中国沿岸相对海面变化的本征分析和预测

利用经验正交函数的方法，将平均海面分解为正交时，空函数积的代数和。采用起主导作用的正交函数进行组合，得到修正的海平面变化值，它消除了某些随机的影响。去掉平均海面主要时间本征函数中的主要周期部分，求得剩余部分的变化率，乘以空间本征函数可得各站平均海面的变化速率，对未来的时间本征函数作出预报，便可得到未来的平均海面预报值。     

近几十年来中国沿岸海面变化趋势的研究

本文采用平均海面一种平稳动态模型,分析中国沿岸海面变化,并作出趋势预测.中国近海40年来相对海平面变化速率平均约为1mm/a,近10a、特别是近3a来的平均海面呈上升趋势.有关3-7a的变化,主要是本海区海面对埃尔尼诺现象、黑潮大弯曲和中国沿海气候变异作出的响应.具体说,中国近海海面变化主要是由黑潮流量、本海区寒潮强弱和降水量多寡等因素决定的.本文以黄浦公园为例,用找到的周期对年均海面进行推算,5a间推算与实测值的标准差为3.9cm.     

统一均衡基准下中国沿岸的海面变化

在对我国12个验潮站近几十年海平面观测资料的显著周期分析的基础上,采用海平面线性变化叠加若干固定周期变化的模型来拟合月均值观测值,并按最小二乘准则估计了这些验潮站近几十年来趋势性相对变化及误差,并将这些相对变化归算到文献[4]所建立的统一均衡基准下,研究了中国沿岸未来数十年的海面变化趋势.指出中国沿岸海面总趋势是上升的,各岸段速率有所不同,少数岸段海面下降.文中给出的数值对未来海面变化及影响的预测提供了依据.     

青岛近海海面上的一种雷达回波

在青岛的近海海面上，使用设置在岸边的711雷达(图1)，发现了一种雷达回波。回波是在一定的条件和情况下出现的，在出现回波的时间里，海面上及贴近海面的大气中，除船只，浮标以及海面上的小岛屿外，不见其他异物(包括鸟、虫群等)。当时的天气晴、暖而干燥。     

中国近岸海区沿岸流和海岸流对沉积物的搬运

中国近岸海区存在两种海流:沿岸流和海岸流。前者是波浪产生的,主要搬运破波带以内的沉积物。后者是中国边缘海环流系统的一部分,位于破波带外,主要搬运粉砂和黏土细粒沉积物。在一些中文文献中两者都称作"沿岸流"。这容易形成概念上的混乱和分析问题上的错误。为了避免混淆,属于边缘海环流系统一部分的"沿岸流"应该称作海岸流,对于具体的"沿岸流"如"渤莱沿岸流"可以直接称呼为渤莱海流。两种海流的方向可以相同、相反或者呈一定角度。山东北部海岸沉积物的空间分布明显地受波浪、近岸环流系统(沿岸流、裂流)及海岸流控制。     

沿岸流不稳定运动研究进展

沿岸流不稳定运动目前已成为一个研究热点,对于沿岸流不稳定的研究对于近岸泥沙、污染物输移以及海岸养护等都有很重要的意义。本文详细介绍了沿岸流不稳定运动的研究进展,具体包括沿岸流不稳定运动现场以及实验室实验研究进展,沿岸流线性不稳定理论,非线性不稳定理论以及沿岸流不稳定运动产生的其它理论分析。结果表明国外对于该问题的研究(主要是有关不稳定理论方面)已经取得很多成果,但国内目前很少,并且现在对沿岸流不稳定研究比较成熟的理论基础是不稳定理论,该理论都假定增长率最大的不稳定模式决定着沿岸流的波动特性。但对于多模式不稳定运动的研究还基本没有,对于沿岸流不稳定运动三维特性的研究(包括数值研究及实验研究)也基本没有报道。所以这两个方面可能是以后对该问题研究的重要方向。     

福建沿岸当地平均海面的高程研究与应用

通过对福建沿岸多年来已有的当地平均海面高程资料和与1985国家高程基准的水准点联测成果,分析并研究了福建沿岸主要验潮站的当地平均海面的高程情况和变化趋势,对福建沿岸当地平均海面的高程（1985国家高程基准）进行了比较深入的研究和探讨,阐述了福建沿岸与浙江、广东沿海平均海面高程的连续性和与我国海区平均海面高程的一致性,论述了当地平均海面高程的应用方法,以解决福建沿海海岸地形图和水深图的基准统一及高度衔接问题。     

