锂离子电池正极材料尖晶石锂锰氧化物研究进展

由于“非核能能源”开发的需要，多年来，世界各国政府对高能二次锂电池的研究与开发极为重视，并为其投入巨大资金和人力。特别是自1992年，日本索尼能源公司首次推出了以碳作负极以过渡金属氧化物作正级的所谓新一代二次锂电池──锂离子电池（摇椅电池），并迅速上市以来，由干这种锂电池是分别用两种不同的理插层化合物作正负极，而不用金属钾，使得一直困扰锂电池的问题得以解决，高能锂电池的发展进入新的时期。目前，钾离子电池已成为国际电池界商品化开发的热点和重点。锂离子电池在主要性能指标上远优于其他电池；能量密度＞300Wb…     

LiMxMn2—xO4（M=Cr、Al）尖晶石相阴极材料研究

用溶胶－凝胶法制备了LiMxMn2-xO4(M=Cr、Al;x≤0.2)尖晶石相锂离子电池阴极材料。SEM表面观测显示材料的晶形好，粒度均匀，粒径小于0．5微米。电化学测试表明，低水平量（0．02≤x≤0.05)的Cr、Al掺杂材料初始容量稍有降低，但却较大地改善了循环性能。在LiMxMn2-xO4中，掺A1降低了Li^ 、Mn^3 占位的无序度；Cr^3 和Al^3 取代了其中的部分Mn^3 ，占据八面体位（16d)，抑制了Jahn-Teller效应，增强了尖晶石骨架的稳定性，提高了其电化学性能。在3．0－4．3V的充放电过程中，材料中的Cr、Al都保持＋3价不变，不发生氧化还原。     

Al掺杂对尖晶石型LiMn2O4结构及循环性能的影响

用柠檬酸作为螯合物的载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了Al3+掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiAlxMn2-xO4,并用XRD、SEM等多种测试手段研究了不同掺杂铝量对粉体形貌、晶体结构的影响。结果表明,800℃烧结可获得单一尖晶石结构的物相。随着Al3+掺入量的增加,LiAlxMn2-xO4的晶格常数变小,晶格更趋于完整,有利于抑制因锂的反复脱嵌而造成结构的破坏。实验表明,当掺Al量为0.05时,首次放电容量为103.8 mAh/g,25次循环后容量还有100.6 mAh/g,容量衰减仅为3.08%。该正极材料具备高的容量和优异的循环性能。     

LiM_xMn_(2-x)O_4(M=Cr、Al)尖晶石相阴极材料研究

用溶胶 -凝胶法制备了 L i Mx Mn2 - x O4( M=Cr、Al;x≤ 0 .2 )尖晶石相锂离子电池阴极材料。SEM表面观测显示材料的晶形好 ,粒度均匀 ,粒径小于 0 .5微米。电化学测试表明 ,低水平量 ( 0 .0 2≤ x≤ 0 .0 5 )的 Cr、Al掺杂材料初始容量稍有降低 ,但却较大地改善了循环性能。在 L i Mx Mn2 - x O4中 ,掺 Al降低了 L i+、Mn3+占位的无序度 ;Cr3+和 Al3+取代了其中的部分 Mn3+ ,占据八面体位 ( 16 d) ,抑制了 Jahn-Teller效应 ,增强了尖晶石骨架的稳定性 ,提高了其电化学性能。在 3.0～ 4.3V的充放电过程中 ,材料中的 Cr、Al都保持 +3价不变 ,不发生氧化还原     

Li M XM n 2-XO 4(M=C r、A1)尖晶石相阴极材料研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiMxMn2-xo4(M=Cr、Al;x≤0.2)尖晶石相锂离子电池阴极材料.SEM表面观测显示材料的晶形好,粒度均匀,粒径小于0.5微米.电化学测试表明,低水平量(0.02≤x≤0.05)的Cr、Al掺杂材料初始容量稍有降低,但却较大地改善了循环性能.在LiMxMn 2-xO4中,掺Al降低了Li+、Mn3+占位的无序度;Cr3+和Al3+取代了其中的部分Mn3+,占据八面体位(16d),抑制了Jahn-Teller效应,增强了尖晶石骨架的稳定性,提高了其电化学性能.在3.0～4.3V的充放电过程中,材料中的Cr、Al都保持+3价不变,不发生氧化还原.     

盐田卤水蒸发过程的研究进程

通过国内外盐湖基本情况和工业化开发现状综述 ,介绍了盐湖卤水在天然蒸发过程中的有关理论和应用研究进展。从盐湖化学工程角度提出了盐湖卤水蒸发过程研究需要进一步解决的问题 ,这些问题涉及到制约我国多种体系盐湖进一步高效有序开发和综合利用发展 ,从化学工程理论和实际生产过程有机结合进行研究 ,将对盐湖开发产生一定的推动作用。     

Evaluation of conservative lithogenic elements (Ti,Zr, Al,and Rb) to study anthropogenic element enrichments in lake sediments

