新型捕收剂RA-92在低品位碳酸锰矿选矿中的应用

微细粒低品位锰矿由于颗粒间的非选择性聚集、浮选药剂用量大、浮选效率低等技术难题而致使其利用困难,造成大量浪费。在品位低于13%的锰矿浮选技术研究中,捕收剂最受关注,前人已研究了多种类型的捕收剂,所得精矿品位在16.9%~18.3%之间,回收率为56%~97%,回收率比较理想,但精矿品位总体不高。本文将新型捕收剂RA-92应用于湖南凤凰-花垣地区低品位碳酸锰矿(锰品位为10.7%)的选矿工艺中,实验研究了磨矿细度、pH值、抑制剂和捕收剂用量对浮选效果的影响,在最佳工艺条件下,精矿品位由原矿的10.7%提升至17.4%,回收率达到80.2%。研究表明RA-92对碳酸锰矿具有良好的捕收性能,浮选工艺相对简单且捕收剂用量少,浮选成本较低,可为此种捕获剂在微细粒低品位碳酸盐锰矿选矿中的应用得到推广。     

Heavy Mineral Placer Sand Deposits of Kontiagarh Area,Ganjam District,Orissa, India

The Kontiagarh placer deposit in the Ganjam district, Orissa, India extends in northeast direction having a width of 700–1000 m. A total of 187 samples were collected meterwise from 55 bore holes in a grid pattern from beach, frontal, intermediate and back dunes covering an area of approximately 1 km². Light minerals decrease in size from the beach to the back dunes, whereas the size distribution of heavy minerals in the beach and dunes is more or less uniform. The average heavy mineral content in the beach and dunes vary from 9.38% to 24.20%. The heavy minerals are ilmenite, garnet, sillimanite, rutile, monazite, and zircon with trace amounts of magnetite, hornblende, diopside, sphene, tourmaline, and epidote. Heavy minerals are mostly less than 350 µm in size, with a peak distribution in the range between 180 and 125 µm. Ilmenite shows exsolution intergrowth with hematite. Mineral chemistry of ilmenite, hematite, leucoxene, magnetite, monazite and sillimanite are examined by EPMA. Leucoxene is lower in Fe and higher in Ti, Al, Cr and V than ilmenite. The litho‐units of the Precambrian Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, comprising primarily khondalite, charnockite, calc‐silicate granulite and gneiss, are the source of heavy minerals for this deposit. The bulk sample has 7.30% ilmenite, 5.24% sillimanite, 9.16% garnet, 0.18% rutile, 0.14% monazite, 0.06% zircon and 0.52% other heavy minerals. The deposit has good potential for economic exploitation of ilmenite, rutile, sillimanite, monazite, zircon and garnet.     

鄂西高铁高钛煤系高岭土矿选矿工艺实验研究

以鄂西地区高铁高钛煤系高岭土矿为原料,采用浮选脱硫、强磁选除铁的浮-磁联合流程,选矿除杂效果显著。选矿产品经搅磨超细磨和煅烧工艺处理,最终产品产率77．5％,白度90．3,粒度90．2％、2μm。精矿各项指标均达到90级高级加工纸质量要求。     

江山铅锌金矿选矿试验研究

针对江山铅锌金矿品位低,矿物组成复杂的特点,采用"铅-锌-硫优先浮选,硫(金)精矿氧化焙烧预处理-焙砂氰化浸金"的工艺,金在铅(金)精矿、锌精矿、硫(金)精矿中的总回收率为81.25%。可使硫(金)精矿中96.89%的硫以二氧化硫的形式得到回收,对原矿的回收率为73.25%;金的作业浸出率达84.76%,对原矿的回收率为31.91%;浸渣中的铁品位达57.99%,对原矿的回收率为26.71%。通过试验研究与分析,确定适宜的选矿工艺及药剂制度,为今后合理开发该区矿石提供技术依据。     

Potential use of model predictive control for optimizing the column flotation process

