南沙海区海洋微表层的研究——Ⅱ痕量金属的测定

对南沙海区微表层和次表层中溶解态痕量金属铜、铅、锌、镉的含量进行了测定,并探讨了其与ＤＯＣ的关系。结果显示：铜、铅、锌、镉在微表层中均有富集,海洋微表层中富集的痕量金属的量（ΔＭ）与富集的ＤＯＣ的量（ΔＤＯＣ）具有相关性,ΔＤＯＣ越大,ΔＭ也越大;南沙海区微表层和次表层中所测的痕量金属对鱼卵和鱼幼体不会造成毒害作用。     

厦门港、九龙江口海洋微表层营养盐、有机物、微量金属分布特征初探

本研究表明,在厦门港、九龙江口海区海-气界面微表层中营养盐(NO₂-、NO₃-、PO₄3-)、悬浮颗粒、有机物(POC、PON、DOC)、微量金属(Cu、Ni.Cd)发生富集,平均富集系数([X_t]微表层)/[X_t]_15cm深度)大多数在1.0—2.0范围之内.所测定组分主要以溶解态富集为主.溶解有机物和悬浮颗粒的富集可引起其他组分总量和形态分布的变化,各组分的浓度、形态分布及其在微表层的富集系数与站位分布不呈规律性变化,而和采样现场海况密切相关,表明海区微表层的复杂和初态变化的特征.     

大亚湾微表层和次表层海水营养盐的研究

根据1998年秋季（10、11月）、1999年春、秋季（4、5、10月）5个航次对大亚湾海区微、次表层的调查结果，分析了微表层海水对氮、磷、硅营养盐的富集概况，讨论了营养盐与环境因子的关系。结果表明：大亚湾海区微表层海水对氮、磷、硅营养盐均有富集作用，因海况及季节不同，富集因数（EF）与其他海区的有所差别；无论夏季或秋季，大亚湾海区微表层海水中无机氮都以NH4－N为主要存在形态；其余水层则以NO3－N为主要存在形态。结果还表明，微表层、次表层海水中NH4－N与BOD5、COD测值都呈高度显著正相关，与PO4－P和SiO3-Si含量均无相关，说明大亚湾海区水中含氮有机物较含磷有机物丰富。     

渤海湾表层海水中浮游细菌群落随离岸距离的分布特征及其影响因素

为研究渤海湾近岸污染对远近岸海域微生态的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对渤海湾不同离岸距离的6个站位采集表层海水,进行浮游细菌群落结构分析,结合环境、空间因素探究影响其变化的主要因素。结果表明:研究区域存在环境因子的梯度变化,如氮营养盐在近岸高于远岸;细菌α-多样性在不同站位间差异不显著,但仍显示在近岸相对较高;细菌群落结构随离岸距离变化显著,γ-变形菌和拟杆菌在近岸显著富集,且与氮营养盐的含量有关;蓝细菌在远岸显著富集,且与氨氮、透明度、电导率有关;邻体矩阵主坐标单独解释部分对群落结构变异的贡献率最大(38.1%),说明可能存在尚未测量但具有空间结构的环境变量影响群落空间分布;结合功能预测的结果推测近岸区域的富营养与烃类污染等可能影响群落变化。本文从环境和空间影响两方面探讨了渤海湾不同离岸距离的海域浮游细菌群落结构变化,为研究渤海湾海洋生态及环境保护提供一定的参考。     

珠江口水域微表层中的痕量金属

采用自制滚筒式自动采样器采样，研究了珠江口水域微表层中Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ的含量，分布变化及富集状况。并通过颗粒痕量金属／颗粒Ｆｅ比值计算，探讨了痕量金属的来源。结果表明：Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ在微表层平均富集系数分别为２．３，１．４，３．０和１．９颗粒态Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ的平均富集系数为１．１和０．９。各种金属有明显的季节和空间变化，有各种不同的来源。     

