沼泽湿地生态储水量及生态需水量计算方法

As one of the most typical wetlands, marsh plays an important role in hydrological and economic aspects, especially in keeping biological diversity. In this study, the definition and connotation of the ecological water storage of marsh is discussed for the first time, and its distinction and relationship with ecological water requirement are also analyzed. Furthermore, the gist and method of calculating ecological water storage and ecological water requirement have been provided, and Momoge wetland has been given as an example of calculation of the two variables. Ecological water use of marsh can be ascertained according to ecological water storage and ecological water requirement. For reasonably spatial and temporal varia-tion of water storage and rational water resources planning, the suitable quantity of water supply to marsh can be calculated according to the hydrological conditions, ecological de-mand and actual water resources.     

沼泽湿地生态储水量及生态需水量计算方法探讨

沼泽是最典型的湿地类型之一,具有重要的水文和生态功能,尤其是在生物多样性保护方面发挥着不可替代的作用。本文提出了沼泽湿地生态储水量的概念与内涵,界定了其与生态需水量的区别与联系,探讨了两者的计算依据与方法,并以扎龙湿地为实例进行了计算。根据生态储水量与生态需水量,可以确定沼泽湿地生态用水合理规模。实际用水配置中应以湿地系统的自然条件为基础,考虑生态功能需要,根据实际水资源丰枯情况,确定合理的补水规模,保证湿地储水量在时空尺度上合理变化,实现水资源的合理配置。     

生态环境需水研究现状和展望

生态环境需水是国内外生态水文学研究的热点问题。本文回顾了国内外生态环境需水研究的现状,并对今后生态环境需水研究进行了展望。研究认为:国外对生态需水的研究侧重于河流生态系统,主要是利用所关心的鱼类对河道物理形态、水流状况等变化的响应关系,来确定河流的最小或最佳流量,研究方法主要以水文学法、水力学法和生境模拟法为主。20世纪90年代后,提出了考虑河流生态系统可接受的流量变化,以维持河流生态系统整体功能为目标确定河流生态需水的研究思路。在国内,生态需水研究起步较晚,但发展较快。研究大致经历了二个阶段:1988年至1998年是对生态需水相关概念的认识阶段,1998年之后才真正进入起步性研究阶段。因此,许多理论和方法都有待加强研究。最后,本文提出了以同位素示踪、遥感等技术为支撑,加强生态需水机理和不同时空尺度生态需水转化等问题的研究。     

新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

研究和确定流域生态基流及天然植被需水量是为了遏制因河道断流或流量减少而造成的生态环境退化,以确保流域生态系统健康发展.根据孔雀河流域植被类型分布及多年径流状况,将河道分为A、B两部分,A段为孔雀河上游塔什店至第三分水枢纽常年未断流河道;B段为第三分水枢纽以下天然植被主要分布区.基于塔什店水文站近50 a水文数据,结合T...     

Environmental and ecological water requirement of river system: a case study of Haihe-Luanhe river system

1 IntroductionRiver system, to some extent, can be regarded as an independent eco-system, which includes river channels, lakes and the lands near the water bodies. In the engineering view, river system can be defined as the flooded area with a flood frequency of 1%[1,2]. The major aspects of the river system may be its water quantity, water quality and aquatic species. The three aspects of the system have a close relation with each other. The river system has a lot of functions, of which in g…     

Environmental and ecological water requirement of river system: a case study of Haihe-Luanhe river system

In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources development and utilization, this paper proposes a concept of environmental and ecological water requirement. It is defined as the minimum water amount to be consumed by the natural water bodies to conserve its environmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods on calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement are determined. In the case study on Haihe-Luanhe river system, the water requirement is divided into three parts, i.e., the basic in-stream flow, water requirement for sediment transfer and water consumption by evaporation of the lakes or everglades. The results of the calculation show that the environmental and ecological water requirement in the river system is about 124×108 m3, including 57×108 m3 for basic in-stream flow, 63×108 m3 for sediment transfer and 4×108 m3 for net evaporation loss of lakes. The total amount of environmental and ecological water requirement accounts for 54% of the amount of runoff (228×108 m3). However, it should be realized that the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we consider that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the river systems must not be more than 40%. Since the current utilization rate of the river system, which is over 80%, has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is imperative to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate the existing problems and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis.     

