紊流对粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝影响

以分形聚集生长模型为基础,通过三维模拟泥沙颗粒在布朗运动、重力沉降和紊流作用下的碰撞、粘结和破碎过程,探讨了紊流对粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝速度、絮团平均粒径及分形维数的时空影响。试验结果表明:紊流作用下,泥沙絮凝及絮团平均粒径的变化可分为加速段、等速段和减速段,絮凝等速段的作用时间及粒径等速增长段的速度均随紊动强度呈先增后减的规律,且中部区域的絮凝速度和絮团平均粒径较小;泥沙絮团分形维数随水流紊动强度的增加逐渐增大,最终趋于稳定,随时间呈先减后增的规律。模拟空间下部区域分形维数最大,上部次之,中部最小。     

絮凝−电渗法联合治理淤泥质土试验研究

针对传统电渗法治理淤泥质土过程中排水效率低且治理后土体不均匀等问题,从改变软黏土颗粒自身持水特性角度出发,提出采用新型有机高分子材料阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）联合电渗法治理淤泥质土的思路。利用自制的一维电渗固结试验装置,探究絮凝−电渗法联合作用机制以及不同絮凝剂掺入比对电渗排水加固效果的影响规律。试验结果表明：与传统电渗法相比较,絮凝剂 APAM 的掺入减少了软黏土颗粒表面的结合水膜厚度,使得淤泥质土的前期电渗排水速率和累计排水量显著提升,从而降低了电渗法的平均能耗系数;同时,絮凝剂高分子长链的“吸附架桥”作用增强了土颗粒的黏结力和絮凝沉积效果,有效缓解了电渗过程中细小黏粒迁移集聚而造成的阴极淤堵问题;治理后淤泥质土的抗剪强度大幅增高,土体的均匀性也得到了明显改善,且当絮凝剂 APAM 掺入比为 0.30% 时,土体的电渗排水固结效果最佳。     

废泥浆脱水的试验研究

岩土工程施工产生的废泥浆含水量高,脱水性差,因此如何提高废泥浆的脱水量至关重要。试验中通过对废泥浆的物理化学调质,以改变废泥浆颗粒表面物化性质和组分,破坏废泥浆的胶体结构,减小与水的亲和力,从而改善废泥浆的脱水性能。对不同种类的无机材料和有机高分子絮凝材料的试验分析发现,有机高分子聚丙烯酰胺PAM的絮凝脱水效果要优于无机材料。在阳离子型PAM、阴离子型PAM、非离子型PAM三类材料对废泥浆的絮凝脱水效果中,阳离子型PAM的絮凝脱水效果最好。     

吹填泥浆中土颗粒沉降-固结规律研究

吹填泥浆中土颗粒沉降-固结过程十分复杂,其中土颗粒的沉降固结规律并不明确。室内沉降试验采用一种改进的方法--分层抽取法,先得到土颗粒体积分布规律,再利用体积通量函数法计算不同粒组颗粒平均沉速。计算结果表明,吹填泥浆在沉降过程中会出现3个区域,分别是干涉沉降区、絮体压缩沉降区和自重固结区;在沉降初期0～1 h和1～7 h内,干涉沉降区内土颗粒沉速远小于Stokes公式沉速计算值,颗粒沉速分别与颗粒直径的0.488 1和0.111 7次方有关。絮体压缩沉降区和自重固结区内颗粒基本不出现分选现象,均属于泥浆颗粒的沉积物;该试验中絮体压缩沉降区的密度约为1.04 g/cm3。     

