The mechanism of regional gravity changes before and after the Tangshan earthquake

ＴｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｇｒａｖｉｔｙｃｈａｎｇｅｓｂｅｆｏｒｅａｎｄａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＲＵＩ－ＨＡＯＬＩ（李瑞浩）ＪＩＡＮ－ＬＩＡＮＧＨＵＡＮＧ（黄建梁）ＨＵＩＬＩ（李辉）ＤＯＮＧ－ＳＨＥＮＧ...     

1975年海城地震和1976年和林格尔强震与1976年唐山大震的关系讨论

从北纬40°纬向地震带活动的关系探讨了华北3次强震发生的同时性的原因,这条EW向地震带首先发生的地震传递的能量促使唐山积累了发震能量,而另一条由邢台、河间NE走向的下地壳蠕滑断层的能量传至唐山断层后,解锁了该孕震断层,从而发生了唐山大震。地震波的触发作用也是同步的另一个原因,除了震动的断层面的直接触发之外,对组合模式中单地震波的积累与调整也会产生触发作用而改变其性质。另外还从中国8级大地震发生的25年周期讨论了同步性。     

太原ML5.0级地震前后的重力场变化

讨论了2002年9月3日太原ML5.0级地震前后重力场的变化.震前2001年12月～2002年6月重力场表现为上升-下降-上升及平静-活动-平静的活动方式.部分测点点值、测段段差值的趋势性异常在持续相当长时间后,于2002年3月发生转折,6月表现为变化加速,点值和段差值的变化幅值在(30～60)×10-8m·s-2之间,地震发生在加速变化过程中.震后该区的重力异常逐渐恢复.重力变化可能是由该区地壳形变、地壳深部质量迁移和断层蠕动共同作用引起的.     

1976年唐山地震前的中源地震前兆研究

研究了唐山地震发生前的12年以上h≥33．1km地震的活动特征,得知唐山地震前确实存在中源地震前兆MDE;其最主要的特点是：大地震发生前几年,发生多次h≥60km的中源地震,特别是100km左右或大于100km的中源地震,是可能发生板内大地震的前兆信号。文中还研究了唐山MDE的一些具体特征。     

1976年唐山地震前后华北地区现代构造应力场的时空变化特征

通过对华北地区1963～1998年间126个地震(Ms≥4.7)震源机制解的逐一筛选,运用逐次收敛法对中国华北地区现代构造应力场进行了反演分析,发现该地区现代构造应力场的方向在时间和空间上存在着较为明显的演变特征①中等主应力σ2基本上是近垂直的,最大主应力σ1和最小主应力σ3都接近水平,σ1、σ3的方位在时间和空间上则存在着一定的变化;②1976年唐山地震以前,该地区现代构造应力场的方向基本一致,最大主应力σ1的方位角为68°(北东东向);③1976年唐山地震以后,华北地区现代构造应力场的方向发生了一定的变化,华北北部地区和郯庐断裂带以东地区现代构造应力场的方向没有明显改变,最大主应力σ1的方向仍为北东东向,方位角保持68°不变,而华北中南部地区最大主应力σ1的方位则发生了顺时针的转动,方位角变为87°(近东西向).     

1976年唐山7.8级地震前地下水位变化与地震成核过程的关系

探索地震成核过程的野外观测证据对地震成核研究及地震短临预测实践具有重要的科学意义和现实意义.本文收集了1976年唐山7.8级地震发震断层附近密集的地下水位观测资料,回溯了唐山7.8级地震发生前后的地下水位变化,对比分析了地下水位变化和地震成核的相关研究结果.结果表明,唐山7.8级地震前后地下水位存在显著的中期、短期、临...     

The Haicheng,China, earthquake of 4 February 1975; the first successfully predicted major earthquake

The earthquake of magnitude 7.3 that occurred near the town of Haicheng in north-east China on 4 February 1975 was the first major earthquake anywhere in the world known to have been predicted with enough certainty for people to have been warned, and measures taken for civil protection. These steps were successful in keeping the number of casualties small. This paper describes a visit to the affected area seven and a half months after the earthquake, and discussions with Chinese scientists about their successful prediction methods. The prediction resulted from the synthesis of many types of investigation, but the main methods used for long-, mid- and short-term prediction appear to have been based on studies of seismicity, deformation and foreshocks respectively.     

Features of fractal dimension anomaly of radon content in underground water in North China before and after the 1976 Tangshan earthquake

ＦｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｆｒａｃｔａｌｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｎｏｍａｌｙｏｆｒａｄｏｎｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒｉｎＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａｂｅｆｏｒｅａｎｄａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅ１９７６ＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＣｈａｎｇ－Ｃｈｕ...     

