Moment magnitude determination of local seismic events recorded at selected Polish seismic stations

The paper presents the method of local magnitude determination used at Polish seismic stations to report events originating in one of the four regions of induced seismicity in Poland or its immediate vicinity. The method is based on recalculation of the seismic moment into magnitude, whereas the seismic moment is obtained from spectral analysis. The method has been introduced at Polish seismic stations in the late 1990s but as of yet had not been described in full because magnitude discrepancies have been found between the results of the individual stations. The authors have performed statistics of these differences, provide their explanation and calculate station corrections for each station and each event source region. The limitations of the method are also discussed. The method is found to be a good and reliable method of local magnitude determination provided the limitations are observed and station correction applied.     

On distortion of real values of magnitudes

Summary There are considered magnitude values distortions because of not taking into account the properties of links of the system where seismic waves are excited, spread and registrated. The links are: the source, the medium, the thickness of rocks, forming the upper part of seismo-geological section at the station region, seismic channel and processing methods of considered data. The system links are divided into nonoperating (source, medium) and operating (seismogeological section at the station region, seismic channel parameters, processing methods), which can be changed to a certain extent while registrating seismic oscillations.Strong distortion of narrow band shortperiod and longperiod instrumentation of seismic records is shown. This brings to considerable decreasing magnitude values comparing with the values determined by the records of broad band instrumentation. In order to decrease the magnitude distortion there is recommended the passing to registration. In order to decrease the magnitude distortion there is recommended the passing to registration of seismic oscillations by broad band receiving channels with large dynamic range of 100–120 decibel with magnetic tape digital registration and following processing of the data by the computers.There is pointed out that seismic stations installation at unweathered crystalline rocks is the most favourable, and a special attention is drawn to necessity of correct choice of the processing methods of the net stations data while calculating the averaged magnitude values.At present before the complete passing to broad band digital registration there is suggested to determine magnitudes in the international centers on the data by specially chosen stations supplied by most broad band instrumentation, using existing standard scales, practically coinciding with Gutenberg-Richter's scales.     

新疆北天山非弹性衰减、场地响应及其震源参数研究

本文利用新疆北天山22个数字地震台的地震波形资料,首先采用Atkinson方法得到了北天山Q值随频率f的关系式为Q(f)=465.2f^0.53; 其次采用Moya方法反演得到了22个台站的场地响应,结果显示,绝大多数台站的场地响应在1附近,其中5个台站的场地响应表现出不同程度的放大效应,可能与台基岩性和仪器工作状态有关; 最后用ω平方震源模型计算了161次地震的震源参数,结果表明,在单对数坐标下,161次地震震级(M_S)与地震矩的对数、震源破裂半径、矩震级呈正相关关系、与拐角频率呈负相关关系、与应力降并无明显的依存关系,进而利用震源参数中的应力降时序图,分析了研究区内2次6级地震前后应力降随时间的变化特征: 表现为震前出现高应力异常,震后趋于低值的变化过程。     

2000—2018年全国形变台站周边环境时空变化特征及对垂直摆观测影响分析

利用中国自主研制的全球首套30 m分辨率GlobeLand30地表覆盖产品调查全国定点形变台站周边5 km范围内的土地覆盖类型分布.应用地类面积/变化率、类型转入转出率等指标分析研究区各类型的转移规律,并辅以MODIS土地覆盖年数据集从全国和分区角度揭示2001—2018年间各土地类型时空变化格局,最后以垂直摆倾斜观测...     

Lateral variations of the local magnitude at Ebre station,Northeastern Iberian Peninsula

Since 1984, a seismic surveillance at the Baix Ebre Region (NE of the Iberian Peninsula) has been carried out from a seismic network consisting of two digital and one analog stations. Large discrepancies between the recorded amplitudes and the magnitude estimates given by different agencies have been observed. To explain these discrepancies, that consist of a large reduction of amplitude and a strong dependence of the azimuth, a local magnitude formula for the area has been computed, using the analog records obtained at EBR short-period station. Global results show an average station correction factor between the computed local magnitude and the reported magnitude of the order of 1, presenting large variations around the mean value with a clear dependence on the azimuth. A detailed analysis of this variation around the mean value reveals that earthquakes can be classified according to their location in different geological units, thus obtaining for each zone a distinct station correction factor that can fluctuate as much as 0.6 around the average. These large lateral variations of the magnitude are in good agreement with previous studies of coda-Q attenuation.     