疏浚淤泥化学絮凝−真空预压深度脱水效果评价

为实现疏浚淤泥高效快速脱水减容,选取化学絮凝和真空预压相结合的脱水技术,利用自制真空预压抽滤装置对5种类型絮凝剂调理淤泥进行系列室内脱水试验,通过上清液高度、泥水分界面高度、沉降速率、底泥含水率等指标,综合评价疏浚淤泥沉降过程与深度脱水效果。结果表明：5种絮凝剂对应最优添加量分别为Ca(OH)2(1 500 mg/L)、PAFSI(200 mg/L)、PAC(200 mg/L)、HCA(50 mg/L)、APAM(500 mg/L);与原始淤泥自然沉降过程相比（底泥高度17.14 cm、含水率96.8%）,真空预压可实现絮凝调理淤泥脱水减容、底泥平均含水率降至53.5%,使底泥体积进一步压缩20.48%～36.99%;真空预压作用下,絮凝调理淤泥在50 min内达到沉降速率峰值,前120 min内淤泥絮凝效果明显、泥水分离程度占据主导;与原始淤泥真空预压对比,絮凝?真空预压大幅提升淤泥沉降速率、有效缩短峰值对应沉降时间,最优絮凝剂（APAM）底泥沉降速率峰值、淤泥总高度沉降速率峰值对应时间点缩短87.5%和83.33%,峰值速率分别增加3.56倍、5.18倍;添加适量絮凝剂能有效改善淤泥脱水性能,增大泥粒尺寸、防堵促排,加速疏浚淤泥沉降与泥水分离效率。化学絮凝?真空抽滤技术有利于实现疏浚淤泥减量化,显著缩短工期、加快施工进度、减少堆积占地,具有显著的工程应用价值。     

三峡库区黏性泥沙在紊动剪切作用下的絮凝试验研究

采集三峡库区忠县黄花城河段黏性泥沙进行紊动剪切作用下的絮凝试验研究。试验装置主要包括沉降柱、絮体分离室和絮体图像采集系统,试验中采用振动格栅产生近似均匀紊流场,并通过ADV（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry）测量流速来校核流体剪切率和格栅振动频率的关系。试验结果表明:① 该黏性泥沙絮凝效果明显,絮体最大粒径D_f,95为73~126 μm、平均粒径D_f,50为18~33 μm,絮体粒径分布受紊动剪切率和泥沙浓度的影响较大;② 随着紊动剪切率的增大（从3.84 s-1至30.07 s-1）,D_f,95呈先增大后减小的趋势;当剪切率为19.94 s-1时,D_f,95达到最大值,大絮体（粒径大于96μm）的数量百分数也达到最大值;③ 相同紊动剪切率条件下,不同浓度（0.3~1.0 g/L）泥沙絮凝后的絮体粒径分布,基本符合"泥沙浓度越高,D_f,95越大"的趋势。     

药剂真空预压法处理工程废浆中生石灰的增渗作用

针对上海某桩基施工现场产生的工程废弃泥浆,将传统的固化剂生石灰作为添加药剂,在静置沉降阶段测试了不同添加量时浑液面沉降随时间的变化;对于静置沉降后不同添加量的泥浆絮体进行了真空预压试验,研究了真空预压过程中的排水量变化特性及试验结束后模型箱内的颗粒分布特性,采用MIP试验研究了真空预压前、后不同位置处孔隙的分布变化规律;基于SEM试验解释了生石灰在废浆处理中的水化作用。研究结果表明:(1)加入生石灰不仅能加快静置沉降阶段浑液面的沉降速率,而且由于生石灰水化物结晶体能将土颗粒联接起来,形成体积较大、结构松散、可以起到骨架作用的土团粒,后期的增渗作用十分明显;(2)在0.2%、0.5%、0.8%生石灰的3种添加量中,掺量为0.5%时,静置沉降和真空预压阶段泥面沉降速度均为最快;(3)经药剂真空预压法处理后,废浆中的孔隙孔径由处理前的3 184~11 308 nm为主减小至681~3 244 nm为主,孔隙总量减小约60%~79%。     

AlCl3对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响

铝类絮凝剂对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降有重要作用,常应用于浑水澄清、农业污水处理等研究中。在AlCl₃浓度为0～1.7mmol/L,泥沙浓度为10g/L时,用吸管法研究了AlCl₃对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响,结果表明:在液面下同一深度,泥沙浓度随时间呈指数衰减;悬液经多次搅拌后再沉降,其沉速减缓;当AlCl₃浓度为0.9～1.7mmol/L时,出现明显的清浑水交界面,交界面随时间等速下降,平均沉速为4.756cm/min,对应的絮团平均粒径为0.0315mm;土娄土絮凝临界粒径为0.027mm。     

