Fundamental aspects of prolonged electrokinetic flows in kaolinites

Electrokinetic flows include the migration of fluid, chemicals, fine particles, bacteria, and electrons through a soil–fluid–chemical system driven by an externally applied direct-current (d.c.) electric field. The promising potential of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated fine-grained soils has stimulated recent interest in the study of electrokinetic flow processes, in particular the impact of a prolonged application of a d.c. electric field on fine-grained soils. The results of a bench-scale laboratory experimental investigation on some of the fundamental aspects of prolonged electrokinetic flows in kaolinites, including gas generation rates at power electrodes, electrochemical behaviour of the soil–fluid–chemical system, time variation of electric current intensity flowing through the soil, pH gradient development in the soil, effects of reservoir chemistry on electro-osmotic fluid volume flow rate and flow direction through the soil, time variation of electro-osmotic volume flow rate, and energy requirements per unit volume of fluid transported, are presented in this paper. Effects of soil type and pore fluid chemistry on these aspects were also studied.     

考虑溶质浓度影响的热-水-应力-迁移耦合模型及数值模拟

高放射性核废料地质处置库围岩中地下水的密度因溶质浓度不同而发生变化,这将影响到饱和-非饱和孔隙介质中近场和远场的热-水-应力耦合过程, 同时温度场、应力场也要对地下水中的核素及矿物质迁移产生作用。考虑这两个因素,建立和引入了相关的应力平衡方程、水连续性方程、能量守恒方程和渗透迁移方程,并研制出了对应分析孔隙介质中热-水-应力-迁移耦合问题的二维有限元程序。通过对一个假定的核废料地下处置库在核素泄漏后多场耦合过程的数值计算,考察了近场围岩中的温度、应力、孔隙水压力、核素浓度的分布及随时间的变化。结果初步显示了所建模型及程序可模拟热-水-应力-迁移耦合现象,因而具有一定的实用性。     

Studies on concentration and direct reduction of the Ramim iron ore

Beneficiation and direct reduction of the Ramim iron ore was studied. Feed concentrates were obtained by gravity concentration of oolites followed by wet, high-intensity magnetic separation. Poor liberation prohibits physical concentration of goethite from oolites. These concentrates were directly reduced with different reductants at varying temperatures, followed by dry magnetic separation. Quality of concentrates depends on temperature, iron content in feed, type of coal, residence time, and composition of pellets. Conditions of optimum temperature range 1250–1275°C, unmixed pellets, high iron content in feed, dense high carbon reductant, and 15 min residence time resulted in grades and recoveries better than 90%. It is shown that segregation and growth of the metallic iron nuclii must be achieved in order to get superior yields.     

The isotopic composition and concentration of Ag in iron meteorites and the origin of exotic silver

The isotopic composition of Ag and the concentration of Ag and Pd have been determined in Canyon Diablo (IA), Grant (IIIB), Hoba, Santa Clara, Tlacotepec and Warburton Range (IVB), Piñon and Deep Springs (anom.). Troilite from Grant and Santa Clara have also been analyzed. All of these meteorites, with the exception of Canyon Diablo, give ${}^{107}\text{Ag}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ in the metal phase that is greater than the terrestrial value with the enrichments of ¹⁰⁷Ag ranging from ~2% to 212%. These data show that Ag of anomalous isotopic composition is common to all IVB and anomalous meteorites. The results on Grant suggest that the anomalies may be widespread including more common meteorite groups. There is a general correlation of ${}^{107}\text{Ag}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ with $\text{Pd}\text{Ag}$ except for the data from FeS of Santa Clara. It is concluded that the excess ¹⁰⁷Ag is the result of decay of ¹⁰⁷Pd, a nuclide that is extinct at present with an abundance of ${}^{107}\text{Pd}{}^{108}\text{Pd}$ of about 3 × 10^?5. The troilite in Grant exhibits normal ${}^{107}\text{Ag}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ to within errors, a high Ag concentration and a low ratio of ${}^{108}\text{Pd}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ ~0.17. Grant metal has ${}^{107}\text{Ag}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ that is ~2% greater than normal and a high ratio of ${}^{108}\text{Pd}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ ~ 10³. The data from Grant appear to represent a ¹⁰⁷Pd-¹⁰⁷Ag isochron and indicate that the cooling rate at elevated temperatures was sufficiently rapid to preserve substantial isotopic differences between metal and troilite. Troilite in Santa Clara was found to contain Ag with a very high ${}^{107}\text{Ag}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ ratio (108% above normal), an Ag concentration only a factor of three above the metal and a high value of ${}^{108}\text{Pd}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ ~1.3 × 10⁴. The troilite has a higher ${}^{107}\text{Ag}{}^{109}\text{Ag}$ than the metal. These data are not compatible with a simple model of in situ decay and subsequent local Ag redistribution between metal and troilite during cooling. These data suggest that Ag in Santa Clara and possibly other IVB meteorites is made up of almost pure ¹⁰⁷Ag produced from ¹⁰⁷Pd decay and ¹⁰⁹Ag produced by nuclear reactions with only a small amount of “normal” Ag. This indicates an intense energetic particle bombardment history in the early solar system (~10²⁰ p/m²) which occurred after the formation of small planetary bodies. We infer that a T-Tauri activity by the early sun contributed to some late stage “nucleosynthesis” and the heating of a dust cloud. In addition, implications on the early thermal evolution of iron meteorites are presented based on ¹⁰⁷Pd decay and models of the cooling history.     

