声波测井中首波与次首波的理论研究

本文讨论了裸眼井中由点状声源激发的首波与次首波问题,认为:首波与次首波分别是以地层纵波速度V_c和地层横波速度V_s传播的几何衰减波。同时给出了泄漏波的解析式,而泄漏纵波和泄漏横波的截止频率分别为远场处的首波与次首波的传播特征频率。     

海底滑坡对天然气水合物和游离气分布及富集的影响

三维地震和随钻测井数据表明在珠江口盆地南部发育了海底滑坡、天然气水合物和游离气,是研究海底滑坡对天然气水合物和游离气分布与富集影响的典型区域.本文基于有效介质模型与阿尔奇方程计算了饱和水层的纵波速度和电阻率,并与实测的纵波速度和电阻率对比,识别了天然气水合物层和多个游离气层.结合三维地震数据的相干、振幅等属性变化,发现海底滑坡不同位置天然气水合物、游离气和断层的空间分布存在差异.由于海底滑坡侵蚀作用导致天然气水合物稳定带底界下移,当相对富砂储层位于新调整的稳定带底界之上,并且局部发育的断层连通了游离气层时,水合物广泛分布;而稳定带底界下方缺乏断层的区域,游离气缺乏向上运移的有利通道,被圈闭在相对较深的地层,水合物并不发育.该研究为进一步探讨水合物和游离气的分布与海底滑坡作用的关系提供了直接证据,并为水合物与游离气合采目标的探寻提供思路.     

台湾西南海域地震数据处理及天然气水合物地震属性

对台湾西南海域增生楔部位长排列多道地震数据进行地震成像、速度分析、AVO分析、AVO反演处理,获得了天然气水合物多属性地震特征.在偏移剖面上,BSR与海底近似平行,极性与海底相反,穿越沉积层.AVO分析显示,强BSR振幅部位,BSR振幅随偏移距增大而增大.精细速度分析表明强BSR振幅下方存在纵波低速层.对应于强BSR振幅部位,AVO反演的P波、G波为相对高负值区,位于P、G交会图的第三象限,该部位泊松比变化率为负值,横波反射系数接近于零.以上多属性地震特征均预示着该区域可能存在天然气水合物层,且天然气水合物层下方可能存在游离甲烷气层.     

水平井地层界面声波测井响应模拟分析

基于对波动方程的高阶三维交错网格有限差分数值计算,在水平井孔轴线位于声速不同的两均匀地层的界面上的几何条件下,模拟了井中声场,给出了不同源距的接收波形和不同时刻的声场快照。分析结果表明,无论是哪种地层覆盖在上方,井中声场都是对声速较快的地层比较敏感,井孔中接收波形的首波时差都十分接近于声速较快地层的纵波时差。上述结果为水平井声波测井数据处理和解释提供了某种依据。     

单台识别核爆的方法初探

根据乌鲁木齐地震台记录的国外６个主要核试验基地的核爆地震记录资料，通过对振动波形、首波振幅Ｐ１、最大纵波振幅Ｐｍ、最大横波振幅Ｓｍ及体波震级ｍｂ、面波震级Ｍｓ之间一些关系的研究，找出了核爆记录与天然地震记录的差别，为单台正确识别核爆提供了基本方法。     

各向同性介质反射纵波振幅在τ-P域里的简化分析

采用τ -p变换研究各向同性纵波反射系数的振幅特性,通过分析纵波在τ -p域中的时差特性曲线信息,提出了一个和传统Shuey算法相似的新的二元数学模型,只需对目标反射层以及上中下三层进行τ -p域里的时差分析,而无须其他附加信息.结合模拟数据以及实际的测井数据,分别给出了详细的实验步骤及分析.实验结果证明此算法的反演结果和实际值吻合良好,可以应用于实际的工程分析.分析方法可以作为Shuey AVO的替代,同时具有相似的准确度,结果令人满意.     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏东南地区盒8段低阻气层识别

上古生界二叠系下石盒子组盒8段是苏东南地区主力产气层段之一,低阻气层相对较发育,其测井响应表现为低自然伽马、高声波时差、低密度和低电阻率特征.根据常规测井处理方法,对苏东南地区50口试气井106个试气层段进行了电阻率与声波时差参数交会图分析,结果发现低阻气层的电阻率数值分布范围与邻近水层的电阻率基本相当,甚至有些含气段的电阻率比水层的电阻率低,在电阻率与声波时差参数交会图中,含气层的分布区与气水同层分布区相混,无法准确区分.另外,低阻气层在深侧向电阻率和声波时差测井曲线重叠图上基本无幅度差,这就可能造成有效含气层的漏失.针对上述这种电阻率相对较低的气层,利用非电阻率测井信号,优选声波孔隙度(ФS)、密度孔隙度(ФD)、中子孔隙度(ФN)测井资料进行重叠图处理(ФS-ФN、ФD-ФN),并增加纵波等效弹性模量差比值参数来综合识别气层.在含气层段,一般具有ФSФN、ФDФN、等效弹性模量差比值大于0.1的特征.上述综合识别含气层的方法,其判别结果不受电阻率的影响,因此在低阻气层发育的部位能够有效识别气层.经对50口试气井106个试气层段试气资料进行处理,气层识别综合符合率达95.8%.     

