Wide-band feedback seismometers

The effects of feedback in seismometers are summarised and the responsivities and detectivities of various open-and closed-loop instruments are compared and discussed. It is concluded that the most satisfactory system is displacement force-feedback employing a capacitive displacement transducer.Details are given of a Willmore Mk III(a) short-period seismometer which has been converted to a wide-band force-feedback instrument by the addition of a capacitive transducer. It provides a wide-band response flat to acceleration from d.c. to 25 Hz, with a theoretical detection level of 10^?10 m s^?2$\text{Hz}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ and a dynamic range of 140 dB. Wide-band velocity, long-period narrow-band or short-period responses are easily obtained by filters outside the loop. The instrument has been compared with standard seismometers over a period of several months, and found to compare satisfactorily when enclosed in a small pressure vessel.     

Seismometer self-noise estimation using a single reference instrument

A new method is presented for the self-noise estimation of a seismometer using a single, side-by-side, reference instrument and taking into consideration the misalignment in the orientation of both seismometers. The self-noise of seismometers is extracted directly from the measurements without using any information relating to the transfer functions. This procedure can be applied if the self-noise of the reference seismometer is well known and defined, or if the self-noise of the reference seismometer is sufficiently below the self-noise of the tested instrument and can be neglected. The latter case applies to this study. An algorithm is also developed where we apply self-noise data in order to determine the orientation misalignment between two seismometers, which is then resolved in three-dimensional space. This new method provides an estimate of the self-noise and can also be used to extract some parameters of the installed seismic system in comparison with the reference seismic system, such as generator constants and seismometer orientation or to eliminate unwanted noise sources, which have their origin in the seismic station’s design. The new technique was applied to the CMG-3ESPC and CMG-40T seismometers, where an STS-2 instrument served as the reference seismometer.     

The development and analysis of 3D transformation matrices for two seismometers

The records of ground motion, measured by broadband seismometers, serve for a wide range of scientific research activities. Accordingly, the knowledge of key parameters of seismometers is important for providing reliable results. In most common quality control procedures, the tested seismometer is installed side by side with the reference seismometer. Then, a three-dimensional matrix transforming recordings from one unit to another is needed. The quality of a design of this transformation matrix depends on the mathematical background of a chosen procedure, on the quality of a recorded seismic signal, and on the used bandwidth. In this paper, we present five different mathematical techniques to calculate transformation matrices. One of these techniques is applied in the time domain while the four others use the frequency domain. The methods were verified by two different cases, where different pairs of seismometers were installed on different locations. In all cases, the procedure, reducing the “average” self-noise gives the best result, regards to the decision criteria.     

A method for calculating the transfer function of digital seismograph system

With the development of science and technology, the digital seismograph system has been adopted in largequantities for earthquake observation in China in recent years, which will replace gradually the original analogseismograph system. This is a big leap in the earthquake observation. The digital seismograph system make it pos-sible for us to perform fast great earthquake reports, obtain more information from earthquake records, whichcomes from the Earth interior media and the source process, and carry out further the researches on seismic sci-ence.……     

Determination of a seismometer’s generator constant, azimuth, and orthogonality in three-dimensional space using a reference seismometer

To accurately predict the performance of a seismometer, knowledge of its key parameters is required. We present a new method that requires a single reference instrument to estimate some of the important parameters of the seismometer, such as the ratio of the generator constants, the orthogonality deviation, and the rotation in space and in the horizontal plane with regards to the reference instrument. The procedure is performed in the three-dimensional spaces where the Euler rotation theorem is applied in order to define a transformation, which is then used to transform the detection of the reference seismometer as well as the detection of the instrument under test. The estimated transformation matrix is defined as an upper triangular matrix, where its elements contain the information regarding the parameters of the tested seismometer, which are then evaluated using the Euler angles. The new method has been verified on a pair consisting of two STS-2 seismometers and on a pair consisting of one CMG-3T and one STS-2 seismometer.     

用函数变换设计速度传感反馈地震计

短周期地震计主要用于观测地方性的微小地震,用速度传感器设计的反馈式短周期的地震计的工作参数稳定性不好,是国内外观测实践都证实了的问题。借鉴位移传感反馈地震计工作参数偏差较低的思路,介绍了通过采用函数变换方法设计速度传感反馈地震计的解决方案。用函数变换方法设计的速度传感反馈地震计,既实现了加大负反馈深度又不降低噪声指标的双重目标,有加深负反馈和由闭环反馈生成的闭环周期位于通带外的优点。即便是机械摆受到环境变化的影响或随时间推移而出现了漂移或老化,其对通带内的幅频特性的影响亦较小。由函数变换电路生成摆函数的工作周期及工作阻尼与机械摆的参数完全无关,仅取决于变换电路中的两个电阻和两个电容的精度。     

