Intercomparison of NO_x, SO_2, O_3, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Measured by a Commercial DOAS System and Traditional Point Monitoring Techniques

A field-based Intercomparison study of a commercial Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument (OPSIS AB, Sweden) and different point-sample monitoring techniques (PM, based on an air monitoring station, an air monitoring vehicle, and various chemical methods) was conducted in Beijing from October 1999 to January 2000. The mixing ratios of six trace gases including NO, NO2, SO2, O3, benzene, and toluene were monitored continuously during the four months. A good agreement between the DOAS and PM data was found for NO2 and SO2. However, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, and NO obtained by DOAS were significantly lower than those measured by the point monitors. The ozone levels monitored by the DOAS were generally higher than those measured by point monitors. These results may be attributed to a strong vertical gradient of the NO-O3-NO2 system and of the aromatics at the measurement site. Since the exact data evaluation algorithm is not revealed by the manufacturer of the DOAS sys     

Quick measurement of CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>, CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem

Combining improved injector, gas line and valve-driving models, a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with Hydrogen Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and Electron Capture Detector (ECD), can measure CH4, CO2, and N2O simultaneously in an air sample in four minutes. Test results show that the system has high sensitivity, resolution, and precision; the linear response range of the system meets the requirement of flux measurements in situ. The system is suitable for monitoring fluxes of the main greenhouse gases in a short-plant field since it is easy to use, efficacious, and constant and reliable in collecting data.     

南京SO2、NO2和PM10变化特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用南京市2002—2006年大气监测资料,分析了南京市大气中SO2、NO2、PM10年变化趋势及月季规律,评价了南京市空气质量状况。结果表明:5a来,SO2质量浓度呈显著上升趋势,NO2质量浓度缓慢上升,PM10质量浓度明显下降;南京市首要污染物是PM10,SO2、NO2污染较轻;3种污染物质量浓度均以夏季最低。进一步研究不同气象条件下污染物质量浓度发现,污染物质量浓度与风速反相关,且东南风时浓度最高;降水对污染物有清除作用;雾、霾天气下污染加剧;气象能见度与PM10、NO2的质量浓度反相关;污染物有明显的"周末效应",周末质量浓度值较低。     

Verification of the Contribution of Vehicular Traffic to the Total NMVOC Emissions in Germany and the Importance of the NO3 Chemistry in the City Air

In 1997 and 1998 several field campaigns for monitoring non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) were carried out in a road traffic tunnel and in the city center of Wuppertal, Germany. C₂–C₁₀ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were monitored using a compact GC instrument. DOAS White and long path systems were used to measure aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated aromatic compounds. A formaldehyde monitor was used to measure formaldehyde. Chemiluminescence NO analysers with NO₂ converter were used for measuring NO and NO₂. The high mixing ratios of the NMVOCs observed in the road traffic tunnel, especially 2.9 ppbv phenol, 1.5ppbv para-cresol and 4.4 ppbv benzaldehyde, in comparison with themeasured background concentration clearly indicate that these compounds were directly emitted from road traffic. Para-Cresol was for the first timeselectively detected as primary pollutant from traffic. From the measured data a NMVOC profile of the tunnel air and the city air, normalised to benzene (ppbC/ppbC), was derived. For most compounds the observed city air NMVOC profile is almost identical with that obtained in the traffic tunnel. Since benzene originates mainly from road traffic emission, the comparison of the normalised emission ratios indicate that the road traffic emissions in Wuppertal have still the largest impact on the city air composition, which is in contrast to the German emission inventory. In both NMVOC profiles, aromatic compounds have remarkably large contributions of more than 40 ppbC%. In addtion, total NMVOC/NO_x ratios from 0.6 up to 3.0ppbC/ppb in the traffic tunnel air and 3.4± 0.5 in the city air of Wuppertal were obtained. From the observed para-cresol/toluene and ortho-cresol/toluene ratios in the city air, evidence was found thatalso during daytime NO₃ radical reactions play an important role in urban air.     

