Clay gouge

Clays are a common component of fault gouge, but their genesis and importance in fault evolution is poorly understood. We present preliminary evidence that clays participate in extensive mineral reactions and microfabric changes during faulting. Rather than thinking of clay reactions as a consequence of mechanical processes or fault localization following diagenetically altered horizons, we see the interplay between clay mineral reactions and mechanical processes as a single, integrated process. Furthermore, faulting may lower kinetic barriers to low-temperature (∼100°C) mineral reactions that are common in sedimentary rocks.Our most striking example of fault diagenesis-deformation is a profile of %illite in mixed-layer illite/smectite in shales beneath the Lewis Thrust, Canada. Whereas burial diagenesis caused minimal smectite-to-illite reaction, shales within meters of the thrust are almost completely converted to illite. The consequences of these changes are manifested in geochemical, geochronologic and microfabric characteristics of clay gouge. In this example, faulting has helped overcome a kinetic barrier in the smectite-to-illite reaction without appreciable addition of heat. In another example we infer that dissolution–precipitation reactions continue during faulting even when smectite has already been completely transformed to illite.If mineral reactions intimately interact with mechanical processes in shallow-crustal faults, then our current understanding of the mechanical and hydraulic properties of fault zones may be incomplete. Syndeformational mineral reactions and associated fabric changes could make faults much weaker than would be expected from evaluation of the static mineral assemblage of gouge and single crystal properties. Syndeformational mineral reactions may promote fault slip (affecting earthquake activity) in gouge-bearing faults under stress conditions considerably lower than predicted from static mineral properties. In addition, fault-induced dissolution-precipitation reactions may contribute to fault localization.     

安徽宣城红土剖面中粘土矿物过渡相及其意义

为研究长江中下游红土剖面中粘土矿物的特征及其成因意义, 对安徽宣城红土剖面中粘土矿物进行深入、系统的X射线衍射分析.结果表明, 宣城剖面各土壤层中粘土矿物成分基本一致, 主要为蛭石、伊利石、高岭石, 以及粘土矿物过渡相. 由采自剖面上部样品的X射线衍射图可知, 经乙二醇饱和后7 ?衍射峰可分解为7.15、7.60和7.92 ?三部分, 表明除了高岭石(7.15 ?)外, 还存在高岭晶层含量分别为~80%和~95%的2种高岭-蒙脱石过渡相, 并以前者为主; 剖面下部样品在乙二醇饱和后, 7 ?衍射峰可分解为7.16、7.79和8.35 ?等3个衍射峰, 其中8.35 ?峰衍射强度很小, 表明除了高岭石外, 样品中存在高岭晶层含量为~90%和~43%的高岭-蒙脱石过渡相, 后者含量甚少.甲酰胺饱和结果表明, 高岭-蒙脱石混层粘土矿物相中高岭晶层为埃洛石相.加热试验的衍射图中10 ?衍射峰强度明显增强, 证实高岭相中含有一定数量的来源于绿泥石风化的蒙脱石间层; 而10 ?衍射峰的低角度一侧没有出现拖尾现象, 则指示高岭-蒙脱石混层矿物中的蒙脱石不是简单的羟基间层蒙脱石.此外, 红土剖面中还普遍出现过渡性粘土矿物伊利石-蒙脱石混层和伊利石-蛭石混层粘土矿物.大量过渡性粘土矿物相的出现, 从成土作用的角度上说明红土沉积物经历了沉积-风化、以及多期风化作用叠加, 而且在沉积-风化成土过程中, 气候环境变化于强烈化学风化的温暖、季节性干旱和强烈风化淋滤的温暖而更加潮湿的条件.蛭石-伊利石混层粘土矿物仅发育于红土剖面上部, 表明总体上剖面上部的化学风化程度低于剖面下部.      

包气带粘性土层防污性能研究

包气带粘性土的特性及其分布规律是影响污染物自然衰减的重要因素。在分析粘性土类型和粘性土防污机理的基础上,探讨了微生物等因素对粘性土防污效果的影响,指出目前包气带粘性土防污研究中存在的若干问题。3S技术、ADM非确定理论有助于解决研究尺度偏小、量化指标不足的问题,多学科交叉复合将是包气带粘性土层防污研究的必然发展趋势。     

Clay Minerals in Sediments of the Arctic Seas

The distribution of clay minerals in recent sediments on the Arctic shelf off the Eurasian and North American continents is considered. Prominence is given to the East Siberian and Laptev seas. The illite belt established on the basis of the composition of clay minerals in seven Arctic seas stretches from the Beaufort Sea to the White Sea and reveals a mineralogical zonality. The belt can be devided into smectite and chlorite provinces. Factors governing the formation of the Arctic illite belt and features of the distribution of individual clay minerals are discussed. The identification of the illite belt in sediments on the Arctic shelf complements the system of planetary latitudinal zones of clay minerals formulated by previous researchers.     

2 nd Mid-European Clay Conference

The 2nd Mid-European Clay Conference (MECC‘04) was held between 20-24th September 2004, in Miskolc, Hungary. The idea to hold common conferences was accepted by the national clay groups of four neighbouring countries, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Croatia, during the EUROCLAY Meeting in Cracow, Poland, in 1999. The first conference was held in 2001 at Stará Lesná, in the High Tatra Mts. in Slovakia.     

