the ratio of FWHM of SO₄^2-（W_s） to W_B1 W_B2 and W_B1+B2(the sum of W_B1 and W_B2),suggesting that FWHM is not suitable for quantitative studies of sulfate solutions with Raman spectroscopy.A comparison of Raman spectroscopic studies of mixed Na₂SO₄ and NaCI solutions with a constant SO₄^2- concentration and variable CI^- concentrations suggest that the I\ parameter is affected by CI^-,whereas the I₂ parameter was not.Therefore,even if the solution is not purely Na₂SO₄-H₂O,SO₄^2- concentrations can still be calculated from the Raman spectra if the H₂O band is deconvoluted into two sub-bands,making this method potentially applicable to analysis of natural fluid inclusions.     

贵州水银洞金矿床成矿流体不混溶的包裹体证据

通过对水银洞金矿床中流体包裹体的观测和热力学参数计算,探讨了成矿流体不混溶的热力学条件。研究结果表明,该矿床石英中的流体包裹体分为H_2O包裹体、CO_2包裹体和CO_2-H_2O包裹体三大类,并以富含CO_2-H_2O包裹体为特征,CO_2-H_2O包裹体可进一步划分为富H_2O相CO_2-H_2O包裹体和富CO_2相CO_2-H_2O包裹体。加热时富H_2O相CO_2-H_2O包裹体完全均一成H_2O相;而富CO_2相CO_2-H_2O包裹体完全均一成CO_2相,而且二者的完全均一温度和完全均一压力一致,说明它们是同时期捕获的CO_2-低盐水不混溶流体包裹体组合。它们形成时的热力学条件是:形成温度236℃,形成压力324 bar(1bar=10~5Pa);共存两相流体密度:低盐水相0.900 g/cm~3,CO_2相0.314 g/cm~3;共存两相中CO_2的摩尔分数:低盐水相0.0376,CO_2相0.7337;水溶液含盐度w(NaCl)约为1.3%。     

内蒙古伊克昭盟现代碱湖区矿层的矿物组成及分布特征

内蒙伊克昭盟是我国现代碱湖分布最集中的地区,各碱湖矿层的主要盐类矿物是泡碱,其次是芒硝,天然碱和石盐及少量单斜钠钙石,氯碳钠镁石,钙水碱和水碱。泡碱普遍存在于各个碱湖的矿层中,芒硝主要存在于西部碱湖的矿层中,天然碱集中分嘏于碱湖区西南部的几个碱湖中,且只分布于矿层的某些部位,碱湖矿层剖面上,天然碱与芒硝呈互为消长关系,天然碱和石盐则呈正相关。     

高放废物处置库甘肃北山野马泉预选区地下水化学特征及水-岩作用模拟

在高放废物处置库场地选择和性能评价中,地下水化学特征是最重要的因素之一。文中以野外水文地球化学调查资料为基础,应用水文地球综合分析方法和地下水地球化学模拟技术,探讨中国高放废物处置库甘肃北山野马泉预选区地下水化学特征、时空分布规律及水岩作用机理。主要结论是:野马泉地区地下水以咸水为主, 具有高矿化的特征,水化学类型以Cl·SO4 Na和SO4·Cl Na型为主,pH值大多在7~8 之间;地下水化学成分显示出明显的分带特征;地下水对石盐和石膏欠饱和,对黄铁矿以及铝硅酸盐过饱和;方解石、钠长石在补给区地下水中呈不饱和状态,在排泄区地下水中呈饱和状态。由水岩作用模拟可知,沿水流路径地下水溶解岩石中的钠长石、黑云母、石盐等矿物,溶解二氧化碳,沉淀析出方解石、伊利石和萤石等矿物;发生明显地下水蒸发作用、二氧化碳溶解作用和Ca2+/ Na+离子交换作用, 说明溶滤、沉淀、离子交换和蒸发浓缩作用是区内地下水化学行为的控制因素。