珠江口水域微表层中的痕量金属

采用自制滚筒式自动采样器采样，研究了珠江口水域微表层中Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ的含量、分布变化及富集状况。并通过颗粒痕量金属／颗粒Ｆｅ比值计算，探讨了痕量金属的来源。结果表明：Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ在微表层的平均富集系数分别为２．３，１．４，３．０和１．９。颗粒态Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ的平均富集系数为１．１和０．９。各种金属有明显的季节和空间变化，有各种不同的来源。     

大亚湾海水微表层生物-化学研究Ⅱ.(二) 生物-化学特性的周日变化规律

1998年 1 1月对大亚湾大鹏澳东山港网箱养殖区进行定点 2 6h连续观测。结果表明 :海水微表层对Chl-a ,PO4—P无富集作用 ,对浊度 ,BOD ,COD和SiO3—Si富集 ,营养盐中氮富集因数的复杂性反映了微表层在调节该养殖区内氮分布上的重要作用 ;海水微、次表层中部分要素分布和周日变化的差异受生物活动的影响较大。     

海洋微表层中物质富集机理

目前国内外对不同化学物质在不同海域海洋微表层的富集情况、富集程度的时空变化、微表层和次表水之间某些基本物化性质的对比情况已有了较广泛的研究,但对不同化学物质在微表层中富集的机理则缺乏全面深入的探讨。海洋微表层的富集物如果按物理存在形态来划分,可大致分为溶解态富集物、颗粒态富集物和不溶性液态有机物。这三种形态的富集物有各自不同的富集机制,自吸附对溶解态的表面活性物质起作用,而大气沉降和气泡浮选则可能主要对颗粒物起作用,不溶性有机物如石油污染等可以靠自身的低密度及对水的不溶性而得到富集。本文仅就自吸附、…     

大亚湾海水微表层生物—化学研究：Ⅱ.（二）生物—化学特性的周日变化 …

１９９８年１１月对大亚湾大鹏澳东山港网箱养殖区进行定点２６h连续观测。结果表明： 海水微表层对Ｃｈｌ－ａ,ＰＯ４－Ｐ无富集作用,对浊度,ＢＯＤ,ＣＯＤ和ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ富集,营养盐中氮富集因数的复杂性反映了微表层在调节该养殖区内氮分布上的重要作用;海水微、次表层中部分要素分布和周日变化的差异受生物活动的影响较大。     

夏季东海微表层与下层海水营养盐的分布特征研究

于2014年5月15日—6月13日对东海海水营养盐(DIN(溶解无机氮)、SiO_3~(2-)-Si、PO_4~(3-)-P)的水平和垂直分布进行了调查分析,并讨论了其影响因素。结果表明,在研究区域,无论是微表层还是表层,海水营养盐受陆地径流的影响近岸浓度较高。受黑潮次表层水涌升的影响,远海部分站位营养盐出现高值;受陆地径流的影响,长江口断面表层营养盐浓度自西向东递减,底层可能受有机质分解及富含营养盐沉积岩的溶解影响导致营养盐浓度较高。不同营养盐在微表层的富集因子计算结果表明,除PO_4~(3-)-P外,微表层对SiO_3~(2-)-Si、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DIN都产生明显的富集作用,富集因子中位数介于1.05~1.19之间。DH2-1站位的营养盐周日变化结果表明,藻类通过光合作用使得NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P、SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度降低,NH_4~+-N的光化学氧化和硝化作用使NO_2~--N与NO_3~--N浓度变高;DIN中NH_4~+-N对控制藻类细胞丰度起着重要作用。     

Preliminary study on the distribution of nutrients, organic matter, trace metals in sea surface microlayer in Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary

-The enrichment of nutrients (NOa-, NOa-, PO43-), suspended particles, organic matter (POC, PON,DOC) , and trace metals (Cu, Ni, Cd) was determined in the sea surface microlayer of Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary. The mean enrichment factors ([Xi]microlayer/[Xi ]15cm in depth) mostly ranged between 1 . 0 and 2. 0. The dissolved forms were the major forms of the components measured, the enrichment of dissolved organic matter and suspended particles could lead to the changes in the total amount and speciation of nutrients and trace metals. No correlation was observed between sample concentrations, speciation, enrichment factors and sample locations. However, some evidence shows that these parameters are correlated with sea state, indicating the complexity and dynamic nature of the sea surface microlayer.     