Analysis of foreshock sequence of the 1975 Haicheng earthquake ofM S 7.3

The “earthquake nucleation” is discussed in this paper. The acceleration is a property of the nucleation phase and is a necessary condition of earthquake instability too. If the acceleration property of this nucleating process is described by the equation dΘ/dt=C/(t _f?t) ⁿ , the process can be summarized briefly that the rate of cumulative seismic release is proportional to the inverse power of the remaining time to failure. Based on this principle, the foreshock sequence of the 1975 Haicheng earthquake withM _S7.3, was analysed backward. It is stated clearly that the time-to-failure and magnitude of the mainshock can be predicted successfully if the coefficientr ² attains to the maximum. In the estimation of mainshock time, the error can generally be less than, or far less than, one-half the remaining time between the time of the last used data point and the mainshock.     

Analysis of foreshock sequence of the 1975 Haicheng earthquake of Ms 7.3

Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｆｏｒｅｓｈｏｃｋｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅ１９７５ＨａｉｃｈｅｎｇｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｏｆＭｓ７．３Ｚｈａｏ－ＲｏｎｇＺＵＯ（左兆荣）；Ｊｉａｎ－ＰｉｎｇＷＵ（吴建平）ａｎｄＺｈｉ－ＬｉｎｇＷＵ（巫志玲）（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆ...     

1976年7月唐山7．8级地震的震前地温突升异常

通过对唐山地震气象背景分析,揭示了唐山和昌黎两个测站的80cm地温日变率在震前4天分别突升1．1℃和1．2℃。对这种异常现象进行了天气气候分析,震中区与外围站对比分析以及滤波分析等,并论证为是来自地下深处影响所致。还对震前地温突升成因给与一定的解释。     

邢台、渤海、海城和唐山大地震震中区现今应变场的基本特征

根据近十多年来华北地区GPS网的观测资料,分别计算了邢台、渤海、海城和唐山4次Ms7级以上大地震震中区现今应变场的主应变参数。计算结果表明,由GPS观测得到的邢台、渤海、海城、唐山地震震中区的主压应变轴方向与震前震中及周围地区的主压应力轴方向是一致的或基本上是一致的,这说明震中区的局部应力场经过震后30~40年的调整,震中区局部的应力场已基本上与区域应力场趋于一致。当前,邢台地震区主压应变率很小为-0.352×10-9/yr,主张应变率较大为3.306×10-9/yr,张应变占绝对优势,地壳处于拉张状态;在渤海地震区,主压应变率为2.593×10-9/yr,比主张应变率(2.947×10-9/yr)略小一些,二者比较接近;在海城地震区,主压应变率为1.276×10-9/yr,小于主张应变率(2.940×10-9/yr),地壳以张应变为主;在唐山地震区,主压应变率为4.539×10-9/yr,大于主张应变率(3.477×10-9/yr),压应变占优势。     

Tectonic setting of the seismogeny of the 1976 Tangshan, China M =7.8 earthquake

ｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｏｆＪｕｌｙ２８,１９７６ｈａｄａｌｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｄｔｈｅｃｉｔｙｏｆＴａｎｇｓｈａｎ．ＴｈｅｓｈｏｃｋｓｐｒｅａｄｏｖｅｒＴｉａｎｊｉｎａｎｄＢｅｉｊｉｎ...     

汶川M_S8.0地震前后的重力场动态变化

利用国家重大科学工程"中国地壳运动观测网络"1998—2008年绝对重力和相对重力的观测资料,获得了南北地震带地区的重力场及其动态变化,从动态的观点研究了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前后区域重力场演化特征及其与地震活动的关系.重力场变化既具有时-空分布的不均匀性,同时又具有与活动断裂构造密切相关和与地震孕育发展有着内在联系.重力场动态变化图象较清晰地反映了汶川大地震孕育、发生过程中出现的重力前兆信息.     

Regional study of the anomalous change in apparent resistivity before the Tangshan earthquake (M=7.8, 1976) in China

Electrical resistivity measurements have been conducted as a possible means for obtaining precursory earthquake information. Before five great earthquakes (M>7,h<25 km) in China, the apparent resistivity _a showed systematic variations within a region 200 km from the epicenters. In particular, 9 stations in the Tangshan-Tianjin-Beijing region prior to the Tangshan earthquake (M=7.8,h=11 km, 27 July 1976) showed a consistent decrease of apparent resistivity around the epicenter, with a maximum resistivity change of 6% and a period of variation of 2–3 years. Simultaneous water table observations in this region showed a declining water table, and ground surface observations indicated a slight (5 mm) uplift in the epicenter region relative to its surroundings.In order to develop an explanation for the observed change of apparent resistivity associated with these great earthquakes, we have used Archie's Law to explore the effects of changes in rock porosity, water content and electrolyte resistivity on measured resistivity.Tentative conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) the apparent resistivity change is opposite to the effect expected from the simultaneous water table trend; (2) the dilatancy needed to give such resistivity variations (assuming Archie's Law holds) is much larger than that needed to explain the observed uplift (by 2–3 orders of magnitude); (3) salinity change in the pore electrolyte is a possible explanation for the variation in resistivity: an increase in the salinity would cause a proportional decrease in resistivity; the data needed to test this hypothesis, however, are lacking; and (4) the effect of changing geometry of rock pores or cracks due to pressure solution may provide an explanation for the decrease in apparent resistivity; it is different in nature from the effect of a volume change in response to stress although the geometry change is also closely related to the stress change.     