Effect of arsenic concentration on microbial iron reduction and arsenic speciation in an iron-rich freshwater sediment

Depth profiles in the sediment porewaters of the Chattahoochee River (Georgia, USA) show that iron oxides scavenge arsenate in the water column and settle to the sediment-water interface (SWI) where they are reduced by iron-reducing bacteria. During their reduction, these particles seem to release arsenic to the porewaters in the form of arsenate only. Sediment slurry incubations were conducted to determine the effect of low concentrations of arsenic (?10 μM) on biogeochemical processes in these sediments. Experiments confirm that any arsenate (As(V)) added to these sediments is immediately adsorbed in oxic conditions and released in anoxic conditions during the microbial reduction of authigenic iron oxides. Incubations in the presence of ?1 μM As(V) reveal that arsenate is released but not concomitantly reduced during this process. Simultaneously, microbial iron reduction is enhanced significantly, spurring the simultaneous release of arsenate into porewaters and secondary formation of crystalline iron oxides. Above 1 μM As(V), however, the microbial reductive dissolution of iron oxides appears inhibited by arsenate, and arsenite is produced in excess in the porewaters. These incubations show that even low inputs of arsenic to riverine sediments may affect microbial processes, the stability of iron oxides and, indirectly, the cycling of arsenic. Possible mechanisms for such effects on iron reduction are proposed.     

宁芜南段和睦山铁矿床矿物学特征及其成因意义

位于宁芜矿集区南部钟姑矿田内的和睦山铁矿床是长江中下游成矿带内的一个典型的中型玢岩铁矿床,其主矿体呈似层状或透镜状产于闪长(玢)岩体与中-上三叠统地层接触带及其附近的灰岩中。近矿围岩蚀变矿化强烈,并具有显著的分带特征。岩(矿)相学研究表明,该矿床的形成经历了成矿前期(钠长石阶段)、主成矿期(阳起石-磷灰石-Ⅰ型磁铁矿阶段、浅闪石-金云母-Ⅱ型磁铁矿阶段和赤铁矿阶段)和成矿后期(石英-黄铁矿阶段和碳酸盐阶段)。矿物学研究表明,热液浅闪石较早阶段阳起石更富Al和Na、而贫Si;晚阶段Ⅱ型磁铁矿较早阶段Ⅰ型磁铁矿更富Ti和Al、而贫Mg。由岩体到矿体方向,金云母中Mg O含量逐渐富集,而Fe O和Ti O2含量逐渐降低,说明浅闪石-金云母-Ⅱ型磁铁矿阶段的成矿温度高于阳起石-磷灰石-Ⅰ型磁铁矿阶段,且阳起石-磷灰石-Ⅰ型磁铁矿阶段成矿热液在演化过程中,温度是逐渐降低的。综合研究表明,和睦山铁矿床为中-高温气液交代充填成因,Ⅰ型磁铁矿的形成以热液交代作用为主,Ⅱ型磁铁矿的生成则以热液充填作用为主,钠化对铁的活化和迁移起了重要作用。     