絮凝-水平真空两段式脱水法处理高含水率疏浚淤泥模型试验研究

针对目前预制竖向排水板(PVD)真空预压法处理疏浚淤泥(软土)时存在的板材弯折和淤堵严重的问题,提出了一种絮凝沉积-水平真空两段式脱水法处理高含水率疏浚淤泥。首先,开展PVD和水平排水板(PHD)对比模型试验,表明PHD相对于PVD具有板材变形小、脱水速率均匀、长期脱水效果好等优点。就研究案例而言,PVD的最终排水量仅为PHD的77.4%。然后,研究了絮凝剂(阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺即APAM)对絮凝沉积-水平真空两段式脱水法排水性能的影响,研究显示絮凝剂的添加可以大幅提高疏浚淤泥的脱水效率。絮凝剂主要通过沉积脱水降低含水率以及絮凝簇团作用改善土体的不均匀固结问题两个方面来整体提高脱水效率;相较于没有添加絮凝剂的试验组,适量添加絮凝剂(0.45%干土质量)可缩短35%的脱水时间。最后,分析了静置沉积时长(即真空介入时间点)对脱水速率的影响。结果表明真空介入过早不利于絮凝剂发挥最大脱水效果且易带来明显的不均匀固结问题,最佳介入时间为静置沉积24 h后。     

絮凝-水平真空两段式脱水法处理高含水率疏浚淤泥模型试验研究

针对目前预制竖向排水板（PVD）真空预压法处理疏浚淤泥（软土）时存在的板材弯折和淤堵严重的问题,笔者提出了一种絮凝沉积-水平真空两段式脱水法处理高含水率疏浚淤泥。首先,本文开展PVD和水平排水板（PHD）对比模型试验,表明PHD相对于PVD具有板材变形小、脱水速率均匀、长期脱水效果好等优点。就本研究案例而言,PVD的最终排水量仅为PHD的77.4%。然后,本文研究了絮凝剂（阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺–APAM）对絮凝沉积-水平真空两段式脱水法排水性能的影响,研究显示絮凝剂的添加可以大幅提高疏浚淤泥的脱水效率。絮凝剂主要通过沉积脱水降低含水率以及絮凝簇团作用改善土体的不均匀固结问题两个方面来整体提高脱水效率;相较于没有添加絮凝剂的试验组,适量添加絮凝剂（0.45%干土质量）可缩短35%的脱水时间。最后,本研究分析了静置沉积时长（即真空介入时间点）对脱水速率的影响。结果表明真空介入过早不利于絮凝剂发挥最大脱水效果且易带来明显的不均匀固结问题,最佳介入时间为静置沉积24 h后。     

Flocculation–solidification combined method for treatment of hydraulically dredged mud at extra high water content

A new method, i.e., flocculation–solidification combined method (FSCM), is proposed for building a working platform efficiently and economically at the surface of newly reclaimed ground filled with hydraulically dredged mud slurry at extra high water content (EHW-MS). A number of laboratory experiments are performed in this paper to identify the feasibility and mechanism of the proposed FSCM. First, the reasonable flocculant dosage range suitable for FSCM is determined by the simple sedimentation tests. Second, the engineering properties of FSCM, pure cement solidification method (PCSM) and pure flocculation conditioning method (PFCM) treated EHW-MS are compared in detail via a series of model tests, to demonstrate the superiority of FSCM over PCSM and the influence of flocculant dosage on FSCM efficiency. Third, the superiority of FSCM over PCSM is rationalized from the perspective of intrinsic working mechanism of flocculant and PCSM. Results demonstrate well that FSCM shows substantial superiority over PCSM, and at the reasonable flocculant dosage, the strength of FSCM-treated EHW-MS is at least 5.7 times larger than that of the corresponding PCSM-treated EHW-MS. The superiority of FSCM over PCSM can be attributed to two aspects, i.e., the dewatering effect and the other detrimental effect. The former is predominant and primarily governs the strength gain of FSCM-treated EHW-MS, while the latter is less significant but not negligible.

     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

Particulate matter grain-size characteristics and flocculation in a partially mixed estuary

The concentration and grain size of the natural and deflocculated inorganic suspended particulate matter were measured along the length of the Miramichi Estuary and interpreted with respect to flocculation and transport properties. Changes in particulate matter concentration are associated with regular changes in grain-size characteristics. In the turbidity maximum region of the estuary the suspended matter occurs mostly as large flocculated particles whereas, in the waters with lower particle concentrations, a larger proportion of the material occurs as fine material. At higher concentrations natural floc modes and inorganic grain modes vary simultaneously but at low concentrations the two modes vary inversely. This modal relationship and the variation in organic matter within the estuary is proposed to result from variation in inorganic—organic composition of flocs. Increase in settling rates due to flocculation is believed to increase the trapping effect of the estuarine circulation that produces the turbidity maximum.     