沿岸流的Petrov—Galerkin有限元数值模拟

本文研究了近岸带内由于波浪破碎引起的沿岸流问题的数值解法,推导了适用于一维对流扩散方程的点点精确的 Petrov—Galerkin 有限元一般公式及其对权函数形式的要求,给出了四种权函数的初等表达式,得到了一种对沿岸流问题行之有效的计算格式。两个算例与传统格式相比较,都证实了这种格式具有明显的优越性。     

沿岸流非线性不稳定特征数值研究

当不稳定剪切波的波幅达到有限幅值之后,需要用非线性不稳定模型来分析沿岸流不稳定运动特征。本文通过建立并验证沿岸流非线性不稳定数学模型,在讨论该模型参数对沿岸流不稳定影响的基础上,率定实验中的模型参数并利用该数学模型模拟了实验中沿岸流不稳定的发展过程及其特征,主要结论有:（1）底摩擦系数越小,侧混系数越小,不稳定发生的时间越早,不稳定的波动幅值越大;（2）沿岸流非线性不稳定演化可能出现的5个阶段（线性阶段、倍周期阶段、大周期阶段、波群阶段以及不规则阶段）,实验中出现的沿岸流通常处于线性阶段或非线性倍周期阶段,倍周期阶段的涡旋是由线性阶段的涡旋发生追赶、配对直至合并产生的。涡旋配对以碰撞的形式发生,大部分能量转移至追踪波,然后以较慢的涡旋速度沿岸传播。     

利用Argo浮标的海面轨迹对惯性流的研究

利用Argo浮标在海面漂流的轨迹信息,通过最小二乘法对轨迹进行拟合(主要是背景流和惯性流两者的拟合),得到了惯性流的流速和轨迹,从而对不同海域处海表的惯性流进行了研究分析.以5900465号浮标轨迹为例进行计算分析,结果表明在130°～140°E,30°～40°N范围的海区内,惯性流的最大值为43 cm/s,最小值为3 cm/s,平均值为16 cm/s.同时发现,拟合的轨迹与原始轨迹偏差较小,这说明了此方法的稳定性及可靠性.利用Argo浮标在海面漂流的轨迹信息提供了一个新的研究方面,可以有效利用现在布放在各个海区的浮标漂流轨迹资料,提取关于惯性流更多的信息,同时也为研究惯性流对其它海洋动力过程的影响及其相互关系等提供了一个较好办法.     

Summer Monsoon and Annual Variability of Sea Surface Slope and Their Effects on Alongshore Current near Qingdao

Based on the monthly mean sea level data obtained from 3 years‘ (1999--2001) tide-gauge measurements, the annual variability of the sea level near Qingdao and Jiaozhou Bay is studied and discussed in this paper. Results show that the sea surface height at all the tide gauges becomes higher in summer than that in winter,with an obvious seasonal variability. Furthermore the sea surface height measured at a short distance outside the bay is lower than that in the bay, showing a sea surface slope downward from north to south. The reasons for the formation of the slope are explained as well. The dynamic action of the summer monsoon and the sea surface slope, and their effects on the monthly mean current are studied by means of dynamics principles. The importance of the summer monsoon and the pressure gradient generated by the sea surface slope, with their effects on the alongshore current, is pointed out and emphasized in this paper.     

胶州湾海面溢油轨迹的数值模拟

对胶州湾湾口两侧——团岛和薛家岛 1个月的潮位观测资料进行调和分析 ,得出湾口两侧 M2 ,S2 ,O1,K1分潮的调和常数 ,进而建立了胶州湾内的预报潮流场。考虑风场对海面溢油的影响 ,给出了预测胶州湾溢油飘移轨迹的数值模型 ,对 1 983年 1 1月 2 5日“东方大使”号油轮在中砂礁触礁后的溢油的油膜漂移轨迹进行了数值模拟 ,结果与事故后观测到的结果相符 ,说明了数值模拟的正确性     

