基于裂隙岩样的多组贯穿裂隙岩体峰后应力-应变曲线研究

在岩土工程中,裂隙岩体经常处于峰后变形状态,研究裂隙岩体的峰后应力-应变关系对预测结构的稳定性有重要意义。基于峰后软化阶段强度参数的逐渐演化行为,首先提出一个求岩石峰后应力-应变关系和裂隙峰后应力-切向位移关系的一般方法。然后采用摩尔-库仑强度准则,以岩石的最大主应变和裂隙的切向位移作为软化参数,假设强度参数为软化参数的分段线性函数,分岩体沿裂隙滑移破坏和沿岩石剪切破坏两种情况,提出多组贯穿裂隙岩体峰后应力-应变关系式的求法。最后,在算例中,分岩体沿裂隙滑移破坏和沿岩石剪切破坏两种情况给出了裂隙岩体的峰后应力-应变曲线,讨论了裂隙的平均间距、法向刚度和剪切刚度对峰后应变的影响。结果表明,裂隙的平均间距、法向刚度和剪切刚度越小,裂隙岩体的轴向应变越大。     

预制裂隙岩样宏细观力学行为颗粒流数值模拟

为了研究双轴压缩下预制裂隙岩样宏细观力学行为及裂纹扩展模式,采用颗粒流程序（PFC）先分析平行粘结模型细观参数对宏观参数的影响,接着结合完整花岗岩常规三轴压缩试验结果对其细观参数进行标定,最后借助该组参数模拟有围压下预制裂隙（上裂隙①和下裂隙②）岩样的力学特性。研究表明:基于PFC程序和标定的参数能较好地模拟完整岩样的破坏情况;随着围压增大,双裂隙岩样的峰值强度和弹性模量均增大,且裂隙②与水平向夹角α₂为90°时,两者均达到最大值;不同的α₂下,各岩样的裂纹演化均经过裂纹萌生、发展和稳定等3个阶段;随着围压的降低和轴向应力的增大,颗粒间的力链破坏情况愈严重。由于拉伸力链的集中和分布不同,水平裂隙长度方向上的裂纹沿着轴向扩展,且两裂隙的贯通呈现不同方式。     

Stress fields and subsurface crack propagation of single and multiple rock indentation and disc cutting

Summary Indentation stress fields of one- and two-point loads applied on an ideal elastic half-space are presented. Laboratory observations, although few, are in surprisingly good agreement with long median and cone-type tensile cracks predicted by normal principal stresses. Results indicate that simultaneous loading by multiple indenters offers a possibility partly to control the direction and length of such cracks. This suggests the development of new cutter configurations with a possible increase in efficiency, as compared with present rock boring and rock cutting practice. A simple fracture mechanics calculation of the length of subsurface cracks is performed by applying indentation fracture studies of ceramics. Results demonstrate the influence of material parameters such as fracture surface energy, hardness and elastic constants.     

一种描述结构面剖面线粗糙度的新方法

采用法向矢量单位圆描述结构面剖面线粗糙度,从各微分段的角度关系阐述粗糙度,进而将二维问题转化为一维问题处理并提出"角度粗糙度"的概念.考虑到各微分段的实际长度对粗糙度的贡献,采用加权均值与加权方差定量描述角度粗糙度;角度粗糙度越大表明该剖面越粗糙.对规则剖面线与不规则剖面线采用"角度粗糙度"进行描述,所得结果跟已有的剖...     

用人工神经网络方法分析油藏压裂效果——以靖安油田塞A井区长2油藏为例

通过已有的少数井的试井资料分析得出压裂裂缝参数,以现有的参数为样本建立人工神经网络系统.以影响压裂结果的地层厚度、孔隙度、泥质含量、压裂施工参数、工作压力加砂排量为输入参数,以裂缝导流能力和裂缝半长为输出参数,用BP神经网络训练,推断出所有井的压裂裂缝参数,从而得到整个油藏的压裂裂缝分布特征,对压裂措施的效果有了直观的评价.     