生石灰对理化复合法处理淤泥浆效率的影响研究

改性淤泥固化土应用于填方工程既能弥补砂石填料供应短缺的困境,还能解决大宗疏浚淤泥的弃置难题。但当淤泥含水率超高（＞300%）时,纯水泥固化法处理效果极差,而采用絮凝调理联合化学固化的理化复合法可有效解决此类问题。鉴于生石灰具有絮凝和固化双重功效,采用生石灰替代部分水泥可能会进一步提高淤泥浆的理化复合法处理效率。通过十字板剪切试验研究了生石灰替代比对高含水率淤泥浆理化复合法处理效率的影响规律,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）和场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）试验从微观层面揭示了其固化机制。结果表明：生石灰对淤泥浆理化复合法处理效率会产生较大影响,且存在一个最优生石灰替代比,在最优替代比条件下生石灰能显著发挥絮凝和固化双重功效,并有效提高处理后淤泥的早期和晚期强度;从微观试验分析,最优替代比下处理后的淤泥样生成的CSH/CAH/CASH凝胶和钙矾石等水化产物数量最多,孔隙间隙也最小。因此,实际工程中运用理化复合法处理高含水率淤泥浆时,可采用生石灰替代部分水泥以提高处理效率。     

Chemical and environmental compatibility of red mud liners for hazardous waste containment

Red mud residue from alumina production has been proposed as an alternative liner material. The chemical and environmental compatibility of red mud upon exposure to representative organic (methanol, heptane, TCE, and acetic acid) and inorganic liquids (CaCl₂ and seawater) was studied. Chemical compatibility assays comprised Atterberg limits and sedimentation and hydraulic conductivity tests for red mud interacted with the chemical liquids, whereas the environmental compatibility was assessed through the leaching of metals from red mud as permeated with the liquids. Methanol greatly reduced the plasticity at concentrations ≥80 % by volume, but it did not increase the hydraulic conductivity of compacted red mud. High concentrations (≥60 % v/v) of acetic acid reduced the plasticity and enhanced the sedimentation of red mud. Conversely, acetic acid concentrations ≤40 % caused dispersion, but damaged the hydraulic properties and structure of red mud. The percolation of a pH 2 acetic acid solution did not adversely affect the hydraulic performance of the red mud liner. Neither diluted heptane nor TCE affected the red mud. However, pure organics suppressed the plasticity and induced aggregation of red mud, suggesting a great detrimental effect on red mud liners. The red mud exhibited great resistance to attack by inorganic salt solutions. Some concerning leaching of metals (primarily Al and Cr) occurred as water, acetic acid, and CaCl₂ solutions percolated through red mud, but effluent metals concentration quickly dropped to permissible levels. In general, red mud exhibited a high resistance against chemical attack; nevertheless, exposure to low-dielectric-constant organic chemicals should be avoided.     

Studies in the selective flocculation of hematite from gangue using high molecular weight polymers. Part 2: Physical factors

Having previously established a system of hematite and silica which can be separated effectively using long-chain polyacrylamide flocculants (Part 1) a stirred tank system was chosen to enable physical variables of flocculant concentration, impeller speed, time of flocculation, slurry concentration, ratio of hematite to quartz in the feed and particle size distribution to be studied.It was concluded that the time of flocculation allowed should be kept short and that there is an optimum of impeller speed though not a sharp one. Slurry concentration must be kept to 1% w/w to prevent serious performance deterioration. A clear optimum flocculant concentration was not found under present circumstances though very low concentrations (< 1 ppm) gave poor results while high concentrations gave no improvement on the results at about 2 ppm.Comparison between an impeller and a propeller of the same diameter and location in the tank pointed to the possibility of critical agitation configurations and the need for caution in scaling up results.The grade of material settling from a selective aggregation process is heavily dependent on the particle size distributions of the mineral species. Larger flocculated minerals produce richer flocs.