地震台阵流动地震仪的检测与标定方法研究

流动地震仪组成的台阵观测系统已经成为地下结构、物性探测的基本工具,高质量观测数据的获取是以地震仪的性能为基础的。本文结合中国地震科学探测台阵系统建设与维护实践,介绍了科学探测台阵系统采用的几项检测标定技术,包括超低频振动台标定、仪器一致性组网检测、白噪声标定和现场快速仪器检测,形成了一套适合地震流动台阵仪器的检测标定方法,并在观测实践中获得较好的应用。     

台阵地震计程控化正弦标定系统设计

为满足台阵地震计标定要求,通过对程控化标定测控仪和标定测控软件的研究,采用一种适用于台阵地震计的程控化正弦标定方法,对中国地震局地球物理勘探中心负责管理的台阵地震计进行标定。台阵地震计标定实验结果显示,采用程控化正弦标定方法,在缩短标定时长、提高标定效率方面具有显著效果。     

山西测震台网地震计工作状态检测及故障原因分析

以山西省测震台网部分台站使用的地震计为研究对象,选取一段时间的脉冲标定波形数据进行计算,根据脉冲标定处理结果分析得出地震计工作周期和阻尼变化的特点及原因,结合测震台网运行与维护实际工作经验,提出了检测地震计工作状态的思路和方法.实践证明,采用定期检测地震记周期和阻尼的变化可以在一定程度上反映出测震台站地震计运行的工作状...     

KFD——宽频带大动态反馈地震计的设计和性能

我们设计了一种便携式的宽频带反馈地震计,并与标准长周期地震计(763)及力平衡式宽频带反馈地震计(STS-1V,STS-1H)作了比较,并在不同干扰环境及工作条件下进行了考验.结果是令人满意的.地震计由一台垂直向和两台水平向组成.其惯性质量为0.8kg,自然机械振动周期为15s(秒),机械品质因素约为50.用一差动电容位移换能器将惯性质量的位移变化转变成电信号,而加于电磁系统的反馈使质量维持在它的平衡位置附近.该仪器在其通带范围内具有平坦的位移频响特性.这由反馈网络决定,它相当于一个具有30s 自然周期的位移传感长周期(LP)地震计加上截止频率为0.03s 的二阶低通滤波器系统.该仪器的动态范围为100dB,阻尼为0.8.设计中着重考虑便携性,安装方便以及对环境干扰的有效屏蔽及低功耗.      

用微型地下室坑式摆墩方式解决BBVS-60宽频带地震计零漂问题

分析了在四川省西昌数字测震台网"十五"项目中安装BBVS-60和CMG-3ESPC三分向宽频带地震计记录时遇到的零漂问题。通过实例证明了在一体化的地表观测房中,通过修建微型地下室构筑坑式摆墩的方法,能够有效解决由于环境变化产生的宽频带地震计记录时遇到的零漂问题,确保宽频带地震计正常记录工作。优点有:(1)满足了宽频带地震计对观测环境条件的要求;(2)大幅度降低了工程造价;(3)便于地震计维护;(4)有效地降低了地表噪声水平。     

Whale watching: effects of strong signals on Lippmann style seismometers

In 1982, Erich Lippmann patented a brilliant method to extend the frequency response of seismometers with an electromagnetic transducer. Adopted by Lennartz Electronic, this single-coil velocity-feedback strategy appears in a large part of the German company production. In case of strong signals from near events, seismometers using the Lippmann method may produce recordings with a characteristic ‘whale-shape’. The article examines the Personal Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (PSPICE) model of an S13 seismometer treated with the Lippmann method, as well as a prototype built in INGV, and shows the effect of strong signals on them.     

喀什基准台宽频带井下和地表地震计记录数据对比研究

对比分析喀什基准台麦盖提井下和相邻地表宽频带地震计记录的背景噪声、麦盖提M_L3.1近震和棉兰老岛M_L6.6远震波形记录以及功率谱,并进一步研究了相关的震级差和台站下方结构。研究结果表明,井下和地表地震计记录到的波形特征和功率谱既存在相似性,又具有差异性;井下地震计记录的近、远震波形更清晰、简洁,且功率谱也相对较低。麦盖提台站下方地壳厚度约50km,井下地震计下方59m和地表地震计下方47m深度范围内的平均S波速度分别为0.59km/s和0.47km/s。井下地震计得到的近震和远震震级分别比地表地震计得到的震级小0.518和0.025。本文研究结果对合理布设地表和井下地震计,以及利用其观测数据进行地震学研究具有一定的指示意义。     

Adaptation of the S-5-S pendulum seismometer for measurement of rotational ground motion