广东省近岸海域麻痹性贝类毒素HPLC分析

于2001年和2002年,对广东省近岸海域的18个地点进行了贝类生物采样。采用Oshima麻痹性贝类毒素高效液相色谱法对贝类的主要毒素成分进行分析。结果显示:染毒贝类含有的高毒性毒素STX,GTX1检出率较低,而低毒性毒素C1,C2,GTX5及中等毒性毒素GTX3,GTX4检出率较高;与2001年相比,2002年染毒贝类毒素成分的检出率和检出的毒素含量有所降低,贝类消化腺在这方面变化尤其明显;主要染毒贝类是华贵栉孔扇贝、翡翠贻贝和长牡坜等;不论消化腺或壳内全部软组织,贝类毒素含量存在明显的地理分布差异,大亚湾和大鹏湾海域>深圳湾、珠海海域和粤东海域>粤西海域;大亚湾和大鹏湾的翡翠贻贝和华贵栉孔扇贝样品中,毒性效能较高的STX,GTX1和GTX4等成分均占相当的比例。     

东亚冬季气温的年际变化特征及其与海温和海冰异常的关系

通过谐波分析的方法,对东亚31个冬季(1980—2010年)的气温提取年际变化分量(周期小于8a部分)进行EOF分析。结果发现:在年际变化的时间尺度上,东亚冬季气温表现为高纬模态和低纬模态2个主要模态,它们一起可以解释总方差73%的变化。进一步分析表明,在年际变化尺度上,与气温变化的高纬模态相联系的大气环流表现为显著的北极涛动(AO)负位相分布,海平面气压场上西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压北移,对流层中层东亚大槽西移,高层西风急流向西北方向移动;副热带北太平洋和阿拉斯加湾的海表面温度(SST)变化呈偶极子振荡分布,这种准两年的周期振荡对这一模态的出现有一定的预示意义。而与气温变化的低纬模态相联系的大气环流表现为类AO正位相分布,与之相关的西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压南移,对流层中层东亚大槽东移,高层的西风急流则是向东南方向移动;赤道东太平洋的SST异常可能对这一模态的形成有一定的作用,而东亚近海的SST则更多是被动地改变。此外,海冰异常变化与东亚冬季气温变化的联系主要体现在:在前夏和前秋,东西伯利亚海-波弗特海海冰异常减少(增加)对应着随后东亚冬季气温变化的高纬模态(低纬模态),而冬季东亚气温变化的高纬模态(低纬模态)又与后期春季北极东半球的海冰异常增加(减少)具有较好的相关性,此外白令海和鄂霍次克海的海冰异常变化是伴随东亚冬季气温变化产生的。     

高频地波雷达单站测量表层海流的原理

运用高频地波雷达测量表层海流矢量,一般均采用双站测量方案,因而,需要大量的人力和昂贵的设备投入。该项研究在分析双站测量原理的基础上,结合海洋学原理和合理的假设,推导并给出了利用单站地波雷达测量表层海流的原理和公式,从而使单站测量表层海流成为可能。可预期该方案虽然在一定程度上,适当降低了空间分辨率,但却可以大幅度降低观测成本,减少人力物力的投入,并显著提高现场观测效率。     

TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason Equatorial Sea Surface Slope Anomaly in the Atlantic in 2002: Comparison with Wind and Current Measurements at 23W

A time series of velocity profile in the upper 150 m of the equatorial Atlantic was gathered at 23W in 2002 within the PIRATA program. It constitutes the first time series of near surface current measurements simultaneous with altimetric data in the equatorial Atlantic. The surface slope anomaly along the equator is computed from satellite altimetry, and, as a proxy for the pressure gradient along the equator, compared with the wind and near surface current data. In a first step, a time series of the surface slope anomaly along the equator in the Atlantic is computed from the 10-year-long TOPEX/Poseidon sea level anomalies. A sensitivity study establishes the robustness of the calculation. Apart from a 15 cm bias, the equatorial sea surface slope anomalies estimated either from TOPEX/Poseidon or from Jason over the 6-month overlap (Feb.–Aug. 2002) do not reveal drastic differences. We produce two sea surface slope anomaly composite time series for 2002 (one with T/P data, the other with Jason data during the commissioning phase) and compare them to the wind and velocity data at 23W. As expected, the near surface velocity and depth of the upper limit of the equatorial undercurrent (EUC) are extremely well correlated with the surface pressure gradient anomaly. 10-year-long time series of altimetry-derived zonal sea surface slope anomaly and ECMWF ERA40 wind stress are also well correlated. They exhibit similar spectral content and similar anomalous years. This is a first step towards a full analysis of the EUC dynamics using altimetry, PIRATA data (near surface current and subsurface thermohaline structure) and model. These initial comparisons reinforce the utility of Jason measurements for continuing the 10-year and highly accurate TOPEX/Poseidon time series for study of equatorial signals.     

TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason Equatorial Sea Surface Slope Anomaly in the Atlantic in 2002: Comparison with Wind and Current Measurements at 23W

A time series of velocity profile in the upper 150 m of the equatorial Atlantic was gathered at 23W in 2002 within the PIRATA program. It constitutes the first time series of near surface current measurements simultaneous with altimetric data in the equatorial Atlantic. The surface slope anomaly along the equator is computed from satellite altimetry, and, as a proxy for the pressure gradient along the equator, compared with the wind and near surface current data. In a first step, a time series of the surface slope anomaly along the equator in the Atlantic is computed from the 10-year-long TOPEX/Poseidon sea level anomalies. A sensitivity study establishes the robustness of the calculation. Apart from a 15 cm bias, the equatorial sea surface slope anomalies estimated either from TOPEX/Poseidon or from Jason over the 6-month overlap (Feb.-Aug. 2002) do not reveal drastic differences. We produce two sea surface slope anomaly composite time series for 2002 (one with T/P data, the other with Jason data during the commissioning phase) and compare them to the wind and velocity data at 23W. As expected, the near surface velocity and depth of the upper limit of the equatorial undercurrent (EUC) are extremely well correlated with the surface pressure gradient anomaly. 10-year-long time series of altimetry-derived zonal sea surface slope anomaly and ECMWF ERA40 wind stress are also well correlated. They exhibit similar spectral content and similar anomalous years. This is a first step towards a full analysis of the EUC dynamics using altimetry, PIRATA data (near surface current and subsurface thermohaline structure) and model. These initial comparisons reinforce the utility of Jason measurements for continuing the 10-year and highly accurate TOPEX/Poseidon time series for study of equatorial signals.     

利用NOAA卫星AVHRR图像对渤海表层水温年变化的初步分析

利用ＮＯＡＡ卫星ＡＶＨＲＲ图像（使用１９９２～１９９４年共２２幅图像）选取渤海中的１５个特征区域进行分析。根据其年变化曲线,结合渤海的实际情况,讨论了渤海中相应海区的年变化,并且对大部分区域水温变化特征的形成机制进行一些初步的探讨。文中指出,辽西低温中心的动力机制是绕半岛潮流引起的垂直向环流的作用,而正是由于辽东半岛的特殊的地理特征,才可能产生这一明显的低温中心。冬季的黄海暖流在渤海中的作用是非常显著的,它是使冬季渤海中部及南部水温明显高于北部辽东湾水温的重要原因。上述工作证实,利用卫星图像进行海水温度年变化的分析是切实可行的,由此,应充分发挥卫星遥感技术上的优势,以加快海洋学的发展。     

Features of Monsoon,Typhoon and Sea Waves in the Taiwan Strait

For Future cross-sea passage spanning the Taiwan Strait, no matter what kind of scheme is adopted, its design, construction, and administration are closely related to marine hydrological and meteorological environmental elements. In this article, based on a great number of observed data, analyses for wave, typhoon, and monsoon conditions in the Taiwan strait region are made and their distributional features and character values are given. Especially, the wave height and occurrence frequencies of disastrous waves are analyzed, and the values of design wave parameters (wave height and period with a given return period) are estimated to use for the reference of the scheme optimization and project preliminary program of cross-sea passage spanning the strait.     

Features of Monsoon, Typhoon and Sea Waves in the Taiwan Strait

For Future cross-sea passage spanning the Taiwan Strait, no matter what kind of scheme is adopted, its design, construction, and administration are closely related to marine hydrological and meteorological environmental elements. In this article, based on a great number of observed data, analyses for wave, typhoon, and monsoon conditions in the Taiwan strait region are made and their distributional features and character values are given. Especially, the wave height and occurrence frequencies of disastrous waves are analyzed, and the values of design wave parameters (wave height and period with a given return period) are estimated to use for the reference of the scheme optimization and project preliminary program of cross-sea passage spanning the strait.