大型洞室群稳定性与优化的进化有限元方法研究

随着地下洞室群规模的日益扩大，迫切需要一种更新的全局优化方法以提高效率、优化结构在保证工程稳定性的同时能最大限度地减小工程造价。遗传算法的最新发现使得大型洞室群稳定性的最优建模和获得全局最优解成为可能。针对某地下洞室群工程，提出了进化有有限元方法，对工程软岩置换方案进行了优化。将有限元与遗传进化算法相结合，由遗传算法产生一组初始可行方案，以洞室开挖引起的破损区体积大小与参考值的增量比为评价指标，经过遗传变异操作，产生一组新的软岩置换方案，对每种方案进行应力分析，确定破损区大小，最终得到损坏区体积最小的方案即为最优软岩置换方案。这种方法可以优化得到全局最优解，并且搜索速度较快，较目前其它方法更易于在微机上实现。运用于实例中，得出了合理的置换方案，并提出了施工的合理化建议。     

清江水布垭地下厂房围岩稳定三维数值分析

采用三维有限差分法,对水布垭地下洞室群围岩稳定性进行了分析。通过多种方案计算和比较,论证了局部软岩置换、支护型式优化、支护参数优化的合理性。在此基础上对地下洞室围岩的整体稳定性作出评价。     

基于天然红层材料的软岩成型模拟研究

岩石模拟是岩土工程模型试验、地质岩芯模拟试验等研究的核心。但目前基于人工材料的模拟制备受限于现有相似理论与技术手段,成岩结果与实际岩性差异较大,特别是软岩的成型模拟问题尤为突出。以天然红层材料为原料,改进传统的成岩模拟系统,考虑成岩过程中温度、孔隙流体压力及上覆压力的分阶段影响,模拟红层软岩从松散岩土颗粒到岩石的形成过程,得到工程标准尺寸软岩岩芯。通过与天然红层软岩进行成岩过程、物理性质、化学性质及力学性质的对比研究表明,以天然红层为原料的软岩岩芯与天然红层软岩性质相似。该研究突破了人工材料配制、3D打印等方法一般只能满足某一方面性质的局限,为大量不同功能需求的软岩岩芯研究提供了新的制作思路与方法。     

南京地区软岩的岩土工程勘察

软岩在南京地区的分布相当广泛,软岩地基的岩土工程勘察在南京地区显得尤为重要。根据南京地区的工作经验,总结出了南京地区软岩岩土工程勘察的方法以及南京地区软岩的分布特点。     

基于天然红层材料的软岩成型模拟研究

岩石模拟是岩土工程模型实验、地质岩芯模拟实验等研究的核心,但目前基于人工材料的模拟制备受限于现有相似理论与技术手段,成岩结果与实际岩性差异较大,特别是软岩的成型模拟问题尤为突出。因此,本文以天然红层材料为原料,改进传统的成岩模拟系统,考虑成岩过程中温度、孔隙流体压力及上覆压力的分阶段影响,模拟红层软岩从松散岩土颗粒到岩石的形成过程,得到工程标准尺寸软岩岩芯。通过与天然红层软岩进行成岩过程、物理性质、化学性质及力学性质的对比研究,表明:以天然红层为原料的软岩岩芯与天然红层软岩性质相似。研究突破了人工材料配制、3D打印等方法一般只能满足某一方面性质的局限,为大量的不同功能需求的软岩岩芯研究提供了新的制作思路与方法。     

软岩工程中的大变形问题及研究方法

目前，研究软岩工程所采用的力学理论一般基于经典力学中的“小变形”假设，这些理论虽然可考虑软岩的物理非线性特性．但仍为小变形近似理论。而软岩工程问题由于其所处介质环境的特殊性，应视为大变形问题。本文用实例证明了小变形理论的不合理性，并以广西耶龙矿二号井的软岩问题为例，介绍了大变形理论在解决软岩问题时的优越性，为软岩工程的大变形力学研究，提供了一个可供借鉴的方法。     

水布垭地下厂房洞室群不同置换开挖顺序的优化

水布垭地下厂房处于软硬相间岩层中,软岩置换对保证施工稳定及运行的安全至关重要.本文比较了不同置换开挖顺序、初始应力场作用和底板混凝土回填等几种方案下洞室群的变形及稳定性.结果表明,不同方案下应力场分布、侧墙的位移大小差别较大.采用先置换后开挖并对岩台进行混凝土回填方案稳定性是最优的.     