Fracture Mechanics Approach for In-situ Stress Determination by Hydra- Fracturing

A new fracture mechanics approach for in-situ stress determination by hydra-fracturing is proposed. It improves the fracture mechanics method as presented by Abou-Sayed etc. (1978). The accuracy of determination of the maximum horizontal stress (σHmax) is considerably enhanced by replacing fracture toughness of rock, K1c, and preexisting crack length L in rock by a new parameter U(U=K1c/√2) . The reason is that K1c is related to crack length L when crack length is smaller than a critical value and to determine the length of preexisting crack in rock as accurate as possible is very difficult. In addition the parameter U can be directly measured through a simple hollow-cylinder burst test. Based on recent experimental tests of fracture toughness of rock the new parameter U appears to be a constant when crack lengths are smaller than a certain critical value . The parameter √2 U may be taken also as a tensile strength of rock which contains small randomly distributed preexisting cracks.     

水压致裂测量地应力的断裂力学方法

本文提出了一个水压致裂测量地应力的新的断裂力学方法.该方法改进了 Abou-Sayed 等人（1 978）提出的断裂力学方法.因为当裂隙长度小于某一临界值时,岩石的断裂韧度 K1 c与裂隙长度相关.另外,精确地确定岩石中原生裂隙长度 L 是非常困难的。因此,在计算最大水平主应力时,用一个新参数 U(U=K1 cπ1/2L)代替 K1 c和 L,将显著地提高最大水平主应力的精确度.此外,这个参数可以通过一个简单的空心圆柱破裂实验直接来测定.基于岩石断裂韧度最近的实验结果,当裂隙长度小于某一临界值时,新参数 U 近似为岩石材料常量.同时,参量21/2U 可以取做为含有随机分布较小裂隙的岩石抗拉强度.     

Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Sulfate-Rich Clay Rocks

Brittle fracture processes were hypothesized by several researches to cause a damage zone around an underground excavation in sulfate-rich clay rock when the stress exceeds the crack initiation threshold, and may promote swelling by crystal growth in newly formed fractures. In this study, laboratory experiments such as unconfined and confined compression tests with acoustic emission monitoring, and microstructural and mineralogical analyses are used to explain brittle fracture processes in sulfate-rich clay rock from the Gipskeuper formation in Switzerland. This rock type typically shows a heterogeneous rock fabric consisting of distinct clayey layers and stiff heterogeneities such as anhydrite layers, veins or nodules. The study showed that at low deviatoric stress, the failure behavior is dominated by the strength of the clayey matrix where microcracks are initiated. With increasing deviatoric stress or strain, growing microcracks eventually are arrested at anhydrite veins, and cracks develop either aligned with the interface between clayey layers and anhydrite veins, or penetrate anhydrite veins. These cracks often link micro-fractured regions in the specimen. This study also suggest that fracture localization in sulfate-rich clay rocks, which typically show a heterogeneous rock fabric, does not take place in the pre-peak range and renders unstable crack propagation less likely. Sulfate-rich clay rocks typically contain anhydrite veins at various scales. At the scale of a tunnel, anhydrite layers or veins may arrest growing fractures and prevent the disintegration of the rock mass. The rock mass may be damaged when the threshold stress for microcrack initiation is exceeded, thus promoting swelling by crystal growth in extension fractures, but the self-supporting capacity of the rock mass may be maintained rendering the possibility for rapidly propagating instability less likely.     