长江三角洲地区四省会城市PM10污染特征

对长江三角洲地区四省会城市(上海、南京、杭州、合肥)2001-2005年逐日大气污染指数资料进行统计分析,并采用HYSPLIT轨迹模式,分析了各城市中度以上大气污染过程的输送特征。结果表明:2002年以后,四省会城市的大气质量都有好转的趋势;大气污染发生频率最高的季节是春季(南京)和冬季(其他城市);11月和3月是大气污染出现频率最高的月份。上海PM10与NO2和SO2浓度之间存在非常显著的正相关,合肥PM10与NO2和SO2浓度之间的相关性比上海略差。两城市都是PM10与NO2之间的偏相关系数远大于与SO2之间的偏相关系数。各城市的PM10浓度都与另外三个城市之间存在显著的正相关,尤其是3,4月份。后向轨迹分析表明,造成本地区中度以上大气污染的气团以西北来向为主。     

2018年春季西北五省省会城市大气质量与健康风险评价

城市大气污染及其引起的健康效应一直是关注的热点。本研究对2018年春季西北五省省会城市PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO和O₃浓度数据进行了系统分析,并采用美国环境保护署(United States Envi‐ronmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂的健康风险。结果表明:PM_2.5和PM₁₀为主要超标污染物。除乌鲁木齐市(该市PM₁₀春季平均质量浓度亦超标)外,其余四个城市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的春季平均质量浓度均超过国家二级标准。各城市SO₂、NO₂、O₃和CO的污染水平较低。2018年春季各城市空气质量以良好至轻度污染...     

汾渭平原CUACE模式空气质量预报性能的检验订正及环境评估

利用2019年1—6月地面环境监测资料和PM_2.5气象条件评估指数,结合滚动偏差订正方法,对汾渭平原CUACE空气质量预报产品进行了检验订正,并对气象条件和污染减排影响进行了评估。结果表明：CUACE模式对空气质量指数(AQI)、PM_2.5和SO₂浓度预报值较接近观测值,PM₁₀、CO和NO₂预报值小于观测值,O₃预报值大于观测值;对首要污染物O₃和PM_2.5及重度和严重等级污染的预报的TS评分最高,漏报率和空报率最小,预报偏差最接近1;滚动偏差订正方法对改善CUACE空气质量预报效果较为明显,尤其是对PM₁₀、O₃和NO₂改善最为明显;汾渭平原2019年上半年气象条件变化使PM_2.5浓度较2018年同期和过去5年同期分别上升了18.26%和11.18%,减排措施使PM_2.5浓度较2018年同期和过去5年...     

北京市房山区大气污染物时空分布特征及气象影响因素分析

利用北京市房山区良乡镇和琉璃河镇内的区域自动气象站和环境监测站观测数据,对2013年至2015年PM_(2. 5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2、CO 5种大气污染物浓度变化特征进行了统计分析。结果显示,近3年来,两个镇综合污染物指数呈现逐年下降趋势,各污染物对房山区整体大气污染的贡献率从大至小依次为PM_(2. 5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO,PM_(2. 5)已取代传统大气污染物SO_2成为房山区的主要大气污染贡献体。两个站点各污染物浓度均表现出明显的季节、月、日变化特征。在不同季节条件下,局地气象要素与污染天气发生概率之间有着很好的相关关系。因此,可根据气象要素分级方法找出各季节污染天气发生时最敏感的气象因素,为局地污染天气预报提供参考指标,也为防范空气污染、制定科学的综合管理措施提供科学参考。     

东胜区污染状况分析

文章利用东胜区主要污染源排放情况以及2005年9月1日-2007年8月31日每日SO2、NO2、PM10浓度监测值和2005-2007年SO2、NO2、PM10平均值,分析了东胜区主要污染类型、污染物来源以及东胜区近3年SO2、NO2、PM10监测值日、月、季、年分布特征和变化规律;提出了消减大气污染物排放的对策。     

2010年沙尘天气对巴彦浩特空气质量的影响

利用巴彦浩特2010年1月至2011年2月PM10、SO2、NO2的逐日监测数据和同一时期气象观测资料,分析巴彦浩特空气污染物特征及PM10浓度与沙尘天气之间的关系。分析结果表明:2010年春、夏、秋三季巴彦浩特的主要污染物是PM10,冬季主要污染物是SO2;沙尘天气是造成巴彦浩特PM10浓度变化的最重要因素;影响巴彦浩特空气质量的沙尘主要来源于其西北方向和西北偏北方向。建议有关部门在巴彦浩特西北地区搞好生态保护与建设,以减轻沙尘天气对巴彦浩特地区空气质量的影响。     

Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of SO2 in Winter over Lanzhou in China： A Case Study

The total emission control method based on atmospheric environmental capacity is the most effective in air pollution mitigation. The atmospheric environmental capacities of SO2 on representative days over Lanzhou are estimated using the numerical models RAMS, HYPACT and a linear programming model, according to the national ambient air quality standard of China （NAAQSCHN）. The results show that the fields of meteorological elements and SO2 simulated by the models agree reasonably well with observations. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2 over Lanzhou is around 111.7 × 10^3 kg d^-1, and in order to meet the air quality level Ⅱ of the NAAQSCHN, SO2 emissions need to be reduced by 20%.     

