高精度磁测在单县龙王庙地区铁矿调查中的应用

阐述了高精度磁测在单县龙王庙地区铁矿调查评价中的应用,高精度磁测的目的是分解早期1∶5万航磁异常,细致反映龙王庙地区磁异常的分布,为该区的铁矿调查评价和成矿预测提供了基础资料。以近年来的高精度磁测工作为基础,该区铁矿深部找矿取得了重大突破,勘查发现了大刘庄大型沉积变质型铁矿,并进行了富有价值的成矿预测,显示出了良好的地质效果。     

小波变换在磁异常分离中的应用——以安徽庐枞矿集区小包庄铁矿床为例

安徽庐枞小包庄铁矿床主矿体位于已知罗河大型铁矿床正下方,埋藏深度达1 500~1 800 m。应用磁异常指导钻探工程布置,需对罗河(上部)铁矿与小包庄(下部)铁矿引起的磁异常进行分离。通过小波变换多尺度分析方法,较好地分离、提取了深部小包庄铁矿引起的低缓异常,其六阶细节异常指导找矿工程布置,见矿效果较好,从而快速、高效发现了一大型磁铁矿床。实践表明,该方法对于分离深埋藏、具垂向叠加铁矿床磁异常是有效的,可推广应用于同类型铁矿床的找矿勘探工作。     

磁法在四川盐源县平川铁矿烂纸厂矿段找矿中的应用

迄今为止,鲜见关于峨眉山玄武岩型工业铁矿床的报道。在平川铁矿外围峨眉山玄武岩中开展地面高精度磁法测量,对磁测资料进行ΔT小波分析、化极、向上延拓、水平总梯度模等处理。在矿区磁场高背景环境下,合理确定异常判识标准,采用2.5维人机交互反演软件对精磁剖面进行反演与推断解释,指导钻孔孔位布设,提高钻孔见矿率。实践证明,只要方法得当,路径正确,在剩磁大于感磁的玄武岩中,也能发现具有一定规模的铁矿床。     

地面磁测与磁测井技术在安徽庐江小包庄铁矿勘探中的应用

安徽庐江小包庄铁矿是近年来发现的深部大型铁矿床,其主矿体位于已探明的大型铁矿罗河铁矿的正下方800～1 000 m处,是在“以矿找矿”思想指导下寻找深部矿产资源的一次重大突破。在罗河铁矿区域的原有地磁异常认识的基础上,运用小波多尺度分解技术处理高精度磁测数据,结果表明该区域的深部第二空间找矿潜力巨大。应用三分量磁测井技术对已有钻孔进行三分量的精细测量和磁异常的特征分析,在钻孔ZK2602深部发现弱磁异常。通过加深钻孔来勘查异常来源,在孔深1 377 m处见厚大的磁铁矿体。根据地面高精度磁测异常和已有钻孔测井分析矿体的延伸、走向、倾向布置钻探工程,见矿效果良好,确定小包庄铁矿的储量属大型矿床,是庐枞地区深部找矿的一次重大突破。     

高精度磁测在山东巨野核桃园铁矿勘查中的应用

为了验证巨野县核桃园地区航磁局部异常,运用地面高精度磁测、勘查线剖面高精度磁测和钻探验证等综合勘查方法进行评价,依据ΔT化极磁异常、高磁剖面异常、垂向导数和水平导数磁异常特征,预测了隐伏铁矿体的空间位置、产状,进而实施钻探工程验证,发现了巨野县核桃园隐伏铁矿床.     

高精度磁测在马家店铁矿找矿中的应用

在柳河马家店铁矿中应用高精度磁法勘探,证明了磁法在寻找磁铁矿上具有显著的效果。文章通过论述磁异常特征,结合本区的地质情况,对所取得的磁异常进行定性研究,同时结合基础地质工作,在磁异常上实施工程验证,成功发现铁矿床,总结该区铁矿成矿规律,为今后物探、地质相结合的综合找矿起到了一定的指导作用。     

辽宁查马屯铁矿的发现及找矿意义

查马屯铁矿是一通过航磁异常筛选、高精度磁测、磁异常研究和钻探工程验证发现的隐伏在中生代火山沉积岩之下的沉积变质型大中型铁矿床。在介绍该矿发现过程及矿床地质特征的基础上,提出了该地区在元古宙冀东辽西裂陷槽发展时期,可能是一个孤岛状隆起,或者与北侧的内蒙古陆连为一体的新认识,为在辽西火山沉积盆地寻找沉积变质铁矿提供了地质依据,并对矿致航磁异常筛选、勘查思路与方法、找矿突破方向进行了探讨,可以为在相似条件下寻找深部隐伏铁矿作为参考和借鉴。     

安徽庐枞矿集区小包庄铁矿床磁异常特征及在勘查中的应用

庐江小包庄铁矿床是在庐枞矿集区内2012年发现的大型磁铁矿床。地面和井中磁异常在矿床的发现和追索控制中发挥了重要作用。研究总结矿床磁异常特征及其与铁矿体分布内在关系,深化磁异常认识,预测矿体的分布,具重要的找矿勘探意义。     

综合找矿方法在东阿单庄BIF型铁矿床勘查中的应用

高精度磁测和井中三分量磁测是行之有效的磁法勘探手段,对于隐伏区BIF型铁矿床勘查更具意义.单庄铁矿是山东省在黄河以北覆盖区发现的一处大-中型条带状磁铁石英岩矿床(banded iron formation,简称BIF),矿体赋存于晚太古代泰山岩群山草峪组,目前已发现矿体20余个,矿体倾向南西,倾角为56°~70°,TFe平均品位为28%,mFe平均品位为22%.以单庄铁矿勘查为例,介绍了在覆盖区BIF型铁矿床勘查中的综合找矿方法.在充分了解区域地质概况和航磁异常等物探成果的基础上,在成矿有利地段实施高精度磁测和磁测剖面测量,选取最优位置进行钻孔验证.本项目的实施结果表明,在钻探过程中或终孔结束前,要重视井中三分量磁测的重要性,因为它对于井下盲矿体的圈定和井中旁侧异常的指示将会起到至关重要的作用.      

磁法勘探在寻找玄武岩盖层下铁矿的应用

长期以来在吉林地区人们一直期盼着在火山岩分布区及玄武岩盖层下寻找铁矿床,但一直没有先例.本文重点介绍了利用地面磁测方法在玄武岩盖层下寻找铁矿床的勘探实例,从而填补了在吉林地区利用磁法勘探寻找玄武岩盖层下铁矿的空白.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.