A constrained model predictive control (MPC) strategy is proposed to deal with the problem of optimizing flotation column operation using secondary variables. Froth depth, collection zone gas hold-up and bias rate are selected as secondary variables to be controlled whereas tailing, wash-water and gas flow rate are used as manipulated variables. The control problem was formulated in order to minimize the tracking error of the gas hold-up and bias rate by maintaining gas flow rate, wash-water flow rate and bias rate within their operational limits. In particular, a strategy was conceived to optimize the column flotation process based on establishing an unreachable high set point for the gas hold-up (which is equivalent to maximizing the bubble surface area available for particle collection at a given flotation reagent dosage and thus recovery), while simultaneously satisfying operational constraints (such as ensuring a positive bias rate to prevent gangue entrainment and therefore concentrate grade deterioration). Several other operational constraints on wash-water, gas rate, gas hold-up and bias rate were considered, their use being justified from a processing point of view. Since this study deals with the hydrodynamic characteristics of flotation columns, a pilot flotation column working with a two-phase system is sufficient to demonstrate the advantages of using predictive control for this process optimization.     

Influence of shape characteristics of talc mineral on the column flotation behavior

Column flotation, which is a very effective process in mineral processing especially for easily floatable minerals, is one of the most important new developments to emerge in mineral processing technology in the last years. In this study, the flotation behavior of talc products having different particle shapes produced by different grinding mills (ball and rod mill) was determined by using column flotation process. Shape characteristics of the particles were investigated by the two dimensional measuring technique based on the particle projections obtained from the SEM microphotographs using a COREL Draw 10.0 program. The results showed that particles possessing higher elongation and flatness properties were recovered better during column flotation, whilst roundness and relative width had a negative effect on the flotation behavior of the talc mineral studied. Consequently, as the shape of the particles produced by the mill deviated from the ideal sphere, their floatability was increased.     

Flotation of calcareous Mussorie phosphate ore

Separation of Mussorie rock phosphate (P₂O₅ = 20%) from Uttar Pradesh, India, containing pyrite, calcite and other carbonaceous impurities by flotation has been successfully attempted to upgrade the phosphate values. Based on Hallimond cell flotation results of single and synthetic mineral mixtures of calcite and apatite using oleic acid and potassium phosphate, conditions were obtained for the separation of calcite from apatite which is considered to be the most difficult step in the beneficiation of calcareous phosphates. Further studies using 250 g of the mineral (?60 +150 and ?150 mesh fractions, deslimed) in laboratory size Fagergren subaeration machine employed a stagewise flotation viz. carbonaceous materials using terpineol, pyrite using potassium-ethyl xanthate and calcite using oleic acid respectively. Separation was, however, found to be unsatisfactory in the absence of a depressant.Among starch, hydrofluosilicic acid and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, which were tried as depressants for apatite in the final flotation stage, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate proved to be superior to others. However, the tests with the above fractions did not yield the required grade. This was possibly due to insufficient liberation of the phosphate mineral from the ore body and different experimental conditions due to scale up operations. Experiments conducted using ?200 mesh deslimed fractions has yielded an acceptable grade of 27.6% P₂O₅ with a recovery of about 60%. The results have been explained in terms of the specific adsorption characteristics of phosphate ions on apatite and the liberation size of the mineral.     

Determination of the contributions of true flotation and entrainment in batch flotation tests

Laboratory batch flotation tests were carried out on a deslimed (+6 μm) sulfiderich cassiterite ore, an ultrafine fraction (?6 μm) of a cassiterite ore and a bituminous coal. Chemical conditions were kept constant but the water recovery was varied by changing the height of the froth column and the rate and depth of froth removed. The recovery of the floatable mineral in each system was then found to be linearly related to the weight of water recovered. The intercept of the regression line on the mineral recovery axis, where the water recovery is zero, was interpreted as the recovery due to true flotation. The entrainment contribution was proportional to the slope of the line. In this way the contributions of entrainment and true flotation to overall recovery were separated.     

某金矿生物浮选可行性实验研究

某金矿生物选矿采用重选+浮选流程进行.生物重选试验表明,金精矿回收率从常规重选的55.9％提高到65.3％.重选尾矿生物浮选时,对常规浮选试剂丁基黄药做了补加生物试剂,或部分替换,以及全部替换试验.实验室上述试验结果证明,生物选矿对金矿是可行的,并具无污染、安全、降低成本的应用前景.     