杭州市大气逆温特征及对空气污染物浓度的影响

利用2003-2009年杭州市逐日探空观测资料及杭州市环境监测站空气污染物浓度监测资料,对杭州市主城区低空温度层结特征及与3种主要空气污染物（SO₂、NO₂和PM₁₀）浓度之间的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：杭州市主城区低空大气温度层结全年以弱稳定为主,一年四季皆有逆温层存在;冬半年逆温发生频率高于夏半年,逆温层厚度冬季较厚、夏季较薄,逆温强度秋季最强、夏季最弱。通过计算污染物浓度与逆温特性的相关关系,发现污染物浓度与逆温层底高呈负相关,与逆温频率、厚度、强度呈正相关,由此说明杭州市主城区低空大气逆温层结状况是影响该市空气污染程度的重要因素之一。     

合肥市不同天气条件下大气气溶胶粒子理化特征分析

为探讨合肥市霾天气大气气溶胶粒子的组成及来源,在2012-2013年代表性月份用安德森分级采样器在合肥市区进行大气气溶胶粒子采样,并分析各样本中水溶性无机离子成分(NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+、 K+、NO2-、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-)。根据同期气象资料把采样背景天气分为晴空、雾、霾、轻雾等4类,详细分析了这4种天气下大气细粒子(指PM2.1)和粗粒子(粒径大于2.1 μm部分)的浓度、组成以及主要离子组分的异同。结果表明:(1)观测期间晴空天多对应空气质量优良,雾、霾天对应轻度到重度污染,从晴空天到雾、霾天,PM2.1浓度大幅度上升,且其占总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的比例显著上升。(2)从晴空天到雾、霾天,水溶性无机离子质量占PM2.1质量浓度的比例上升,分别为46%(晴空)、67%(霾)、61%(雾)、80%(轻雾)。PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度居前3位的雾、霾天是SO42-、NO3-和NH4+,晴空天为SO42-、Ca2+、NO3-。(3)与晴空天相比,霾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化倍数最大的是NO3-(为晴空的6.1倍,下同)、其次是NH4+(3.6倍)和SO42-(3.0倍);雾和轻雾天PM2.1中水溶性无机离子浓度变化最大的是NO3-(>10倍)、其次是NH4+(>5倍)和Cl-(>4.0倍)。(4)4种天气下,与人为污染有关的离子(SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、NH4+)尺度谱存在显著差异,呈双峰型、单峰型、三峰型等;而Ca2+的尺度谱无明显变化,基本上都呈双峰型。(5)在粒径3.3 μm以下,阳、阴离子平衡较好,随着尺度增大变差,且晴空天比雾、霾天差。主要阴离子浓度间、Cl-和Na+间的比值和相关性,在晴空天和雾、霾天差异较大。      

Distribution and source apportionment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from atmospheric particulate matter PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Beijing

A total of 11 PM2.5 samples were collected from October 2003 to October 2004 at 8 sampling sites in Beijing city. The PM2.5 concentrations are all above the PM2.5 pollution standard （65 μg m^-3） established by Environmental Protection Agency, USA （USEPA） in 1997 except for the Ming Tombs site. PM2.5 concentrations in winter are much higher than in summer. The 16 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed as priority pollutants by USEPA in PM2.5 were completely identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） with variable wavelength detector （VWD） and fluorescence detector （FLD） employed. The PM2.5 concentrations indicate that the pollution situation is still serious in Beijing. The sum of 16 PAHs concentrations ranged from 22.17 to 5366 ng m^-3. The concentrations of the heavier molecular weight PAHs have a different pollution trend from the lower PAHs. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to the difference in coal combustion emission and meteorological conditions. The source apportionment analysis suggests that PAHs from PM2.5 in Beijing city mainly come from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust emission. New measures about restricting coal combustion and vehicle exhaust must be established as soon as possible to improve the air pollution situation in Beijing city.     