安徽庐江——枞阳矿集区典型铜、铁矿床三维电性结构特征

"玢岩型"铁矿和斑岩型铜矿是庐江-枞阳矿集区两个主要矿床类型,以往研究主要集中在矿床学、岩石学、年代学和地球化学等方面,地球物理工作开展相对较少。随着找矿深度不断加大,地球物理的作用越来越大。为建立典型矿床地球物理探测的解释"标尺",笔者选择泥河铁矿和沙溪铜矿为研究对象,开展三维音频大地电磁测深工作,获得了典型铜、铁矿床及围岩的三维电性结构模型。结果显示,玢岩(泥河)铁矿电性主体表现为层状结构,由浅至深主要为低阻的沉积层、高阻火山岩、相对低阻的蚀变带以及相对高阻的次火山岩,赋存于次火山岩体顶部穹隆状的磁铁矿主要表现为高阻特征。斑岩(沙溪)铜矿电性主体表现为块状(或纵向带状)结构,浅表为低阻沉积盖层,深部主要为相对高阻的沉积地层和高阻斑岩体,赋存于岩体内或围岩接触带的矿体则为中等电阻特征。为便于模型的实用,笔者将两类矿床的复杂电性模型转化为简化的概念电性模型,为寻找类似矿床提供快速对比"标尺"。     

同步辐射X射线荧光微探针技术测定太古宙条带状硅铁建造中硅质条带及包裹体的微量元素

通过对35亿年前曹庄岩组的条带状硅铁建造(BIF)的硅质条带以及石英中包裹体微量元素的分析,初步探讨了35亿年前的 BIF 形成时期海洋的化学成分。结果表明太古宙海洋中贫乏 P、V、Cu 等生命元素,限制了真核生物的发展,而其它微量元素高度富集,为化学自养细菌提供了良好的环境。在 BIF 的硅质条带的形成过程中,微量元素的含量受到磁铁矿沉积吸附的强烈控制。     

鄂东南矿集区程潮大型矽卡岩铁矿的花岗质岩与成矿关系探讨

程潮铁矿床位于鄂东南矿集区鄂城岩体南缘,矿体主要产于花岗质岩与大理岩或花岗质岩与闪长质岩的接触带附近。矿区矽卡岩和花岗质岩与矿体的接触关系密切。稀土元素分析结果表明:石榴子石、绿帘石和磁铁矿矿石的稀土元素配分模式具有右倾、轻稀土富集、Eu正异常和Ce无明显异常的特点,显示它们具有相同的来源,并且是在一种高温、高氧逸度、Eu较富集的流体环境中形成的;花岗质岩与矽卡岩、矿体在稀土元素组成特征方面具有相似性,暗示它们具有成因联系。结合地质特征和稀土元素化学特征可知,程潮铁矿的花岗质岩与矽卡岩和矿体在时间、空间和成因上都有着密切的联系。     

瞬变电磁测深波场变换中波形展宽原因探讨

波场变换技术使瞬变电磁测深反演应用层析成像技术成为可能,但变换后得到的电磁场量波形随偏移距和地层电导率的增大而展宽,严重影响着反演的空间分辨率。本文通过导出的大回线圈在均匀无耗媒质中的阶跃响应之解析表达式,分析了大回线圈的辐射场波形宽度与场点坐标的关系。应用这一关系和大地感应电流空间分布的特点,讨论了波形展宽的原因,并指出,波场变换中波形展宽是由于大地中感应涡旋电流在空间上呈体分布的特性所造成的。     

青岛崂山路拓宽工程边坡加固稳定性研究

针对青岛崂山路拓宽工程中高陡岩质边坡加固问题,选择典型（C区）坡体,建立数值分析模型,基于强度折减法采用三维快速拉格朗日法（FLAC^3D）对该边坡加固前后的稳定性进行了数值模拟。通过对计算边坡稳定性的3种失稳判据进行比较分析,选取特征点位移突变为失稳判据,确定了边坡加固前后安全系数的变化。基于现场实际监测数据,对加固后边坡的稳定状态和加固效果进行评价。对该边坡的数值分析及监测结果分析表明,边坡处于安全状态,加固工程取得了明显的效果。     

铜陵新桥矿田褐铁矿矿物组成及成因

褐铁矿是铁帽型金矿和铁矿的重要矿产类型,但目前对其从矿物学的微观角度研究较少。本文采用粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)以及场发射扫描电镜(SEM)矿物学研究手段,对铜陵矿集区新桥矿田褐铁矿的矿物组成、微结构进行研究。根据矿物组成及微结构将新桥褐铁矿分为两种成因类型:Ⅰ型褐铁矿,该类型褐铁矿主要起源于黄铁矿矿石,矿石多具蜂窝状构造。主要组成矿物为针铁矿,次要矿物为赤铁矿,含有少量石英,针铁矿晶体长度一般介于500 nm~2μm,长度/半径比值(长径比)较大;Ⅱ型褐铁矿,由原生菱铁矿矿石风化而成,矿石多具肾状构造。矿物组成主要为针铁矿,其次为赤铁矿、锰氧化物和伊利石等粘土矿物,针铁矿晶体长度一般小于500 nm,具有较小的长径比。褐铁矿矿物学和微结构不仅可以初步确定原生矿物和矿石类型,而且对寻找铁帽金矿床也具有重要指示意义。     