The Russian electrodynamic seismometer model S-5-S has been adapted for the measurement of rotational ground motion. The mechanical system of the original S-5-S seismometer consists of electrodynamic sensing and damping transducer coils mounted on an asymmetrical double-arm pendulum. This pendulum is suspended on a footing using two pairs of crossed flat springs, which operate as the axis of rotation. The pendulum is stabilised by an additional spring. The S-5-S can be used either as a vertical or as a horizontal sensor. The adaptation of the S-5-S seismometer described below involves removal of the additional spring and installation of an additional mass on the damping arm. Strain gauge angle sensors are installed on one pair of the crossed flat springs. The main dynamic parameters of the rotational seismometer created in this way, i.e. the natural period and damping, are controlled electronically by feedback currents proportional to the angular displacement and angular velocity, both fed to the damping transducer coil. This new seismometer, named the S-5-SR, enables measurement of the rotational component of ground motion around the horizontal or the vertical axes. The output signal from this S-5-SR seismometer can be proportional either to rotational displacement or rotational velocity.     

速度传感反馈地震计的参数稳定性分析

从理论上定量分析机械摆和环路滤波等开环诸参数变化对速度传感反馈地震计闭环参数的影响.研究指出,在环路设计中可半自由选取的开环阻尼取值对参数稳定性有重要影响.过大或过小的开环阻尼取值均可能造成参数稳定性急剧变差,影响地震计在只标不调的状况下长期连续稳定工作.     

地震计位置校正

地震计与授时和定位用的GPS天线的分离,造成地震计位置的误差,这种现象在地震计置于山洞的地震台中是普遍存在的,对于井下地震计来说,在高度上也有300m左右的误差。结合邯郸台网的具体情况,分析了台站地震计位置普遍存在误差的现象,给出一种简单的校正方法,并对涉县台地震计位置进行校正,最后讨论地震计位置的偏差对地震定位的影响。     

井下地震计方位角检测技术应用研究

本文利用波形相关分析法对井下地震计方位角检测精度及一致性进行分析研究.研究中在地表布设地震计进行不同距离、不同频带多套地震计方位角检测对比测试,并在四川泸州、宁夏灵武、陶乐、河南安阳、清丰、陕西定边等6个分别安装井下甚宽频带、宽频带、短周期地震计的台站,进行地表同台址不同频带多套地震计与井下地震计方位角检测及一致性对比测试.根据全球噪声模型1~10s之间存在明显的噪声峰值的特点,对测试数据进行0.2~0.3Hz带通滤波和仿真处理,通过分析得出,对于不同地震计组合,测试地震计方位角检测结果一致性较好,根据地表不同距离、不同频带地震计组合的检测精度和地脉动记录的特点,认为井下地震计方位角检测精度优于4°.     

地动噪声功率谱及动态范围的一致性分析

在和田地震台阵中心子台安放9台CMG-40T型短周期地震计,采用EDAS-24IP数据采集器进行数据采集。对同一时段观测数据的地动噪声功率谱、动态范围等参数进行测定,并对测定结果进行对比,在使用者的角度分析该类型地震计的一致性。     

江苏省测震台网井下地震计方位角检测

为获取江苏省测震台网井下地震计精确方位角,架设地面参考地震计,将其精确指北,并与井下地震计检测结果进行对比,利用相关分析法计算22个深井台站精度较高的方位角。研究结果表明,受多因素制约,井下地震计检测结果普遍偏差较大,部分台站水平向分量几乎反向,如提井,需重新进行方位角检测;地面与井下地震计同频带有利于提高相关性,从而获取高精度检测结果;利用不同频带地震计进行井下地震计方位角检测时,对较宽频带地震计进行仿真处理尤为重要;溧阳2台站新建井下地震计检测结果表明相关分析法可应用于井下地震计方位角检测;尽可能选择台基噪声功率谱密度曲线具有明显波峰频段作为滤波频段,有利于提高地面与井下地震计观测数据相关性,提高方位角检测精度。     

基于Matlab的地震计自噪声计算可视化软件设计

基于Matlab的GUI开发环境,采用三仪器法设计地震计自噪声可视化软件,通过对3台地震计同背景同时段原始波形数据进行去均值、去趋势值等一序列数据处理,并运用Welch平均周期法计算噪声功率谱密度,最终绘制完成自噪声功率谱密度曲线。选取山东省临沂市马陵山比测基地作为软件测试地点,以2组各3套地震计(STS2.5、BBVS-120地震计)观测系统作为测试样本,进行地震计自噪声分析,结果发现,STS2.5和BBVS-120型地震计UD向自噪声功率谱曲线在0.04—2 Hz频带内均低于NLNM,表明地震计噪声性能良好,从而验证了软件的可行性与准确性。