唐山地区震源模型及局部场地效应

本文利用唐山地区强震观测台网在过去几年中记录到的强震数据,采用震源,传播路径和局部场地效应分离方法和非线性曲线拟合技术,模拟了唐山地区的震源参数,计算了唐山地区的绝对局部场地效应。     

不同标度震级关系和台基影响问题探讨

利用近年中国数字地震台网观测报告中的中国及邻区地震目录资料,取能够同时计算面波震级MS和近震震级ML的地震,拟合出2种震级之间的关系,发现与过去使用30余年的换算公式存在系统差别。考虑现代化地震数字观测系统有动态范围大、频带宽、台站多、覆盖区域广、测定精度高的特点,由此拟合的关系应当更可靠。考虑不同误差因素统计面波震级MS和近震震级ML的关系表明,2种震级之间换算和不换算的差别并不大,因此建议MS和ML震级之间不换算为宜。分析地震台站的场地响应发现:一些基岩台的放大因子在1附近,场地响应不随频率变化;处于沉积土层的台站,放大因子在低频段大于1,高频段小于1;还有一些台站在某个频段范围大于1,或者小于1。另外,沉积土层台站的单台震级和台网平均震级差也随周期增大,呈现由负到正的增长趋势。看来并不存在固定的台站校正系数,因此不能把台站校正作为提高震级测定精度的方法。     

利用背景噪声互相关研究汶川地震震源区地震波速度变化

利用2007年3月至2009年3月四川数字地震台网的宽频带连续波形资料,通过计算地震背景噪声互相关提取台站对间的经验格林函数,在0.1～0.5 Hz频带下测量每天经验格林函数与参考经验格林函数的走时偏移,进而得到各台站对在该时段内的相对地震波速度变化.结果表明,2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0级地震造成了震源区地震波速度的急剧降低,最大降幅达0.4%;大致以安县为界,余震带西南部地区在汶川主震后波速降即达到最大值,而东北部地区的最大波速降一般出现在主震后的1~4个月,相对地震波速度变化的这种分段特性与地震序列的时空分布特征有较好的对应关系;在震源区外围的四川盆地也观测到了震后波速降低,而川西高原内部则没有出现显著的波速变化.进一步的分析和计算结果表明主震的静态应力变化和强地面运动引起的地表破坏都不能很好地解释震后波速的急剧降低,地震导致的断层区内部结构破坏和周边介质应力状态改变可能是波速变化的主要原因.     

Detection capability of seismic network based on noise analysis and magnitude of completeness

Assessing the detection threshold of seismic networks becomes of increased importance namely in the context of monitoring induced seismicity due to underground operations. Achieving the maximum possible sensitivity of industrial seismic monitoring is a precondition for successful control of technological procedures. Similarly, the lowest detection threshold is desirable when monitoring the natural seismic activity aimed to imaging the fault structures in 3D and to understanding the ongoing processes in the crust. We compare the application of two different methods to the data of the seismic network WEBNET that monitors the earthquake swarm activity of the West-Bohemia/Vogtland region. First, we evaluate the absolute noise level and its possible non-stationary character that results in hampering the detectability of the seismic network by producing false alarms. This is realized by the statistical analysis of the noise amplitudes using the ratio of 99 and 95 percentiles. Second, the magnitude of completeness is determined for each of the nine stations by analysing the automatic detections of an intensive swarm period from August 2011. The magnitude–frequency distributions of all detected events and events detected at individual stations are compared to determine the magnitude of completeness at a selected completeness level. The resulting magnitude of completeness M _c of most of the stations varies between ?0.9 and ?0.5; an anomalous high M _c of 0.0 is found at the most distant station, which is probably due to inadequate correction for attenuation. We find that while the absolute noise level has no significant influence to the station sensitivity, the noise stationarity correlates with station sensitivity expressed in low magnitude of completeness and vice versa. This qualifies the method of analysing the stationary character of seismic noise as an effective tool for site surveying during the seismic station deployment.     