In lake sediment investigations of heavy metal pollution history, it has become a common approach to calculate enrichment factors (EFs) by normalizing elemental distributions to a reference lithogenic element. However, this approach requires that the reference element remains stable once it has been deposited to the sediment (it is not affected by diagenetic processes). This is rarely studied in well-controlled field experiments. Here, we test the commonly used reference elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), and rubidium (Rb). We use a unique series of freeze cores collected in different years since 1979 in Lake Nylandssjön in northern Sweden. This lake has sediment with distinct varves (annually laminated deposit). Element concentrations in individual varves were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. By tracking the newly formed surface varve from different cores across this core series, i.e., following the element concentration in a specific varve as it becomes progressively aged, it was possible to assess the potential impact of diagenetic processes on geochemical signatures. Results confirm the conservative character of the studied elements; there was neither an increasing nor a decreasing concentration trend with time during sediment ageing for any of these elements. Secondly, we addressed the question ‘which of them is the most appropriate for EFs estimates with the aim of distinguishing anthropogenic from geogenic inputs, for example in pollution studies’. To assess the reliability of the EFs we used lead (Pb) as an example, because anthropogenic Pb in the sediment could be independently calculated using stable Pb isotopes. When anthropogenic Pb concentrations calculated with Pb-EFs were compared to the anthropogenic Pb concentrations derived from stable Pb isotopes, the differences found were 20% for Ti, 10% for Zr, 11% for Al, and 27% for Rb when upper continental crust concentrations were used for the background ratio. Based on the results from Nylandssjön our suggestions are that (1) when using EFs on a single core, which is the normal case in paleolimnology, multiple reference elements should be used together and (2) the results from those should be critically evaluated.     

三元体系RECl_3（RE＝La，Pr，Sm）－HOAc－H_2O（30℃）的

本文测定了三元系ＲＥＣｌ３（ＲＥ＝Ｌａ，Ｐｒ，Ｓｍ）－ＨＯＡｃ－Ｈ２Ｏ（３０℃）的平衡态的溶度数据并绘制了相应的溶度图．在三个体系中分别形成ＬａＣｌ３·７Ｈ２Ｏ，ＰｒＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ，ＳｍＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ三种物质．ＨＯＡｃ对ＬｓＣｌ３·７Ｈ２Ｏ，ＰｒＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ，ＳｍＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ盐析作用程度的不同，表明了轻稀土元素的“一分组效应”，同时依据ＨＯＡｃ对ＬａＣｌ３·７Ｈ２Ｏ，ＰｒＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ，ＳｍＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ有盐折作用这一结论，提出了一种制备ＬａＣｌ３·７Ｈ２Ｏ，ＰｒＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ，ＳｍＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ的新方法．     

城镇化质量与城镇化规模的协调性研究——以江苏省为例

城镇化质量和规模是城镇化进程的2个方面,二者相互依赖相互制约,认清其间的关系对健康城镇化建设具有重要意义。在界定二者概念的基础上,通过构建测评指标体系对其进行测度,然后基于改进的象限图分类识别方法对江苏省13个地级市两者之间的协调发展关系进行分析,结果表明:①江苏省城镇化质量和规模之间的协调发展关系逐渐由低水平向高水平、由城镇化质量滞后规模程度较大的滞后型经城镇化质量与规模协调型向城镇化质量超前规模程度较大的超前型转变;②江苏省城镇化质量和规模之间的协调发展关系存在着明显的苏南、苏中和苏北的空间分异。在此基础上提出当前江苏省城镇化规模滞后于城镇化质量的现象值得关注,同时要因地制宜地分类指导城镇化建设。     

Coastal Change in Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates): a Cartographic Analysis

The coastline of Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, has three main constructional complexes: Jazirat al Hamra, Julfah, and Jazirat Hulaylah. Archival information, air photographs and maps dating back to 1819, enable the history of coastal change to be reconstructed. Jazirat al Hamra has been much affected by recent reclamation and harbour works, but appears to have been relatively stable. Jazirat Hulaylah also appears to have changed relatively little. However, the Julfah complex, which includes the harbour mouth for Ras Al Khaimah city, has shown very considerable change as a result of coastal breaching and spit growth and decay.     

The city,the (Member) state,and the European Union

This contribution to a Debate on “The Nation-State and the city” foregrounds the recently adopted Urban Agenda for the European Union. It discusses the new role of cities in the European policy making process and its relevance for relations between State and City in the light of EU membership.     

Settlement History As Reflection Of Climate Change: The Case Study Of Lake Jues (Harz Mountains, Germany)

Postglacial sediments from Lake Jues, located at the SW margin of the Harz Mountains, were investigated for pollen, diatoms and sediment characteristics. The paper focuses on the time period between 7600 and 1200 y cal. BP (calibrated years before present), during which human impact began to influence the environnment of the lake. Climate variability was mainly inferred from sediment characteristics and changes in algal assemblages. The observed climatic changes coincide well with those recorded from other sites. Neolithic settlement started during the warm and dry Atlantic period. Intensive land use occurred under favourable climatic conditions during the Bronze and the Iron Ages, while human activities declined during cool and wet periods around 4000 and 2700 y cal. BP and after 2300 y cal. BP. The study shows that climate strongly influenced human settlement at remote locations like Lake Jues.