The environment shear stress field for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence

（陈培善，肖磊，白彤霞，王溪莉）Ｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｈｅａｒｓｔｒｅｓｓｆｉｅｌｄｆｏｒｔｈｅ１９７６Ｔａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ￥Ｐｅｉ－ＳｈａｎＣＨＥＮ；ＬｅｉＸＩＡＯ；Ｔｏｎｇ－ＸｉａＢＡＩａｎｄＸｉ－ＬｉＷＡ...     

用形变资料反演1976年唐山地震序列的破裂分布

1976年唐山发生了7.8级地震,相继又发生了两次大余震——滦县7.1级地震和宁河6.9级地震.地震发生在观测条件比较好的地区,水准测量和三角测量测得了地震的同震位移场.本研究采用原始水准测量数据,而不是采用根据水准数据处理的地面沉降图像,和三角测量数据反演了该地震序列的破裂分布.模型构建中考虑了滦县地震和宁河地震的断层形态和大小.结果表明,唐山地震主震断层有明显的右旋走滑性质,最大走向滑动错距>6 m,位于断层南段,北段的走滑分量明显小于南段.主震总地震矩达2.58×10²⁰N·m,与地震波反演得到的地震矩的量级相当;滦县地震断层总体表现为左旋正断层,释放地震矩达4.95×10¹⁹N·m;宁河地震断层总体表现为右旋正断层,释放地震矩达3.94×10¹⁹N·m,比地震波反演的地震矩大一个量级.据此可以推测唐山地震的无震滑移主要发生在宁河地震断层的西部上,滑动性质以正断层为主.该结果对于唐山地震序列后的动力学演变过程及余震发生机理有一定参考.

     

唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究

根据前人对唐山地震破裂分布、地壳波速和粘性结构的研究,考虑局部应力场、孔隙流体压力和断层附近软介质的影响,计算了唐山地震产生的,投影到后续大余震断层面和滑动方向上的库仑破裂应力变化。结果表明,随后发生的滦县地震和宁河地震均发生在唐山地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化为正的区域。为研究唐山地震、滦县地震和宁河地震对后续小震的触发作用,根据前人对该地区构造应力场和地震破裂分布的研究,假定构造应力量值为10 MPa,求得了震源附近各处可能的小震震源机制。将上述3次地震产生的应力变化投影到可能的小震破裂面和滑动方向上,发现唐山地震、滦县地震和宁河地震产生的正库仑破裂应力变化的ldquo;蝴蝶rdquo;形分布与后续小震发生的空间分布具有较好的一致性,95%的余震发生在库仑破裂应力变化增加的区域,说明唐山地震序列中前面的大震对后续小震的发生起到了调制作用。该研究结果对大震后余震的危险性快速评估具有一定意义。如果大地震发生后能够快速确定详细的破裂分布和震源区域详细断层及滑动特性资料,本文方法可用来预测未来大余震的发震位置。      

Numerical simulation for 1975 Haicheng and 1999 Xiuyan earthquake processes by DDA+FEM

Introduction The Xiuyan earthquake(MS=5.4)on Nov.29,1999,occurred between Hushan town and Pi-anling town at the southeast end of the aftershocks of Haicheng earthquake(MS=7.3).These two earthquakes′sequences are highly similar in the way that the foreshocks are very frequent,focal mechanisms of the main shocks are about the same and fault strikes are approximately in the same direction.It is important to study these earthquakes for further research on seismogenesis to fore-cast earthquake…     

利用模板匹配技术识别大岗山水库库区爆破事件

采用匹配定位方法,利用大岗山水库库区及附近（29.2°—29.9°N,101.9°—102.5°E）5次已知爆破事件对2014年3月1日至2015年12月31日内连续波形进行模板检测与定位,经过人工复核后共获取23次疑爆事件,这些事件与模板事件间有较高的相关性,相关系数达0.773 4,匹配后疑爆事件数为模板数的4.6倍,提高了对疑爆事件的识别率,同时剔除了原地震目录中人工误判的8次疑爆事件,有效地提高了地震编目质量。将匹配出来的疑爆事件及距离最近的台站记录到的NS向波形分别在Google Earth上投影,从影像图上可见扫描出的事件附近存在采石场或蓄水前修建大坝的场地,较符合爆破实际情况,重定位偏离量基本在0.5 km之内。研究认为,利用匹配定位的方法,能有效地区分不同类型的地震活动。