Circular scanlines and circular windows: new tools for characterizing the geometry of fracture traces

We introduce new estimators for fracture trace intensity, trace density and mean trace length that exploit the use of circles as efficient sampling tools. A fracture trace is the commonly observed surface expression of a fracture, i.e. the intersection of a fracture with an exposed surface such as a rock pavement or a mine drive wall. Trace intensity, trace density and mean trace length estimators are derived and shown to form a self-consistent set of two-dimensional fracture abundance measures. The intensity estimator n/4r uses the number, n, of intersections between fracture traces and a circular scanline of radius r. The density estimator m/2πr² uses the number, m, of trace endpoints inside a circular window. The mean trace length estimator (n/m)πr/2 uses the ratio of the number of trace intersections on the circle to the number of endpoints in the circle.The circular sampling tools and estimators described here eliminate most sampling biases due to orientation and also correct many errors due to censoring and length bias that plague established scanline and areal measurement techniques. Performance of the estimators is demonstrated by comparison with areal samples of a synthetic fracture trace population with known intensity, density and mean trace length. The estimators are also applied successfully to a natural rock pavement with two orthogonal fracture sets, one of which is severely censored. Because the new circle-based estimators only require counts of trace–circle intersections and/or trace endpoints, they are more time-efficient than current methods for estimating geometric characteristics of fracture traces.     

基于探地雷达检测的岩溶岸坡内部宏观裂隙响应规律研究

岩体内部宏观裂隙的发育程度对水库区岩溶岸坡稳定性有着重要影响.为了有效地探测和识别岩体内部宏观裂隙的几何形态和分布特征,对三峡库区巫峡典型岩溶岸坡中岩体内部的垂直裂隙进行模型简化.基于无损伤的探地雷达物探技术,通过理论分析、数值模拟,研究了岩体内部垂直裂隙的宽度、长度、倾角等发生变化时,雷达回波剖面中裂隙对应的时距曲线...     

Comparison of rock discontinuity mean trace length and density estimation methods using discontinuity data from an outcrop in Wenchuan area,China

The equations that exist in the literature to estimate corrected mean trace length and corrected two-dimensional density of a rock discontinuity set using area sampling technique are critically reviewed. The discontinuity traces appearing in an outcrop in Yingxiu area in China are used along with rectangular windows to calculate the corrected mean trace length and two-dimensional density using Kulatilake and Wu’s equations. Similarly, circular windows are used along with Mauldon’s and Zhang and Einstein’s equation to calculate the mean trace length and Mauldon’s equation to calculate the two-dimensional density for the same discontinuity sets using the same outcrop discontinuity trace data. For both parameters, the predictions based on the rectangular window methods were found to be more accurate than that based on the circular window methods.     

The stress-strain behaviour of rock material related to fracture under compression

Fracture is the main reason for the non-linear behaviour of hard rocks. The fracture mechanics of rock is studied in this article by analysis of the fracture process under compression. A constitutive model that describes the relationship between the macro deformation of rock and the micro fracture within rock is developed. The propagation of microcracks, the non-linearity of deformation, the loading-and-unloading hysteresis and the variation of the apparent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are studied using the developed model. The model simulations demonstrate that: (1) the fracture toughness, initial crack length, crack density, and Young's modulus are four crucially important parameters that affect the deformation behaviour of rock; (2) the elastic parameters (E and v) of the rock matrix should be measured in triaxial tests. If they are measured in uniaxial tests, the upper straight unloading portion of the stress-strain curve is suggested to be used for the purpose, unless the closure effect of open cracks will be included in the estimations. In addition (3), the slope of the reloading stress-strain curve is a measure of the damage in material.     

水工隧洞围岩裂纹扩展的临界水压解析解

通过把断裂力学扩展判据引入水工隧洞解析解中,使宏观的水工隧洞受力分析与细观的围岩裂纹扩展研究相结合;将隧洞围岩裂纹分为拉剪型裂纹和压剪型裂纹,并针对不同类型裂纹的开展机制,分别推导了水工隧洞围岩拉剪型和压剪型裂纹扩展时的临界内水压力表达式。在此基础上,分析了裂纹的走向、长度、埋深等参数对临界水压的影响规律。算例显示,在高内水压力作用下,或者由于地应力释放的影响,裂纹既可能发生拉剪型扩展,也可能发生压剪型扩展,但后者发生的几率更大。在内水压力控制工况下,当裂纹走向垂直于洞壁法线方向时最不容易发生扩展;裂纹长度越长,埋深越浅,围岩孔隙水的作用面积越大,裂纹发生扩展的可能性越大。     