早子沟金矿矿石质量特征、选矿试验研究及选别效果

本文依据早子沟金矿矿区勘查及选矿工艺矿物学研究资料,从金矿石的结构构造、矿石类型、矿物成分、金的赋存状态及其主要载体矿物的嵌布特征、共伴生组分等方面综述了矿石质量特征,重点分析了以上矿石质量特征要素对选矿的影响;简述了选矿试验研究的成果及选别效果。矿区矿石工艺类型属少硫化物微细粒浸染型含金矿石,金的赋存状态复杂,利用重选—浮选中矿再磨的重浮联合流程可获得较理想的选冶回收指标。     

石英与钠长石浮选分离的研究

用十八胺(阳离子捕收剂)和十二烷基磺酸钠(阴离子捕收剂,SDS)作浮选为捕收剂分离石英与钠长石,研究了浮选条件对分离效果的影响以及捕收剂在矿物表面的吸附行为.结果表明,最佳浮选条件是浮选液的pH=2,阴、阳离子捕收剂的浓度分别为3.0×10-6 mol/L和4.0×10-6 mol/L;阴阳离子捕收剂在石英与钠长石两种矿物上表现出相同的吸附行为.在最佳浮选条件下,对不同配比的石英和钠长石混合物进行浮选,石英回收率为14%,钠长石回收率达80%,分离效果显著;对含微量长石的石英矿粉进行浮选,分离效果与石英与钠长石混合物相近.     

奇台县某金矿矿石特性及可选性试验研究

通过对金矿石化学及矿物组成、自然金形态、嵌布粒度、嵌布方式等深入研究,查明了该矿石性质。利用浮选法和氰化法进行可选性试验研究,浮选试验精矿品位为46.86 g/t,回收率达85.14%,氰化试验最高浸出率96.38%。综合分析认为,采用浮选法选矿较合理。     

Effect of collector, pH and ionic strength on the cationic flotation of kaolinite

The effect of amine collector type, pH, and ionic strength on the flotation behaviour of kaolinite was investigated in a series of laboratory batch flotation tests. In distilled water, ether diamine, a strong collector for silica, does not induce any flotation or only very weak flotation of kaolinite over a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 10.5. Ether monoamine causes strong flotation of kaolinite in distilled water, especially in acidic solutions, but high dosages of the collector are required. Such observations are in contrast to the flotation behaviour of oxide minerals such as silica for which ether diamine shows stronger collecting power than ether monoamine. The pH dependence of kaolinite flotation is also opposite to that of oxides, with lower flotation recovery obtained at higher pH. In contrast to oxides, the flotation recovery of kaolinite increases with ionic strength. It was demonstrated that the enhanced flotation of kaolinite in NaCl solutions cannot be attributed to the frothing ability of NaCl or the intercalation of kaolinite by alkylamines. It is proposed that the screened zeta potential of kaolinite particles in a high ionic strength environment causes random aggregation of kaolinite particles exposing hydrophobic (001) silica plane in the presence of ether amines.     

Efficient flotation recovery of lead and zinc from refractory lead-zinc ores under low alkaline conditions

In this study, a new flotation approach, a low-alkaline and non-desliming process, was introduced for improving lead and zinc recoveries, lowering production cost and reducing environmental pollution. Lab-scale experiments results show that the new process contributed to the flotation of the complex mixed sulfide-oxide lead and zinc ore regarding two aspects: (1) High alkaline process (pH = 12±) was replaced by low alkaline process (pH = 9±) by using collector WS (a mixture of ethyl thiocarbamate, ammonium dibutyldithiophosphate and dithiophosphate-25) and combined depressant Na₂S/ZnSO₄/Na₂SO₃ for lead sulfide flotation; (2) Non-desliming process was successfully achieved by using collector MA (a mixture of ether amine, hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyacrylic acid) and combined depressant SHP/SS (sodium hexametaphosphate/sodium silicate) for zinc oxide flotation. And 43.37% Pb in the Pb concentrate was recovered, the corresponding Pb grade was 52.73%, total 84.42% Zn was recovered by the flotation of zinc sulfide minerals and zinc oxide minerals. Moreover, the two aspects of the new approach were systematically verified from lab-scale to industrial-scale application. The industrial-scale flotation tests show that Pb recovery in Pb concentrate increased by 1.86% compared with that of original system during industrial-scale tests period, and the Pb recovery increased by 4.09% compared with that of original system before industrial-scale tests period, while the Zn operating recovery in zinc oxide concentrate improved by 19.52%. Moreover, the total reagent cost of the whole new process significantly declined by 3.93 yuan per ton of ore.     

Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits of Ekakula Beach, Gahiramatha Coast, Orissa, India

Abstract: Ilmenite, hematite, garnet, monazite, zircon, rutile, magnetite, sillimanite, pyroxene and amphibole from the beach sands of Ekakula, Gahiramatha coast, Orissa, India are reported here for the first time. Their total concentration varies from 26. 4 to 100%. Ilmenite, monazite and zircon are between 100 and 300 um in size and are well rounded in shape. Ilmenite-hematite intergrowth is common. Ilmenite has 50. 02–54. 73% TiO₂, 42. 42–46. 90% FeO (total Fe) and small amounts of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ba, Si, V, Cr, and Zn. The bulk samples contain 10. 63–41. 42 % TiO₂, 6. 15–26. 07 % FeO, 5. 86–16. 75 % Fe₂O₃, 7. 41–61. 74 % SiO₂, 1. 39–12. 83% A1₂O₃, 0. 32–4. 97% CaO, 0. 53–4. 24% P₂O₅, 0. 17–3. 27% MgO, 0. 15–2. 97% Na₂O, 0. 07–2. 34% K₂O, and 0. 05–0. 71% V₂O₅ together with appreciable amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y, U, Th, Zr, and trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cr. Khondalite, charnockite, calc-silicate granulite, leptynite, migmatite, gneiss, basic granulite and pegmatite of the Eastern Ghats appear to be the major source for the above heavy mineral assemblages. The samples are amenable to gravity and magnetic methods of beneficiation.     

矽线石成分分析标准物质研制

随着矽线石应用领域的逐步拓展,英国、南非和日本等国家已研制了4种矽线石标准物质,而我国仅有一种矽线石国家二级标准物质,无论从组分的浓度梯度范围还是定值指标等方面,均难以满足我国研究需求。本文针对我国矽线石的分布情况,在黑龙江林口县和河南内乡县采集典型矽线石原矿2种,在黑龙江林口县采集矽线石精矿1种,按照国家一级标准物质研制标准和规范要求,研制了3种矽线石成分分析国家一级标准物质(批准编号为GBW07843、GBW07844、GBW07845)。均匀性检验结果表明,除个别指标(Y-1的TFe_2O_3、Cu和J-1的Mn O等)外,3种标准物质检测指标的F值均小于临界值F0.05(24,25)=1.96,组内和组间无明显差异;Y-1的TFe_2O_3、Cu和J-1的MnO等指标的组内和组间差异主要来源于分析方法误差,由此表明此批标准物质均匀性良好。在14个月考察期内,3种标准物质计算得到的拟合直线斜率b1均不显著,表明3种标准物质有较好的稳定性。经我国10家实验室使用多种分析方法对矿石中的主量元素、痕量元素和矽线石含量(硅铝,SAl_2O_3)等共计39种组分联合定值,各组分的相对扩展不确定度处于0.60%~29.9%区间,3种矽线石标准物质主量成分Al_2O_3的含量分别为25.85%、28.16%和55.06%。该系列矽线石标准物质可满足地质、环境等研究领域相关样品分析质量监控工作的需求。     

青海祁漫塔格矿集区矿产资源可利用性等级评价探索

青海祁漫塔格矿集区成矿条件优越,矿产资源丰富,为了给矿集区矿产资源的开发布局优化提供支撑,通过可利用性等级划分的方法,对该矿集区的部分矿产资源进行了可利用性评价的探索研究。以选矿回收率为依据,分区域、分矿种制定可利用性评价等级表,再根据矿山现场选矿回收率进行“选矿回收率修正值”的计算,对比相应的可利用性评价等级表确定该矿山有用矿物的可利用性等级,最后根据有用矿物的可利用性等级确定该矿山的可利用性等级。结果表明: 祁漫塔格矿集区的15座矿山(矿床)中易利用的占40.00%,中等可利用的占26.67%,难利用的占33.33%。研究结果可为政府矿业部门的管理及开发布局优化提供一定的参考。     