含气饱和度对致密砂岩纵波速度影响的实验研究及应用

本文为探索声波速度和含气饱和度之间的关系,对取自鄂尔多斯盆地致密砂岩层的岩心在不同的含气饱和度下进行了纵波速度的测量,结果表明:(1)岩心含水饱和时的的纵波速度要比含气饱和时的大;(2)含气饱和度大于70%时,纵波速度对含气饱和度的变化反映不敏感,或随着含气饱和度的增大略有增加,含气饱和度小于70%时,纵波速度随着含气饱和度增大近似成线性降低;(3)该实验研究为声波测井数据指示气层奠定了一定的理论基础,为致密砂岩层气层的识别提供了依据;(4)本文建立了纵波速度随着含气饱和度变化而变化的关系式,并将之应用到致密砂岩层含气饱和度的评价中,评价效果良好.这为导电性评价饱和度失效时,评价致密砂岩气层提供了新的方法.     

气体钻井中泥页岩地层声波时差的实验研究

普通声波测井的径向探测深度甚小于泥页岩的水化深度,在水基钻井液井孔中只能测到泥页岩水化后的信息。用这种声波测井数据直接进行气体钻井原状地层的井孔稳定性分析,存在一定偏差。因此,有必要设法从泥页岩水化后声波时差来反求原状地层声波时差。为此,进行了不同声波频率的高压空气泥页岩钻心室内实验研究,分析了水化时间、水化程度与声波时差变化的关系。实验表明,泥页岩的纵波时差随水化时间的增加而增大;大量的微裂缝会使纵波时差在水化后变小;频率增加会使声波时差变小。     

利用数据挖掘技术识别深层火山岩气层

石炭系火山岩的低渗透气藏具有的埋藏深、成因复杂、类型多、分布广、三孔隙度曲线响应特征不明显等特点,并且主要的四种火山岩气藏：玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩的密度和纵波时差测井值差别较大,因此使基于三孔隙度测井资料的一系列识别气层的有效方法在该盆地石炭系火山岩气层的识别中无明显效果.数据挖掘技术从数据的角度出发,在进一步丰富岩心、测井和试油资料的前提下,利用数据挖掘技术中的聚类分析和关联分析获取核心参数和数据之间的内在联系,用决策树提取预测火山岩气层的模型.该方法充分利用已有的数据资料,用数学分析方法遍历寻找对识别火山岩气层有用的信息,而不仅仅依靠三孔隙度和电阻率曲线,并且消除了岩性的影响,因此获得了较高的识别率.     

多孔介质中水位变化对波形、波速和波谱影响的实验研究

为了研究地下水和地震波之间的关系，设计了一套水位实验装置，用注水方法研究了多孔介质中水位变化对P波和S波的波速、波形和波谱的影响。实验结果表明：波垂直水面传播时，速度与时间平均方程的结果基本一致；波平行水面传播时，虽有叠加效应但并非简单的叠加。从干燥到注满水，P波速度明显增大，波幅和波谱能量显下降，主频明显降低；在接近注满水时，出现特殊的高频初至小波，而S波速度略有减小 ，波幅和波谱能量则一般是先降后升，主频基本没有变化。比较了注子和饱水的不同，并引入三相气体包裹体模型进行了解释。     

Numerical simulation of attenuation and group velocity of guided ultrasonic wave in grouted rock bolts

In this paper, the guided ultrasonic wave propagating in grouted rock bolts was simulated with finite element method. An 800 mm partially grouted cylindrical rock bolt model was created. Dynamic input signals with frequency from 25 to 100 kHz were used to excite ultrasonic wave. The simulated waveform, group velocity and amplitude ratio matched well with the experimental results. This model made it possible to study the behaviour of the guided waves in the grouted bolt along its central axis. Analysis of the simulated results showed that the group velocity in grouted rock bolts is constant along the grouted length, and the boundary effect on the group velocity is negligible. This paper also presents methods to determine the attenuation coefficient from simulation and to determine the boundary effect on attenuation at the bolt ends. The analysis showed that the attenuation of the guided wave propagating inside the grouted bolts is similar to the theoretical solution in steel bar with infinite length. After correction for the boundary effects the grout length of a grouted rock bolt can be determined using the measured attenuation, with sufficient accuracy.     