EPR of V4+ and Fe3+ in titanites

EPR investigations of yellow-green titanites from four localities showed presence of V⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺. They were investigated at X-band and room temperature. For V⁴⁺ the principal values of the g matrix and ⁵¹V hyperfine splitting and the directions of their principal axes indicate presence of a VO²⁺ ion substituting for Ti. Due to a high zero-field splitting only approximate values of the fine structure parameters of Fe³⁺ could be determined. With directions of their principal axes very similar to those of V⁴⁺ this ion must also substitute for Ti. Unusually large linewidths for both ions with little variation for samples from different localities are ascribed to the reported domain structure of titanites and accumulation of impurities in the domain boundaries. While for Fe³⁺ a small variation of the fine structure parameters explains this broadening, for V⁴⁺ a distribution of g-factors equal to its total anisotropy must be responsible whereas the V=0 bond length is remarkably constant. Due to preferential incorporation of impurities in the grain boundaries a contribution of dipolar broadening cannot be excluded.     

弓长岭铁矿蚀变岩及富矿成因

弓长岭铁矿床是鞍山本溪地区最典型的BIF型铁矿床之一,而且是该地区最大的富铁矿产区。从野外产出关系来看,弓长岭矿区的富铁矿与蚀变岩密切相关,蚀变岩与富铁矿基本上是形影相随。蚀变岩具有分带性,由富铁矿向外依次为镁铁闪石岩石榴石岩绿泥石岩弱蚀变斜长角闪岩斜长角闪岩。弱蚀变岩保留了蚀变原岩的岩貌特征,矿物的蚀变并不完全,可见残余的原生矿物。强蚀变岩的蚀变较彻底,基本无原生矿物残留。将蚀变岩与斜长角闪岩、磁铁石英岩的地球化学特征进行对比可以发现弱蚀变岩、石榴石岩、绿泥石岩与斜长角闪岩的痕量元素特征基本一致,而镁铁闪石岩的痕量元素特征更接近磁铁石英岩。再结合镜下特征、野外接触关系、主量元素特征等证据,认为除了镁铁闪石岩是由磁铁石英岩蚀变形成,其余蚀变岩都是由斜长角闪岩蚀变形成。根据各类蚀变岩中主要矿物的(Fe+Mg)/Si值以及蚀变岩的SiO2和Fe2OT3含量变化规律可以发现,在蚀变岩和富矿形成过程中发生了Mg、Fe以及Si的迁移。对本次取样的样品进行原岩恢复和构造环境判别投图,投图结果表明,绿泥石岩和弱蚀变岩的最初原岩都是形成于弧后盆地的玄武岩。     

Characterization and origin of two Fe3+ EPR spectra in kaolinite

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Fe³⁺ in a well cristallized kaolinite from Decazeville in France are well resolved. It is shown that in this sample there are mainly two slightly different spectra, well separated at low temperature and characterized at -150° C by the constants B ₂ ⁰ = 0.112 cm^?1, B ₂ ² = 0.0688 cm^?1 for one and B ₂ ⁰ = 0.116 cm^?1, B ₂ ² = 0.0766 cm^?1 for the second. These two spectra arise from Fe³⁺ substituted for Al³⁺ at the two octahedral positions in equal amounts. The temperature dependence of EPR spectra was studied and was explained by a modification of the octahedral sites.     

中国铁矿成矿规律及重点矿集区资源潜力分析

铁矿是中国重要的大宗金属矿产资源,对其进行成矿规律总结和潜力分析具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文总结了中国铁矿资源的禀赋特征;将中国铁矿床分为沉积变质型、岩浆型、接触交代-热液型、火山岩型、沉积型和风化淋滤型6种成因类型和40个矿床式,并建立了鞍山式沉积变质型、大庙式岩浆型、蒙库式海相火山岩型、大西沟式沉积型铁矿床的成矿模式;划分了36个中国铁矿成矿区带,编制了成矿区带图,总结了不同类型铁矿和不同时代铁矿的空间分布规律;总结了矿床类型、矿床规模和矿石类型的时间分布规律;最后,探讨了7个重点成矿区带的资源潜力。     

Optimization design of stabilizing piles in slopes considering spatial variability

Acta Geotechnica - Although advances in piling equipment and technologies have extended the global use of stabilizing piles (to stabilize slope or landslide), the design of stabilizing piles...