Spatio-temporal variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa in relation to low pressure systems

The summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa occurs mostly due to low pressure systems (LPS) developing over the Bay of Bengal and moving along the monsoon trough. A study is hence undertaken to find out characteristic features of the relationship between LPS over different regions and rain-fall over Orissa during the summer monsoon season (June-September). For this purpose, rainfall and rainy days over 31 selected stations in Orissa and LPS days over Orissa and adjoining land and sea regions during different monsoon months and the season as a whole over a period of 20 years (1980-1999) are analysed. The principal objective of this study is to find out the role of LPS on spatial and temporal variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa. The rainfall has been significantly less than normal over most parts of Orissa except the eastern side of Eastern Ghats during July and hence during the season as a whole due to a significantly less number of LPS days over northwest Bay in July over the period of 1980-1999. The seasonal rainfall shows higher interannual variation (increase in coefficient of variation by about 5%) during 1980-1999 than that during 1901-1990 over most parts of Orissa except northeast Orissa. Most parts of Orissa, especially the region extending from central part of coastal Orissa to western Orissa (central zone) and western side of the Eastern Ghats get more seasonal monsoon rainfall with the development and persistence of LPS over northwest Bay and their subsequent movement and persistence over Orissa. The north Orissa adjoining central zone also gets more seasonal rainfall with development and persistence of LPS over northwest Bay. While the seasonal rainfall over the western side of the Eastern Ghats is adversely affected due to increase in LPS days over west central Bay, Jharkhand and Bangladesh, that over the eastern side of the Eastern Ghats is adversely affected due to increase in LPS days over all the regions to the north of Orissa. There are significant decreasing trends in rainfall and number of rainy days over some parts of southwest Orissa during June and decreasing trends in rainy days over some parts of north interior Orissa and central part of coastal Orissa during July over the period of 1980-1999     

Beneficiation of phosphatic ores through flotation: Review of industrial applications and potential developments

Beneficiation of phosphatic ores through flotation is the general rule for apatitic endogenic ores (Kola, Phalaborwa, Brazil). It also constitutes the most widely used concentration process of sedimentary deposits with a siliceous gangue (Florida, Senegal). On the other hand, sedimentary deposits with a carbonate-bonded phase are not yet subject to industrial exploitation and the various flotation methods are still at the laboratory or pilot experimental stage. Abundant research is being carried out today and one or several methods should be sooner or later applied on a large scale.In the present day, plants make use of direct flotation (generally a fatty acid collector) sometimes followed by reverse flotation of siliceous fines carried away in the froth formed at the first stage. A careful removal of the clays is the rule.The beneficiation of sedimentary ores with carbonate gangue, on the contrary, will be done through reverse flotation of penalising elements.     

Numerical modeling of tide-surge interaction along Orissa coast of India

The Orissa coast of India is one of the most vulnerable regions of extreme sea levels associated with severe tropical cyclones. There was extensive loss of life and property due to the October 1999 super cyclone, which devastated large part of the Orissa coast. The shallow nature of the head bay, presence of a large number of deltas formed by major rivers of Orissa such as Mahanadi and Dhamra, and high tidal range are responsible for storm surge flooding in the region. Specifically, rising and falling tidal phases influence the height, duration, and arrival time of peak surge along the coast. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the tide-surge interaction during the 1999 Orissa cyclone by using nonlinear vertically integrated numerical models. The pure tidal solution for the head bay region of the Bay of Bengal provides the initial condition for the fine resolution nested grid Orissa model. However, the feedback from the Orissa model does not affect the head bay model as the study provides a one-way interaction. Numerical experiments are performed to study the tide-surge interaction by considering various relative phases of the tidal waves with the surge-wave produced by 1999 Orissa cyclone. The comparison, although utilizing only the limited estimates of tidal data, appears adequate to assert that the principal features are reproduced correctly.