Mechanisms for trace metal enrichment at the surface microlayer in an estuarine salt marsh

The relative contributions of adsorption to particulate surfaces, complexation with surface-active organic ligands and uptake by micro-organisms were evaluated with respect to their importance in the surface microlayer enrichment (‘partitioning’) of Cd, Pb and Cu. The contributions of each process were inferred from field data in which partitioning of the dissolved and particulate forms of Cd, Pb and Cu, total and dissolved organic carbon, particles and total bacteria were observed. In the South San Francisco Bay estuary, particle enrichment appears to control trace metal partitioning. Trace metal association with the particulate phase and the levels of partitioning observed were in the order Pb > Cu > Cd and reflect the calculated equilibrium chemical speciation of these metals in computer-simulated seawater matrices.     

Photochemical production of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds in seawater and surface microlayer and their air-sea exchange

Coastal and oceanic surface microlayer samples were collected using a stainless steel screen, along with subsurface bulk seawater, and were analyzed for low-molecular-weight (LMW) carbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid. The enrichment factor in surface microlayer compared to corresponding subsurface seawater ranged from 1.2 to 21. A time-series measurement at a coastal site showed strong diurnal variations in concentrations of the LMW carbonyl compounds in the surface microlayer and in the enrichment factor, with maxima in the early afternoon and minima in the early morning. Exposure of samples to sunlight resulted in the higher yields of these compounds in the surface microlayer than in the bulk seawater, by a factor of 1.1–25, suggesting that the higher photoproduction rate of LMW carbonyl compounds in the surface microlayer accounts for the majority of the observed enrichment in these samples. Potential sinks include biological uptake and mixing. Air-sea exchange may be a source for soluble compounds and a sink for less soluble compounds. The enrichment of the LMW carbonyl in surface microlayer may alter their net air-sea exchange direction e.g., from the ocean as a potential sink to a source for atmospheric acetaldehyde and acetone. The residence times of the LMW carbonyl compounds in the microlayer were estimated to be on the order of tens of seconds to minutes using a modified two-layer model. However, to maintain the observed microlayer enrichment factor, the residence time should be on the order of ˜ 1 hour. This prolonged residence time may be due to organic enrichment in the surface microlayer (‘organic film’) which inhibited molecular transfer of carbonyl compounds into and out of the microlayer. The deviated behavior from model prediction may also be due to changes in the apparent partition coefficients of these species as a result of thier physical and chemical interactions with organic matrix in the surface microlayer.     

珠江口贫氧区沉积物中微量金属元素的地球化学特征

研究了珠江口贫氧区表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Fe和Mn含量的相互关系;探讨它们在迁移和固-液平衡过程相互作用的特征;研究了沉积物的环境因素和重要组分对其沉积-溶解作用的影响;研究了表层沉积物对它们的富集作用。结果发现,沉积物对Cu,Pb,Zn和Cd的富集系数(K)排列次序为K_(Cd)>K_(Pb)>K_(Cu)>K_(Zn)。K_(Cd)大于对照区和长江口的相应值。此结果说明,上述区域的表层沉积物中可能有自生的CdS。且贫氧水的表层沉积物中Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb和Cd的地球化学特性尚未有显著的改变。     

Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of the western North Atlantic during spring

Sixteen surface microlayer samples and corresponding subsurface water samples were collected in the western North Atlantic during April–May 2003 to study the distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and the factors influencing them. In the surface microlayer, high concentrations of DMS appeared mostly in the samples containing high levels of chlorophyll a, and a significant correlation was found between DMS and chlorophyll a concentrations. In addition, microlayer DMS concentrations were correlated with microlayer DMSPd (dissolved) concentrations. DMSPd was found to be enriched in the microlayer with an average enrichment factor (EF) of 5.19. However, no microlayer enrichment of DMS was found for most samples collected. Interestingly, the DMS production rates in the microlayer were much higher than those in the subsurface water. Enhanced DMS production in the microlayer was likely due to the higher concentrations of DMSPd in the microlayer. A consistent pattern was observed in this study in which the concentrations of DMS, DMSPd, DMSPp (particulate) and chlorophyll a in the microlayer were closely related to their corresponding subsurface water concentrations, suggesting that these constituents in the microlayer were directly dependent on the transport from the bulk liquid below. Enhanced DMS production in the microlayer further reinforces the conclusion that the surface microlayer has greater biological activity relative to the underlying water.     

