新会年和月最大日降水量多年一遇的极值计算

利用新会降水资料,用皮尔逊一Ⅲ型分布分别对新会年最大日降水量和1～12月的月最大日降水量进行拟合,进而计算了它们在不同重现期下的极值。结果表明:新会50a一遇的估算年最大日降水量是308mm,100a一遇是335mm。新会4～9月5a一遇的最大日降水量接近或超过100mm,说明汛期各月比较容易出现大暴雨。除7月外,4～9月新会50年一遇的日降水量均超过200mm。经检验,除了2月和12月外,年和各月最大日降水量通过0.05显著水平检验,拟合效果良好,对其不同重现期下的极值估计结果可信。     

基于两种分布的勉县年最大日降水量重现期估算

2021年8月22日勉县遭遇极端降水事件,日降水量高达2379 mm,灾害十分严重。统计分析1959—2021年勉县历史逐年最大日降水量特点,采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型（简称P-Ⅲ型）曲线分布和耿贝尔极值分布方法推算重现期及降水量,并将两者进行比较,对2021年8月22日极端大暴雨进行重现期估算。结果表明：勉县年最大日降水年际变化明显,2008年以来变率增大且有更极端的趋势;基于P-Ⅲ型曲线分布和耿贝尔极值分布的1959—2020年最大日降水积累概率拟合效果均较好,但耿贝尔极值分布对年最大日降水量的拟合优于P-Ⅲ型分布;应用耿贝尔极值分布推算勉县极值降水,100 a一遇的日降水量为1547 mm,2021年8月22日降水量2379 mm的重现期为4 88133 a。增加2021年最大日降水量进入样本序列重新构建耿贝尔极值分布函数,推算日降水量2379 mm的重现期为70735 a,100 a一遇的估算降水量为1834 mm,重现期及降水量估算变化均较大,说明超极端降水和样本长度对重现期的推算影响较大。     

韶关市年和月最大日降水量多年一遇的极值计算

用皮尔逊-III型分布分别对韶关市年和月最大日降水量两种变量进行拟合,进而计算了它们在不同重现期下的极值。结果表明:韶关市50年一遇的估算年最大日降水量是220.5 mm,100年一遇是244.1 mm。实况表明,韶关在1956~2006年间出现的最大日降水量是234.8 mm,与韶关50年一遇估算的日降水量相吻合;韶关平均2.2年出现一次100 mm以上的日降水量,而该降水量的估算重现期是2年,亦十分接近;总体上拟合良好,对其不同重现期下的极值估计结果可信。对月最大日降水量的拟合以3月的拟合误差最小,5~7月10年一遇以上的日降水量均超过100 mm,说明这3个月较其他月份容易出现大暴雨,尤其6月份所有重现期的最大日降水量均为其它月份之最,5月和7月次之。     

吐鲁番一日最大降水量年极值频率分布

利用三参数Weibull分布函数对吐鲁番平原、山区一日最大降水量年极值频率分布进行了拟合,分析了平原、山区一日最大降水量的频率分布特征,同时应用甘倍尔分布和对数正态分布也进行了拟合。结果表明：对吐鲁番平原、山区一日最大降水量极值频率分布用三参数Weibull分布拟合比甘倍尔分布、对数正态分布精度要高。利用上述3种方法对吐鲁番平原40多年、山区30多年一日最大降水量重现期进行了估计。     

吐鲁番一日最大降水量年级值频率分布

利用三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布函数对吐鲁番平原,山区一日最大降水量年级值频率分布进行了拟合,分析了平原,山区一日最大降水量的频率分布特征,同时应用甘倍尔分布和对数正态分布也进行了拟合。结果表明：对吐鲁番平原,山区一日最大降水量极值频率分布用三参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布拟合比甘倍尔分布,对数正态分布精度要高。利用上述３种方法对吐鲁番平原４０多年,山区３０多年一日最大降水量重现进行了估计。     