单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩样冻融损伤破坏模式分析

以寒区裂隙岩体为研究对象,采用水泥砂浆类岩石材料制作具有不同几何特征的裂隙岩样,对预制的不同裂隙岩样进行冻融循环试验和单轴压缩试验,研究裂隙长度、裂隙倾角、裂隙数目以及冻融循环次数对试件贯通模式的影响。试验表明：裂隙岩体的几何特征以及冻融循环作用对岩体损伤破坏模式有较大影响。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样破裂面的破裂程度越来越严重,破坏模式也越来越复杂;裂隙倾角为30°的裂隙岩样,主要发生拉伸破坏,而裂隙倾角为60°的裂隙岩样,则表现为拉剪贯通,且双裂隙岩样岩桥间多出现压剪裂纹,对于裂隙倾角为90°的岩样,裂隙数目以及裂隙长度对其影响不大,均为劈裂破坏,且破坏面不一定为裂隙面;预制裂隙长度越大,越容易产生除了主拉裂纹以外的支裂纹（压裂纹）。研究结果可为寒区岩体工程建设及运营提供科学的参考。     

接触变质带中冷凝收缩缝裂缝参数定量研究

模拟岩浆侵入时期的温度场及应力场获取围岩中温度及应力的分布,综合应用应变能及表面能理论,建立热应力与冷凝收缩缝参数之间的定量关系,对裂缝参数作出定量预测,进而总结变质带中冷凝收缩缝的发育规律。对GY凹陷北斜坡接触变质带研究发现：变质带厚度随侵入岩厚度增大而增大,侵入岩厚度小于20 m时无变质带;热应力随着距离侵入岩距离的增大而减小。冷凝收缩缝主要靠近侵入岩体分布,裂缝线密度最大值约为13条/m;远离侵入岩体裂缝线密度迅速变小,至变质带外边缘,裂缝线密度降为3～6条/m。整体上,上变质带孔渗性能稍好于下变质带孔渗性能。冷凝收缩缝孔隙度最大值位于侵入岩厚度最大部位;短轴方向裂缝渗透率与铅直方向渗透率分布相似,两者值均大于长轴方向渗透率。岩心统计资料验证了模拟计算结果的可靠性。     

Spectral-type simulation of spatially correlated fracture set properties

Fracture set properties such as orientation, spacing, trace length, and waviness tend to be spatially correlated. These properties can be efficiently simulated by spectral analysis procedures that take advantage of the computational speed of the fast Fourier transform. The covariance function of each property to be simulated is obtained from the variogram function estimated from mapped fracture set data and is typically referenced to the mean vector of the set. Simulation procedures for normally and exponentially distributed data involve generating uncorrelated Fourier coefficients that are assigned proper variance according to the spectral density, which is the Fourier transform of the covariance function. These coefficients are then reverse Fourier transformed to produce simulated set properties that have the desired variance and variogram function.     