利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响

利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感.     

含流体孔隙介质中面波的传播特性及应用

基于单相介质中地震波理论的高频面波法已广泛应用于求取浅地表S波的速度.然而水文地质条件表明,普遍的浅地表地球介质富含孔隙.孔隙中充填的流体会显著地影响面波在浅地表的传播,进而造成频散和衰减的变化.本文研究了地震勘探频段内针对含流体孔隙介质边界条件的面波的传播特性.孔隙流体在自由表面存在完全疏通、完全闭合以及部分疏通的情况.孔隙单一流体饱和时,任何流体边界条件下存在R1模式波,与弹性介质中的Rayleigh波类似,相速度稍小于S波并在地震记录中显示强振幅.由于介质的内在衰减,R1在均匀半空间中也存在频散,相速度和衰减在不同流体边界下存在差异.Biot固流耦合系数(孔隙流体黏滞度与骨架渗透率之比)控制频散的特征频率,高耦合系数会在地震勘探频带内明显消除这种差异.介质的迂曲度等其他物性参数对不同流体边界下的R1波的影响也有不同的敏感度.完全闭合和部分疏通流体边界下存在R2模式波,相速度略低于慢P波.在多数条件下,如慢P波在时频响应中难以观察到.但是在耦合系数较低时会显现,一定条件下甚至会以非物理波形式接收R1波的辐射,显示强振幅.浅表风化层低速带存在,震源激发时的运动会显著影响面波的传播.对于接收点径向运动会造成面波的Doppler频移,横向运动会造成面波的时频畸变.孔隙存在多相流体时,中观尺度下不均匀斑块饱和能很好地解释体波在地震频带内的衰减.快P波受到斑块饱和显著影响,R1波与快P波有更明显关联,与完全饱和模型中不同,也更易于等效模型建立.频散特征频率受孔隙空间不同流体成分比例变化的控制,为面波方法探测浅地表流体分布与迁移提供可能性.通常情况孔隙介质频散特征频率较高,标准线性黏弹性固体可以在相对低频的地震勘探频带内等效表征孔隙介质中R1波的传播特征,特别在时域,可在面波成像反演建模中应用.     

Comparison of P‐wave attenuation models of wave‐induced flow

Wave‐induced oscillatory fluid flow in the vicinity of inclusions embedded in porous rocks is one of the main causes for P‐wave dispersion and attenuation at seismic frequencies. Hence, the P‐wave velocity depends on wave frequency, porosity, saturation, and other rock parameters. Several analytical models quantify this wave‐induced flow attenuation and result in characteristic velocity–saturation relations. Here, we compare some of these models by analyzing their low‐ and high‐frequency asymptotic behaviours and by applying them to measured velocity–saturation relations. Specifically, the Biot–Rayleigh model considering spherical inclusions embedded in an isotropic rock matrix is compared with White's and Johnson's models of patchy saturation. The modeling of laboratory data for tight sandstone and limestone indicates that, by selecting appropriate inclusion size, the Biot‐Rayleigh predictions are close to the measured values, particularly for intermediate and high water saturations.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CHANGES OF ULTRASONIC CODA WAVE AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING ROCK LOADING AND DEFORMATION