Constitutive analysis of the mechanical anisotropy of Opalinus Clay

This paper aims to analyse the anisotropic features of behaviour of Opalinus Clay using the theory of plastic multi-mechanisms. The results of triaxial tests conducted with different load levels and directions showed that the mechanical behaviour of this shale is cross-anisotropic. The stiffer samples are those in which the loading direction is parallel to the bedding plane. This indicates that the preconsolidation stress depends on the orientation of the load with respect to the fabric of Opalinus Clay. It is proposed to interpret the observed cross-anisotropy with an elastoplastic model based on four plastic strain mechanisms that may be successively mobilised depending on the loading direction. The predicted stress–strain responses vary according to the directions of the space as a result of the hardening process, depending on the number of plastic strain mechanisms that have been mobilised. The numerical predictions show overall good agreement with the experimental data in terms of deviatoric stress versus axial strain, demonstrating that multi-mechanism plasticity is a suitable constitutive tool for the interpretation of the mechanical anisotropy of this shale.     

大连红黏土形成期研究

从大连红黏土被第四系松散层所覆盖的现象出发,分析了大连地区沿海岸附近冰碛残丘的特征与形成过程。论证了大连地区陆地和海湾的红黏土都具有聚合沉积的特征,并且确定了大连红黏土形成期是在第四系冰川期之前。此外论证了大连红黏土是大连地区古地理古气候的标志性地层之一。     

大连地区红粘土特征研究

大连地区存在发育的红粘土。该土与石灰岩及粘土在化学成分上进行了对比,分析了某些元素流失与聚集的原因,并对其特有的物理特征进行了原始状态、风干状态的水浸试验与土体的收缩试验。从而对该地区红粘土风干后,遇水崩解不可恢复的特殊性,以及土体卸荷在保持原有天然含水量的情况下,呈现稳定状态的合理解释。     

老黏土地基承载力的确定

对比分析了各种确定地基承载力的方法,阐述了理论公式计算确定老黏土地基承载力的重要性.结合武昌地区的工程实例,用各种方法计算确定了老黏土的地基承载力值.研究表明,原位测试方法得到的承载力值偏低,而理论公式计算较合理.为了提高老黏土地基承载力的可信度和精度,在岩土工程勘察中除采用原位测试方法外,有必要结合理论公式计算来获取老黏土地基承载力值.     

大颗粒黏土矿物对黏土矿物X射线衍射定量分析的影响

现行X射线衍射分析黏土矿物都是提取粒径小于2μm的悬浮溶液检测样品的黏土矿物组合及含量,含量数据有时与其他检测数据相悖。在鄂尔多斯盆地黏土矿物研究中,通过偏光显微镜和扫描电镜发现存在粒径大于2μm的黏土矿物颗粒,特别是高岭石的粒径多为3～10μm,这些大颗粒黏土矿物会造成含量数据不准确。为了证明大颗粒黏土矿物对其含量测量的影响,本文设计了不同粒径标准的提取物对比试验:随机选取267个样品,每个样品分别按照10μm和2μm标准提取两份悬浮溶液制成测试片,采用SY/T5163—2010行业标准中的检测方法得到10μm和2μm提取物的黏土矿物组合及含量。通过对比发现大颗粒黏土矿物对各类黏土矿物的相对含量测量结果有明显影响:10μm提取物中高岭石含量明显增大;伊利石/蒙脱石间层矿物含量显著降低;伊利石含量的变化小且无规律;绿泥石含量整体变化较小,少量样品中绿泥石含量发生了明显的偏离,与大颗粒高岭石的赋存有关。本研究提出应结合地质状况和工作目的审慎选择提取粒径的标准,对SY/T 5163—2010中的黏土矿物提取粒径标准作出修订。     

广安地区侏罗系凉高山组粘土矿物研究

四川广安地区侏罗系粘土矿物类型主要为绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层和伊利石;同一口井随着深度的增加,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,伊蒙混层中的蒙脱石混层比降低。粘土矿物特征与储集层物性的相关性分析认为:伊蒙混层含量、伊利石含量均与储集层孔渗性能呈负相关,绿泥石与高岭石含量与储集层孔渗性呈正相关;通过对伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的混层比的计算,大多数为有序混层,说明该区凉高山组处于生油高峰期,这与岩石中TOC(%)介于0.8与1.3,Ro(%)介于0.7与1.2相吻合。     

广安地区侏罗系凉高山组粘土矿物研究

四川广安地区侏罗系粘土矿物类型主要为绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层和伊利石;同一口井随着深度的增加,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,伊蒙混层中的蒙脱石混层比降低。粘土矿物特征与储集层物性的相关性分析认为:伊蒙混层含量、伊利石含量均与储集层孔渗性能呈负相关,绿泥石与高岭石含量与储集层孔渗性呈正相关;通过对伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的混层比的计算,大多数为有序混层,说明该区凉高山组处于生油高峰期,这与岩石中TOC(%)介于0.8与1.3,Ro(%)介于0.7与1.2相吻合。     

Clay catalysis of aromatic hydrogen-exchange reactions

The exchange of aromatic hydrogen in the presence of clay catalysts has been studied by measuring the rates of detritiation of some tritiated naphthalene derivatives on homoionic bentonites. The rate of reaction is influenced by the position of tritium on the ring, the presence of a methoxysubstituent on the ring and the acidity of the clay catalyst. It is inferred that the mechanism of exchange involves an adsorbed species similar to the arenium ion intermediate of electrophilic aromatic substitutions in homogeneous systems. In some cases exchange of hydrogen between acidic clay surfaces and naphthalene derivatives could be detected at temperatures as low as 23°C, and in aqueous slurries at 70°C. This observed reactivity suggests that these reactions could occur in sedimentary environments where organic matter, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, is in contact with clay surfaces. The hydrogen isotopic composition of aromatic hydrogen in petroleum may therefore be related to that of the acidic water adsorbed on clay surfaces with which the petroleum has been in contact.