利用数字化地震波形资料研究山西中南部地区的非弹性衰减系数、震源参数和场地响应

利用遗传算法反演山西中南部地区14个地震震源谱的低频水平、拐角频率和7个台站的场地响应。结果表明,Q(f)与频率的关系是:Q(f)=299.4f0.563;7个基岩台中岢岚、东山、阳城台在3 Hz~6 Hz附近有6~8倍的放大、离石台在2 Hz~10 Hz有2~3倍的放大。标量地震矩M。与ML震级线性相关较好,震源半径在230 m~508 m之间;拐角频率和地震矩之间的关系表现为拐角频率随地震矩的减小而增大;应力降和地震矩之间存在着应力降随地震矩的增大而增大的关系。     

地震阈值监测技术的研究与应用

阈值监测技术是一种利用地震台站实时数据反映台网监测能力变化的方法。对台站数据进行预处理后,计算短时平均值STA作为信号能量的估计来计算震级,由概率统计方法实现对地震台网监测能力变化的动态监测。文中给出了利用短时平均值STA和震中距计算震级的公式;采用新疆地区部分地震台站的数据,并以新疆地震目录给定的ML为准,对相关的地震台站计算震级所需参数进行了标定;最后结合实例说明定点阈值监测技术的应用,分析了新疆专用地震台网在某一时间段内对定点区域的监测能力。     

Seismic doublets and multiplets at Polish coal and copper mines

The following criteria for selection of doublets at Polish coal mines were accepted: the difference in magnitude (based on seismic moment) of two events not larger than 0.15, the distance between their hypocenters not greater than 150 m, and the time interval between their occurrence not longer than 10 days. Similarly, the criteria for seismic events at copper mines are: the difference in magnitude not exceeding 0.15, the distance not greater than 200 m, and the time interval not longer than 20 days. Seismic events from the Wujek and Ziemowit coal mines that occurred between 1993 and 1995, and seismic events from the Polkowice copper mine that occurred between 1994 and 1996 and from the Rudna copper mine that occurred between 1994 and 2004 were considered. Their source parameters and focal mechanisms were known in most cases from previous studies. Altogether 108 seismic pairs from coal mines and 118 pairs from copper mines were found, forming doublets, triplets and quadruplets, within the magnitude range from 0.7 to 3.5. The distance and time intervals between two events forming pairs are not dependent on magnitude of these events. The focal mechanism of seismic events forming pairs is similar in over 60 percent of pairs at coal mines and in about one third of pairs at copper mines. Spatial distributions of doublets in particular sections of coal and copper mines display dominant linear trends, characteristic for a given area, which are often in conformity with the direction of nodal planes determined by fault plane solution of one or both the events forming a doublet. In such cases, the rupture plane can be discriminated among the nodal planes.     

广西测震台网台站地方性震级偏差分析

选用广西数字化测震台网2008—2020年记录的广西及邻区1 251个M_L ≥ 2.0地震事件震相资料,采用震级残差统计方法,获取广西51个地震台单台震级与台网平均震级的平均偏差和标准差,分析观测仪器类型、台基场地响应和震中距等因素对震级偏差的影响,进而提出台基校正值,修正区域量规函数。结果发现,南宁、天等、北海等15个地震台站的震级偏大,桂林、贺州、天峨等16个地震台站的震级偏小,崇左、灵山、平果等20个地震台站震级适中;在单台震级共14 784个样本中,震级偏差集中在-0.4—0.4,呈正态分布;震级偏差受台基场地响应和震中距因素影响明显,当场地响应值大于1.0时震级偏大,小于1.0时震级偏小,等于1.0时震级较为适合,当震中距在70 km范围内时单台震级偏小,当震中距在70—300 km时单台震级较为适合,当震中距在300—550 km时,单台震级稍有偏大。修正后的区域量规函数和台基校正值,可有效提高广西测震台网测定震级的准确性。     

广东省台网震级ML的台站校正值

利用广东省地震台网多年的观测资料,选取了481个地震的数据计算了19个台站的M_L震级校正值。初步的结果表明,震级校正值受震中距、震级等因素影响较小,可以满足实际工作要求。     

首都圈数字地震台网对微弱爆破信号的检测能力

利用首都圈数字地震台网接收人工地震信号,进行地下结构研究具有重要意义.但人工震源释放的能量小,激发的地震波以短周期为主,因此本文较全面地研究了地震台网对短周期微弱信号（1～20 Hz）的检测能力：(1) 分析了台网的背景噪声,结果表明基岩台址的地震台噪声比沉积盖层台址的地震台噪声低约13 dB,这相当于近1个震级的检测阈值;夜间的噪声比白天低约5 dB;噪声有逐年增高的趋势,2006年比2001年噪声提高约4 dB.(2 )分析了在台网内进行的药量为25 kg的陆地井下爆破实验,一次爆破相当于0.69级（M_L）的天然地震,有18个地震台可辨认爆炸产生的Pg、Pm或Pc波;离爆破点218 km的基岩台,仍可以接收到振幅只有1.6 nm 的Pm波,这个结果可为地震勘探实际工作提供参考.(3) 研究了台网外核爆试验的信号特征,2006年发生在朝鲜的地下核试验是一次检验台网检测微弱信号能力的好机会.波形记录经1～5Hz滤波后,台网中噪声小的18个基岩台可以清晰辨认核爆破产生的P波或Lg波,P波平均振幅为16 nm,计算的平均震级为m_b4.3,和NEIC给出的震级相同;分析还表明背景噪声是影响台站信号检测能力的主要因素之一.     