The coda wave propagation path has received extensive attention as it is more sensitive to small changes in the medium than the direct wave. During the process of loading, the wave velocity, medium or source changes may cause the coda wave to change. The physical mechanism of change in the ultrasonic coda wave varies during different deformation stages. Meanwhile, there exist local damages in the rock sample during the deformation, and it will be accompanied by acoustic emission. Combining the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission is beneficial to characterize the coda wave characteristics and damage degree of the sample at different deformation stages. In this paper, three kinds of rocks, including granodiorite, marble and sandstone with the sizes of 50mm×50mm×150mm, are used to carry out observations of ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission during the whole process of loading so as to study characteristics of the coda wave at different deformation stages. The major results are given below: 1)There is a good correspondence between the coda wave variation and the acoustic emission evolution process. When the acoustic emission frequency increases, the coda wave changes accordingly. In particular, the coda wave changes in the early stages of increased acoustic emission frequency, which indicates that the early damage information of rock can be obtained by analysis of the coda wave. 2)The physical mechanism of the coda wave change is different in different deformation stages. At the initial stage of loading, there are obvious scatterer changes in the coda wave change; then, in the linear elastic deformation stage, the wave velocity change is dominating; in the late-stage of loading, the scatterer change increases and coexists with the wave velocity change, the scatterer change effect is related with the rock micro-fracture degree, the rock will locally be damaged before rupturing, and the role of the scatterer will be enhanced. 3)With the increase of loading, the amplitude of increase of the wave velocity generally decreases gradually, which is basically consistent with the understanding obtained through the direct wave. The interference of acoustic emission can be eliminated because of the Kaiser effect when analyzing the coda wave. The consistency of the wave velocity change and stress loading and unloading is further verified. 4)The micro-fracture generated during rock deformation will change the physical mechanism of the coda wave change, and the scatterer effect will be significantly enhanced. At the same time, the acoustic emission waveform will cause interference to the ultrasonic coda wave. This means that attention needs to be paid when analyzing rock damage using only coda wave data. In short, the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission can reflect the damage inside the rock, and the change mechanism of the coda wave in different deformation stages is different. The joint observation of the two can play a mutual verification role, which is conducive to improving the reliability of the observation results.     

Modulus defect,velocity dispersion and attenuation in partially-saturated reservoirs of Jurassic sandstone,Indus Basin,Pakistan

Partially saturated reservoirs are one of the major sources of seismic wave attenuation, modulus defect and velocity dispersion in real seismic data. The main attenuation and dispersion phenomenon is wave induced fluid flow due to the heterogeneity in pore fluids or porous rock. The identification of pore fluid type, saturation and distribution pattern within the pore space is of great significance as several seismic and petrophysical properties of porous rocks are largely affected by fluid type, saturation and fluid distribution pattern. Based on Gassmann-Wood and Gassmann- Hill rock physics models modulus defect, velocity dispersion and attenuation in Jurassic siliclastic partially-saturated rocks are studied. For this purpose two saturation patterns - uniform and patchy - are considered within the pore spaces in two frequency regimes i.e., lower frequency and higher frequency. The results reveal that at low enough frequency where saturation of liquid and gas is uniform, the seismic velocity and bulk modulus are lower than at higher frequency where saturation of fluid mixture is in the form of patches. The velocity dispersion and attenuation is also modeled at different levels of gas saturation. It is found that the maximum attenuation and velocity dispersion is at low gas saturation. Therefore, the dispersion and attenuation can provide a potential way to predict gas saturation and can be used as a property to differentiate low from high gas saturation.     

Characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space

Introduction Head wave is one of the main phases of local seismic arrivals, and it is important in the study of the crustal structure and the physical characteristics of the transition-zone between the crust and the mantle. So far, the kinetic characteristics of head wave such as arrival time have been widely used, while the dynamic characteristics of head wave like amplitude were usually ignored al-though it includes more information of the structure. In this article, we shall investigate the…     

垂向非均匀介质中首波特征分析

利用合成理论地震图方法研究了存在高速层或低速层的地壳模型及壳-幔过渡带模型中首波等震相的动力学特征，指出首波的特征对于高速层的结构变化比较敏感．当高速层厚度与特征波长相比较小时，地震波的衍射现象明显，这种情况下高速层不能屏蔽在其下面一层的上界面传播的首波，且该首波震相的强度随高速层厚度或速度的增加而递减；当高速层厚度与特征波长相当时，高速层底面的反射波震相与首波震相到时接近，会因互相干涉而减弱；对于低速层，首波震相强度较弱且随低速层速度的减小而递减；在壳-幔间断处引入一定厚度和速度变化范围的过渡带，可以得到更加明显的视首波震相，强度随过渡带厚度或速度变化范围的增加而增大．      

非饱和岩石中的纵波频散与衰减: 双重孔隙介质波传播方程

本文采用Rayleigh理论描述纵波激励下非饱和岩石中气泡的局域流体流动,从经典力学的哈密顿原理导出了双重孔隙介质中的波传播方程,即Biot-Rayleigh方程.方程的格式简洁,参数少,所有相关参数物理可测,因此,方程具有较好的物理可实现性.基于相同的岩石与前人理论对比,初步验证了本理论的有效性.对三个地区的砂岩储层进行了分析,结果显示:地震频段内纵波对储层是否含气非常敏感,但对含气饱和度指示性不佳,且随着孔隙度降低,纵波频散与衰减在中低频段更为显著;含甲烷与含二氧化碳的砂岩储层均呈第三类AVO响应特征,很难从叠前分析技术中鉴别;理论预测的纵波频散随饱和度与频率变化的趋势与特征,与多频段实验观测结果一致.