基于Dotnet Remoting技术实现Windows平台下的并行计算

分布式并行计算是目前提高计算能力的重要手段,在生产、科研中起着重要的作用。Windows平台下的NET Framework Remoting技术,为开发分布式并行计算提供了方便、灵活、简单的手段,可以屏蔽分布式编程所需要处理的通信、协议、消息传输等细节,使分布式编程与本地编程具有相同的界面,为本地计算和远程分布式计算提供了一个一致的面向对象的编程环境,使开发分布式计算如同开发本地计算一样,这就大大降低了开发分布式并行计算的难度。这里主要介绍了如何利用NET Framework Remoting技术,实现Windows平台下的并行计算。     

软岩巷道围岩流变大变形有限元计算方法

本文针对软岩工程中围岩流变大变形问题，以有限变形力学理论为依据，采用更新拖带坐标法编制非线性大变形有限元计算程序，对软岩巷道流变大变形问题进行了数值模拟计算。在计算中，选用了适合描述软岩流变大变形的物性方程，并考虑了锚杆和拱两种支护方式。结合表明，本文采用的理论和计算方法合理，计算程序具有精度高、收敛速度快等优点，展示了良好的应用前景。     

大变形数值方法在软岩工程中的应用

分析了小变形力学理论在分析软岩工程大变形时存在的问题,指出在研究软岩工程大变形问题时应该采用大变形力学理论,并给出了非线性大变形数值方法在软岩巷道工程中的应用实例。     

基于粗细网格的有限元并行分析方法

并行计算己成为求解大规模岩土工程问题的一种强大趋势。探讨了粗细网格与预处理共轭梯度法结合的并行有限元算法。从多重网格刚度矩阵推得有效的预处理子。该算法在工作站机群上实现。用地基处理时土体强夯的数值模拟分析进行了数值测试,对其并行性能进行了详细分析。计算结果表明：该算法具有良好的并行加速比和效率,是一种有效的并行算法。     

基于OpenMP的非连续变形分析并行计算方法

非连续变形分析（DDA）方法严格满足平衡要求和能量守恒,具有完全的运动学及数值可靠性,但对大规模岩土工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,尤其是线性方程组求解,并行计算可以很好地解决该问题。首先基于DDA方法的基本理论,阐述了适用于DDA方法中的基于块的行压缩法和基于“试验-误差”迭代格式的非零位置记录;其次,引入块雅可比迭代法并行求解DDA方法的线性方程组,并改进了相应的非零存储方法;最后,基于OpenMP实现了DDA线性方程组求解并行计算,并将其应用于地下洞室群的破坏过程分析,以加速比为并行效率的指标评价,结果表明,该并行计算策略可以极大提高DDA的计算效率,而且适合各种规模的问题。     

基于高性能并行计算的隧道开挖数值模拟

随着岩土工程规模的不断扩大、复杂性的增加以及计算参数的多样化和计算精度的提高, 人们对于计算机计算能力的要求越来越高, 然而单处理器无法满足这类大规模计算.从数据输入、区域分解、线性方程组的迭代求解、后处理等方面详细阐述高性能计算平台上并行有限元求解大规模岩土工程的关键问题.提出了利用MPI2的新特性进行海量数据的分段并行读入, 采用ParMetis软件并行地进行区域分解, 实现了前处理过程的完全并行化; 采用基于Jacobi预处理技术的预处理共轭梯度法(PCG)进行线性方程组的并行迭代求解; 采用Paraview软件实现了后处理的并行可视化.在深腾7000系统上对某隧道工程的三维开挖过程进行了数值模拟, 对其并行性能进行了分析和评价, 验证了采用的区域分解算法和系统方程组的求解方法的可行性, 并且具有较高的加速比和并行效率.      

Joint optimization of oil well placement and controls

Well placement and control optimization in oil field development are commonly performed in a sequential manner. In this work, we propose a joint approach that embeds well control optimization within the search for optimum well placement configurations. We solve for well placement using derivative-free methods based on pattern search. Control optimization is solved by sequential quadratic programming using gradients efficiently computed through adjoints. Joint optimization yields a significant increase, of up to 20% in net present value, when compared to reasonable sequential approaches. The joint approach does, however, require about an order of magnitude increase in the number of objective function evaluations compared to sequential procedures. This increase is somewhat mitigated by the parallel implementation of some of the pattern-search algorithms used in this work. Two pattern-search algorithms using eight and 20 computing cores yield speedup factors of 4.1 and 6.4, respectively. A third pattern-search procedure based on a serial evaluation of the objective function is less efficient in terms of clock time, but the optimized cost function value obtained with this scheme is marginally better.     

Structural optimization in geotechnical engineering: basics and application

Structural optimization methods are used for a wide range of engineering problems. In geotechnical engineering however, only limited experience exists with these methods. The difficulties in applying such methods to geotechnical problems are discussed in this paper, and the adaption of the commonly known SIMP-method to geotechnical problems is introduced for a special case. An application example is used to present the potential of topology optimization methods, and the application to geotechnical engineering is evaluated.     