南京秦淮东河黄马青组(T2h)砂岩水致劣化特征分析

南京秦淮东河新开河道在铜家山地段穿越黄马青组（T₂h）砂岩,形成高度最大达70 m的高边坡。根据现场调查和钻探结果,在近地表处,岩石中裂隙发育,岩体完整性差,而在深部,根据钻孔取芯结果,岩体中结构面胶结强度高,岩体完整性好。钻孔取岩芯样进行干湿循环试验发现,样品在干燥-饱和循环条件下,一般循环5次以上就易发生崩解,而在自然吸水-干燥循环条件下,循环20次以上仍可以保持完整。分析认为,岩石中小开裂隙发育。根据扫描电镜（SEM）对微观结构分析结果发现,饱和条件下,岩石中小开裂隙进水后导致结构面胶结物软化,并可能造成岩石开裂、吸水膨胀,即水对岩石的劣化作用是物质软化和岩石结构破坏的双重机制;而在自然吸水条件下,小开裂隙中未进水,水对结构面的软化作用较小。矿物分析结果表明,岩石中含有较多的黏土矿物,是导致岩石浸水软化的重要原因。经过干湿循环后,岩石波速下降、致密程度降低,塑性特性增强。多次循环后岩石的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均呈明显下降趋势,岩石破坏时的变形量随循环次数增大而下降,岩石的孔隙压密和弹性变形过程逐渐消失,加载后迅速进入塑性变形阶段,且破坏速度加快。     

Effects of pressure on the micromechanics of faulting in San Marcos gabbro

Samples of San Marcos gabbro were deformed to both pre- and post-failure stages at confining pressures of 100, 250 and 350 MPa. Scanning electron microscope observations were performed on the samples after ion-milling. The unstressed gabbro has insignificant crack porosity but a high volume fraction of healed and sealed cracks. Extensive stress-induced cracking at high angles to the maximum compressive stress is observed at the two higher pressures. Such high-angle cracks are mostly associated with the pre-existing healed cracks or cleavage planes, and they control the geometry and length scale of crack networks in plagioclase. Intensive kinking in biotite is widely observed at 350 MPa pressure, which together with the crack networks control the brittle fracture process. Stress-induced cracks in samples deformed at 100 MPa pressure are predominantly subparallel to the maximum compressive stress, and their coalescence leads to shear localization.Quantitative measurements of crack density as a function of differential stress indicate that crack interaction is appreciable beyond about 90% peak stress for all three pressures. The data also show significant decreases in stress-induced anisotropy as pressure increases, suggesting that there may be a threshold pressure beyond which stress-induced anisotropy vanishes with the onset of cataclasis.     

随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形特性研究

洞室开挖后,其周边通常会产生许多随机分布的贯穿裂隙,直接影响洞室围岩稳定,研究随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的变形及变形特性具有重要意义。基于线弹性理论和线性刚度理论计算岩石和裂隙的位移,用概率的方法建立了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形的计算模型,给出了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比,研究了岩石和裂隙的材料参数和几何参数对岩体等效弹性模量和等效泊松比的影响。可得如下结论：等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着岩石弹性模量的增大而增大;等效泊松比随着岩石泊松比的增大而增大;等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着裂隙法向刚度的增大而增大;随着剪切刚度的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐增大,而等效泊松比则逐渐减少;随着裂隙平均间距的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐减小,等效泊松比在平均倾斜角较小时逐渐增大,在平均倾斜角较大时逐渐减小;随着裂隙平均倾斜角的增大,等效弹性模量先减小后增大,而等效泊松比先增大后减小。模型能较全面地考虑构成岩体的岩石和裂隙的材料参数与几何参数对岩体变形的影响,其结果对研究洞室围岩的变形和工程设计有一定的参考价值。     

Estimation of ultimate bond strength for soil nails in clayey soils using maximum likelihood method

This paper presents a maximum likelihood estimation of the ultimate bond strength for soil nails in clays. Both uncensored and censored ultimate bond strength data for soil nails are collected from the literature. Based on the concept of maximum likelihood, a log-likelihood function is constructed for estimating the mean and coefficient of variation (COV) of the ultimate bond strength jointly using the two types of data. The mean and COV are determined as the pair that maximises the log-likelihood function. Two distribution models (normal and lognormal) are used for the estimation. A comparison of the relative competence between the two candidate distribution models that are adopted for describing the collected uncensored and censored data is performed using the Bayesian Information Criterion. Example designs of soil nail walls against internal pullout limit state of nails and overall stability limit state are provided to demonstrate the benefit of taking censored data into account for estimation of the ultimate bond strength of soil nails.