汶川8.0级大地震前电磁扰动异常变化特征初步研究

利用电磁波扰动理论,研究汶川5·12大地震前,金河、剑阁、二砂3个台站的电磁波异常变化特征。结果表明:①震前3个台站均出现电磁扰动异常,以金河、剑阁地震台显著;②电磁扰动前兆异常在时间进程上有明显的阶段性变化;③随距震中距半径的增大,电磁扰动值逐步衰减。     

利用PMC方法评估地震台阵的地震检测能力——以西昌流动地震台阵为例

为实现对高密度、宽频带流动地震台阵地震检测能力的实时、不同深度评估,本研究采用"基于概率的完整性震级"(PMC)方法,以西昌流动地震台阵为例,对2013-01-13—2014-05-14期间平均的地震检测能力、不同震源深度检测能力,以及某一时刻的实时地震检测能力进行了评估.结果表明,PMC方法可识别地震观测资料处理中人为因素对地震检测能力的影响,不同震源深度下地震的检测能力存在差异,其中H=7.5 km时,"网内"的完整性震级MP可达ML0.8,而在H=15.0 km和25.0 km时,"网内"的MP分别为ML1.0和ML1.4.在示例的2014-01-14时刻,非正常运行的台站造成地震检测能力的变化可被清晰识别出.此外,与MAXC和EMR等其它常用方法的对比表明,这些方法可能过高估计了地震台阵的检测能力.     

Asymmetrical pulses, the periodicity and synchronization of low frequency microseisms

Seismic records of eight IRIS broadband stations were analyzed at distances of 70 to 7160 km from the magnitude 8.3 Hokkaido earthquake of September 25, 2003. The stations situated in the subduction zone recorded asymmetrical microseismic pulses lasting 3–10 min a few days before the earthquake. No such pulses were observed in the records of the stations situated outside the subduction zone. Similar pulses were also recorded before the magnitude 7.8 Kronotskii, Kamchatka earthquake of 1997. The pulses are hypothesized to have been caused by creeping movements. Synchronous oscillations of microseismic noise with periods of 1–3 h were recorded as far as 3000 km from the Hokkaido earthquake a few days before it occurred. The noise coherence measure increased for stations closer to the epicenter. The question of the source of this coherence remains open. These effects belong to the class of those occurring in dissipative metastable systems; parts of the terrestrial lithosphere during the precursory periods of seismic catastrophes seem to be such systems.     

基于噪声谱比法的福建台网观测台站的场地响应研究

应用噪声谱比法, 收集了福建台网观测台站记录的地脉动噪声数据, 计算分析了85个观测台站的场地响应． 根据场地响应曲线形态将福建台网观测台站分为4类, 并简要分析了影响台站场地响应结果的因素． 计算结果表明, 福建台网观测台站台基情况普遍较好, 在台站观测频带内场地响应曲线平坦, 大部分台站均没有明显的频率放大点． 本文采用H/V谱比法与Moya方法所获得的37个台站的场地响应结果基本一致, 仅有少数台站存在较大差异． 应用场地响应分析结果, 结合计算震级时所量取的周期, 对福建台网观测台站的单台震级校正值进行了估计, 并与统计方法获得的单台震级校正值进行了比对． 结果表明, 两种方法获得的台站震级校正值存在一定的相关性, 但由于考虑的影响因素不同, 具体的台站震级校正值尚存在差别．      

新疆地区地震目录最小完整性震级和台网科学布局研究

地震目录的最小完整性震级M.是地震学中最基础、最重要的研究内容之一,也是地震观测台网效能评估的关键.本文对构造活动剧烈、地震活动水平高、台站地理分布复杂的新疆地区开展M研究,试图为该地区的地震危险性评估和台站科学布局等研究提供参考资料.基于新疆地震台网发展的5个阶段划分,采用基于G-R关系的交互式分析方法,研究了M.的...