交错网格下的浅水方程高分辨Gauss型格式

在交错网格上,基于高精度的Gauss积分公式,针对浅水波方程设计了对模拟涌波具有高分辨率的完全二阶精度的数值计算格式。由于采用了交错网格,差分格式不需要解Riemann问题,因此本文格式具有计算简单、工作量少、编程简便等特点。另外,在一维单个方程时,本文格式在CFL(Courant Friedrich Lewy)条件限制下为TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)格式,在二维和三维情况下格式具有MmB(Maximum and Minimum Bounds Preserving)性质。利用国家高性能计算中心(合肥)的曙光1000型分布存储大规模并行机,对在交错网格下所构造的求解浅水方程的高分辨差分格式进行了并行实现,几个算例的计算结果令人满意。     

An edge-based strain smoothing particle finite element method for large deformation problems in geotechnical engineering

To solve large deformation geotechnical problems, a novel strain-smoothed particle finite element method (SPFEM) is proposed that incorporates a simple and effective edge-based strain smoothing method within the framework of original PFEM. Compared with the original PFEM, the proposed novel SPFEM can solve the volumetric locking problem like previously developed node-based smoothed PFEM when lower-order triangular element is used. Compared with the node-based smoothed PFEM known as “overly soft” or underestimation property, the proposed SPFEM offers super-convergent and very accurate solutions due to the implementation of edge-based strain smoothing method. To guarantee the computational stability, the proposed SPFEM uses an explicit time integration scheme and adopts an adaptive updating time step. Performance of the proposed SPFEM for geotechnical problems is first examined by four benchmark numerical examples: (a) bar vibrations, (b) large settlement of strip footing, (c) collapse of aluminium bars column, and (d) failure of a homogeneous soil slope. Finally, the progressive failure of slope of sensitive clay is simulated using the proposed SPFEM to show its outstanding performance in solving large deformation geotechnical problems. All results demonstrate that the novel SPFEM is a powerful and easily extensible numerical method for analysing large deformation problems in geotechnical engineering.     

ParCYCLIC: finite element modelling of earthquake liquefaction response on parallel computers

This paper presents the computational procedures and solution strategy employed in ParCYCLIC, a parallel non‐linear finite element program developed based on an existing serial code CYCLIC for the analysis of cyclic seismically‐induced liquefaction problems. In ParCYCLIC, finite elements are employed within an incremental plasticity, coupled solid–fluid formulation. A constitutive model developed for simulating liquefaction‐induced deformations is a main component of this analysis framework. The elements of the computational strategy, designed for distributed‐memory message‐passing parallel computer systems, include: (a) an automatic domain decomposer to partition the finite element mesh; (b) nodal ordering strategies to minimize storage space for the matrix coefficients; (c) an efficient scheme for the allocation of sparse matrix coefficients among the processors; and (d) a parallel sparse direct solver. Application of ParCYCLIC to simulate 3‐D geotechnical experimental models is demonstrated. The computational results show excellent parallel performance and scalability of ParCYCLIC on parallel computers with a large number of processors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩土工程亿级单元有限元模型可扩展并行计算

讨论了亿万单元有限元模型的可扩展并行计算方法。从软件和硬件两个方面提出了前处理、并行计算方法、程序算法、后处理实现等核心问题的解决方案。采用网格加密方法生成一亿单元的有限元模型,利用对偶原始有限元撕裂内联法（FETI-DP）求解系统方程。基于图论理论建立了子区域间的通讯拓扑关系,实现了子区域间点对点通讯,避免速度慢、通信量大的全局通讯。在自主开发程序基础上,增加相应模块,采用面向对象编程技术和MPI消息传递库开发程序。对一个一亿多单元的工程实例运用5 000核并行计算,得到了超线性加速比。计算结果在专用图形工作站上进行后处理,显示和交互操作速度良好。研究在两方面实现了突破：一是将模型规模提高到了一亿多单元;二是同时调用了5 000个计算核来并行运算,并得到了很高效率。高分辨率有限元并行模拟研究成果可为岩土工程中结构特别复杂、计算区域特别大、地质情况复杂等模拟提供很好的技术方法和实现手段。     

Genetic algorithms in probabilistic finite element analysis of geotechnical problems

In application to numerical analysis of geotechnical problems, the limit-state surface is usually not known in any closed form. The probability of failure can be assessed via the so-called reliability index. A minimization problem can naturally be formed with an implicit equality constraint defined as the limit-state function and optimization methods can be used for such problems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is proposed and incorporated into a displacement finite element method to find the Hasofer–Lind reliability index. The probabilistic finite element method is then used to analyse the reliability of classical geotechnical systems. The performance of the genetic algorithm (GA) is compared with simpler probability methods such as the first-order-second-moment Taylor series method. The comparison shows that the GA can produce the results fairly quickly and is applicable to evaluation of the failure performance of geotechnical problems involving a large number of decision variables.