大亚湾海区微表层、次表层BOD和COD的研究

研究表明,大亚湾海区海--气界面微表层对BOD和COD均产生了富集,但富集概率有所差别,BOD为87.5%,COD为100%,平均富集因数,BOD为3.00,COD为3.28.BOD和COD与相应的营养盐和Chl·a的回归分析表明,其相关显著性水平,微、次表层优于表、底层.     

Biogeochemistry of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Seawater of Funka Bay,Japan

Twenty-eight sea surface microlayer samples, along with subsurface bulk water samples were collected in Funka Bay, Japan during October 2000–March 2001 and analyzed for dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dissolved (DMSP_d) and particulate (DMSP_p), and chlorophyll a. The aim of the study was to examine the extent of enrichment of DMSP in the microlayer and its relationship to chlorophyll a, as well as the production rate of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from DMSP and the factors that influence this. The enrichment factor (EF) of DMSP_d in the surface microlayer ranged from 0.81 to 4.6 with a mean of 1.85. In contrast, EF of DMSP_p in the microlayer varied widely from 0.85–10.5 with an average of 3.21. Chlorophyll a also appeared to be enriched in the microlayer relative to the subsurface water. This may be seen as an important cause of the observed enrichment of DMSP in the microlayer. The concentrations of DMSP_p in the surface microlayer showed a strong temporal variation, basically following the change in chlorophyll a levels. Moreover, the microlayer concentrations of DMSP_p were, on average, 3-fold higher than the microlayer concentrations of DMSP_d and there was a significant correlation between them. Additionally, there was a great variability in the ratios of DMSP_p to chlorophyll a over the study period, reflecting seasonal variation in the proportion of DMSP producers in the total phytoplankton assemblage. It is interesting that the production rate of DMS was enhanced in the microlayer and this rate was closely correlated with the microlayer DMSP_d concentration. Microlayer enrichment of chlorophyll a and higher DMS production rate in the microlayer provide favorable evidence supporting the view that the sea surface microlayer has a greater biological activity than the underlying water.     

Enhanced extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea-surface microlayer

The accumulation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the air–sea interface is controlled by dynamic physical processes at the boundary between ocean and atmosphere. Much of the DOM concentrated in the surface microlayer is thought to be protein or glycoprotein. Enzymatic hydrolysis of these and other biopolymers is an important step in the microbial uptake of dissolved and particulate organic matter in many aquatic environments. We employed a sensitive fluorescence technique to investigate differences between extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea surface microlayer and corresponding subsurface water from Stony Brook Harbor, NY. We separated the microlayer from its underlying water and thus measured hydrolysis potential rather than an in-situ process. Peptide turnover was always faster in the microlayer than in subsurface waters. This was confirmed by allowing a new surface film to form on subsurface water; hydrolysis was still faster in the new surface film. In a year-long study, we found the relative difference between turnover times in the surface film and subsurface waters to vary greatly with season. While rate constants of peptide hydrolysis were generally higher in both microlayer and bulk water samples in spring/summer than in fall/winter, the difference in activity between the two environments was greatest in winter. Enhanced hydrolysis in the sea surface microlayer is likely due to the greater concentrations of DOM in the microlayer. Seasonal changes in distribution of hydrolytic activity between surface film and subsurface water probably reflect seasonal variation in the mechanisms of DOM enrichment, which depend on water temperature, substance and energy fluxes across the water–air boundary, activity of aquatic organisms and other seasonal variables.