2014－2022年新疆库尔勒市空气质量特征及沙尘天气影响分析

基于2014－2022年库尔勒市空气质量监测数据,分析了库尔勒市空气质量水平和污染特征,并进一步探究了沙尘天气对空气质量的影响。结果表明：2014－2022年库尔勒市年均优良率为65.3%,春季空气污染最严重,夏季空气质量最好;大气污染主要是颗粒物超标,PM10年均浓度值超过二级标准限值127%,PM2.5超31%,SO2、NO2、CO、O3均达标;首要污染物为PM10,占总超标天数的92.2%,PM2.5为首要污染物占比8.0%;受沙尘影响天气年平均100.4d,污染日79.7%受到沙尘影响;按环境监测要求剔除沙尘天气,PM10和PM2.5平均浓度分别减少18.6%和13.0%;沙尘天气对AQI平均贡献率为31.8%,对PM10贡献率为41.9%,对PM2.5贡献率为23.3%。沙尘天气对库尔勒空气质量影响明显,大气污染防治根本是沙尘天气综合治理。沙尘天气对库尔勒市空气质量影响明显,大气污染防治根本是沙尘天气的综合治理。     

辽宁中部城市群主要大气污染物时空分布特征的数值模拟

利用美国第三代空气质量模式系统Models-3对2002年1月17～18日辽宁中部城市群大气污染物SO2,NO2和PM10的浓度分布进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与监测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:污染物的模拟值与观测值变化趋势具有一致性,模式反映了SO2,NO2和PM10浓度的时空分布特征和变化规律,再现了污染物浓度呈波峰波谷日变化的重要特征,可用于辽宁中部城市群区域大气污染物的研究。     

珠江三角洲空气质量现状及特征

利用2000～2006年常规监测资料,对珠江三角洲地区二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）的现状水平、污染特征、地区差异及演变趋势,进行数理统计的综合分析。结果表明,该地区空气质量总体稳定,不同城市之间空气质量存在显著差异,首要大气污染物各有不同,空气质量具有明显的月变化特征,于季空气质量明显劣于雨季。     

Reductions of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations during the 2008 Olympic Games

The Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring Network successfully undertook the task of monitoring the atmospheric quality of Beijing and its surrounding area during the 2008 Olympics.The results of this monitoring show that high concentrations of PM2.5 pollution exhibited a regional pattern during the monitoring period(1 June-30 October 2008).The PM2.5 mass concentrations were 53 μg m 3,66 μg m 3,and 82 μg m 3 at the background site,in Beijing,and in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations,respectively.The PM2.5 levels were lowest during the 2008 Olympic Games(8-24 August):35 μg m 3 at the background site,42 μg m 3 in Beijing and 57 μg m 3 in the region.These levels represent decreases of 49%,48%,and 56%,respectively,compared to the prophase mean concentration before the Olympic Games.Emission control measures contributed 62%-82% of the declines observed in Beijing,and meteorological conditions represented 18%-38%.The concentration of fine particles met the goals set for a "Green Olympics."     

2000～2004年天津市大气污染特征分析

根据天津市2000～2004年的环境监测资料和同期气象资料,对天津市大气污染物浓度变化的时空变化特征、大气污染与天气条件的关系进行了研究。结果表明:天津市大气污染物具有明显的时空分布规律,时间上表现为冬强夏弱,年际之间SO2和PM10浓度减轻,NO2变化不大。空间上表现为SO2和PM10在中心城区改善明显,NO2浓度在局部地区仍在增加。天气形势、城市热岛、逆温和混合层高度等对污染物浓度影响很大。     

Tropospheric NO2 Columns over Northeastern North America： Comparison of CMAQ Model Simulations with GOME Satellite Measurements

We present comparisons of the NO2 regional Chemical Transport Model （CTM） simulations over North-eastern North America during the time period from May to September, 1998 with hourly surface NO2 observations and the NO2 columns retrieved from the GOME （Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment） satellite instrument. The model calculations were performed using the Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5 （MM5）, Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions （SMOKE）, and Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） modeling systems, using the emission data from the National Emissions Inventory （NEI） databases of 1996 （U.S.） and 1995 （Canada）. The major objectives were to assess the performance of the CMAQ model and the accuracy of the emissions inventories as they affected the simulations of this important short-lived atmospheric species. The modeled （NcMAQ） and measured （NGOME） NO2 column amounts, as well as their temporal variations, agreed reasonably well. The absolute differences （NcMAQ-NGOME） across the domain were between ±3.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2, but they were less than ±1.0×10^15 molecules cm^-2 over the majority （80%） of the domain studied. The overall correlation coefficient between the measurements and the simulations was 0.75. The differences were mainly ascribed to a combination of inaccurate emission data for the CTM and the uncertainties in the GOME retrievals. Of these, the former were the more easily identifiable.