贵州年降水量和年最大月降水量多年一遇的极值计算

根据贵州省84个气象站1961-2007年的月降水资料,用耿贝尔极值I型分布分别对贵州省年降水量和年最大月降水量2种变量进行拟合,进而计算它们在不同重现期下的极值.结果表明:贵州省的降水量集中分布在东南部地区,其中贵州的安顺及黔东南地区降水量较为突出,晴隆15、30、50a一遇的年最大月、年降水量分别为559.8mm、617.1mm、658.9mm和2 019.6mm、2 177.9mm、2 293.2mm,都匀15、30、50a一遇的年最大月、年降水量分别为557mm、626.6mm、677.3mm和1 892.8mm、2 044.9mm、2 155.8mm,对拟合结果的评判采用相对均方根误差进行检验,其年降水量平均相对均方根误差为6%,年最大月降水量平均相对均方根误差为9%,可见拟合良好,对其不同重现期下的极值估计结果可信.     

珠海市年雨量和年最大日雨量多年一遇的极值计算

用皮尔逊-III型分布分别对珠海市年雨量和年最大日雨量两种变量进行拟合,进而计算了它们在不同重现期下的极值。结果表明:珠海市50年一遇的估算年雨量和年最大日雨量分别是2 908 mm和565 mm,100年一遇的分别是3 042 mm和648 mm。用澳门和珠海的雨量历史资料验证发现:澳门在104年间出现的最大年雨量是3 041.4 mm,与珠海百年一遇估算雨量吻合;珠海平均7.2年出现一次2 500 mm以上年雨量,而该雨量的估算重现期是7.5年,亦十分接近;年最大日雨量的估算重现期则比实际重现期小些。可见拟合良好,对其不同重现期下的极值估计结果可信。     

浑太流域降水极值的统计分布特征

基于浑太流域1966-2006年73个雨量站的日降水资料,建立了逐站年最大日降水量(AnnualMaximum,AM)序列和汛期4-9月日降水量<1.27mm.d-1的最长持续干旱天数(Munger Index,MI)序列,并对其时空分布规律进行了分析。采用广义极值(General Extreme Value,GEV)分布、广义帕雷托(General Pareto,GP)分布、韦布尔(Weibull,WB)分布、约翰逊SB(Jonhson SB,J-SB)分布、Burr分布和对数逻辑(Log-Logistic,L-LG)分布等6种极值分布函数对AM和MI序列进行了逐站分布拟合,结果表明,广泛应用的GEV分布整体拟合程度最好,有50个测站的KS检验统计量Dn<0.09,而未曾推广使用的Burr分布的拟合效果也非常好,有36个测站Dn<0.09。用GEV分布对50年一遇的AM和MI进行了估算,发现流域中心地区极端强降水和极端干旱的程度较高,分别为>208mm.d-1和>47d。     

鹤壁市单日降水量极值估算

利用耿贝尔(Gumber)极值分布原理,对鹤壁市1965-2004年最大日降水量进行降水分布拟合,估算预报时段内可能出现的最大日降水量,得出50 a、80 a鹤壁市可能出现的最大日降水量分别为278.7 mm和301.9 mm;利用二次指数平滑法,得到鹤壁市最大日降水量年际变化总体上呈线性减少趋势.统计结果显示:鹤壁市最大日降水量有峰值增大、谷值减小的趋势,说明在未来一定时期,极端最大日降水量发生的可能性不断增加;最大日降水量集中出现在7-8月份,有明显的季节特征.     

气象要素重现期的计算方法与比较

文章以呼伦贝尔市的海拉尔区、满洲里市、图里河镇、扎兰屯市气象台站1960—2012年日最高、日最低气温、日降水量及1971—2012年日最大风速观测数据为基础。分别使用气象上常用的重现期计算方法(皮尔逊Ⅲ分布、耿贝尔分布和对数正态分布)计算各气象要素重现期。分析表明:三种分布方式在最高、最低气温的分析中表现均较好,在最大风速的分析中表现较差,对数正态分布在重现期计算中数值偏低(最低气温偏高),根据不同气象要素重现期的卡方检验结果选择合适方法进行分析,符合实际出现情况。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.