宁夏中部干旱带盐池县植被生态需水规律研究

以宁夏中部干旱带盐池县为研究对象,对区域植被生态需水的内涵及类型划分进行了分析,并结合彭曼-蒙特斯模型逐月估算了区域林草植被潜在蒸散量,采用Jensen公式结合实测的区域土壤特征曲线确定了土壤水分修正系数,为植被生态需水量的确定奠定了基础。通过对不同类型林草植被生态需水占比分析,可知当前盐池县草地的生态需水量远高于林地,是盐池县生态需水的主体。通过对植被生态需水与降雨平衡的时间变化规律分析可知,除7、8、9月份以外,盐池县各类林草植被生态需水均处于严重亏缺状态,其中缺水量最为严重的是4月份;从植被类型上分析,可知林地中无论是生态需水亏缺量还是盈余水量均以灌木林地为最,而草地中以天然草地为最。进一步对盐池县各生态分区需水特征进行分析,可知一级生态分区中,风沙区的生态需水比例远大于黄土丘陵区;二级生态分区生态需水比例由大到小依次为花马池镇、王乐井乡、大水坑镇、高沙窝镇、惠安堡镇、冯记沟乡、青山乡、麻黄山乡。一级生态分区中风沙区的生态需水系数及生态需水模数均大于黄土丘陵区;二级各生态分区中生态需水系数及模数由大到小依次为花马池镇、王乐井乡、大水坑镇、惠安堡镇、高沙窝镇、青山乡、冯记沟乡,最小为麻黄山乡。盐池县降雨消耗性生态需水量最小值占蒸发总量的比例为30.51%,适宜值占蒸发总量的比例为72.91%,比例都比较高,其余的的蒸发量属于无效蒸发水量,仍然占有一定的比重,这依然为区域植被建设留有一定的空间,但要通过合理的水资源调控手段进行调配。     

缺测站干旱流域生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益分析

生态输水与农业节水是实现内陆干旱流域可持续发展的重要手段,连续水文观测资料的缺乏制约了生态输水与农业节水效益评价。为此,以中国甘肃敦煌疏勒河流域下游为例,基于遥感水文站与谷歌地球引擎进行2016—2020年月尺度的生态输水遥感监测,在此基础上结合蒸散发和土地覆盖类型等多源遥感数据评价生态输水与农业节水效益,分析两者之间在水资源方面的平衡关系。结果表明：（1） 遥感水文站与谷歌地球引擎（Google Earth Engine, GEE）能够为生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益评价提供可靠的数据支撑。（2） 2017—2020年生态输水能够为下游湿地与河道平均每年提供2.50×10⁸ m³生态用水,其中30.06%的水量到达下游湿地,18.47%的水量被下游河道周边的植被所利用,且使下游河道周边植被面积增加112.25 km²。（3） 农业节水在保持耕地面积维持上升趋势的前提下,2017—2020年平均每年降低耕地的蒸散发量0.395×10⁸ m³;耕地蒸散发减少量平均占生态输水量的14.22%,农业节水有效缓解了内陆干旱流域农业用水挤占生态用水的问题。本文将为内陆干旱缺测站流域的生态输水遥感监测与农业节水效益评价提供新的思路,以期为未来的生态输水与农业节水工程的实施提供理论支撑。     

甘肃省水资源生态足迹和生态承载力时空特征

基于水资源生态足迹模型,核算了甘肃全省及 14 个市（州）2003—2017 年的水资源生态足 迹和生态承载力,在此基础上计算出其生态盈亏和生态足迹强度,并对其时空变化特征进行分 析。结果表明：（1）2003—2017 年甘肃省水资源生态足迹远大于生态承载力,导致水资源处于生态 赤字状态,但水资源生态足迹总体上呈缓慢下降趋势,水资源生态承载力呈波动上升态势,生态赤 字的变化趋势与生态承载力基本一致,而水资源生态足迹强度呈逐年下降趋势,说明甘肃省水资 源利用效率不断提高,供需矛盾有所缓解;（2）生产用水尤其是农业用水是最大的足迹账户,且呈 下降趋势;生态用水足迹虽然占比很低,但呈快速增长态势,用水结构趋向合理;（3）水资源生态足 迹的区域差异明显,整体上呈现从西北向东南递减的分布趋势。水资源生态足迹强度的区域差异 也较大,但呈缩小的态势;（4）水资源生态承载力的区域差异也十分显著,其高水平区和较高水平 区空间分布相对稳定,呈现出向低值区发展的趋势;（5）水土资源匹配不合理,土地资源少而分散 的甘南高原和陇南山地水资源生态盈余较大,而土地资源丰富的河西地区水资源生态赤字严重。     

不同情景下干旱区尾闾湖泊生态水位与需水研究——以黑河下游东居延海为例

水位作为湖泊重要的水文要素之一,在反映湖泊水量变化,指示湖泊湿地生态环境状况等方面都有重要的生态意义。选取黑河下游尾闾湖东居延海为研究区域,采用湖泊形态学法对湖泊最小生态水面和最低生态水位进行了研究。依据水量平衡原理,结合已有研究对不同情景下的生态需水量进行了估算。最后结合黑河输水河道耗水规律,提出不同情景（水文频率）下各水文断面需下泄水量。研究结果对于干旱区流域湖泊湿地的保护和水资源的合理利用都有重要意义,同时也为黑河流域生态输水工程的实施提供现实的科学依据。     

黄淮海平原河道基本环境需水研究

针对我国北方地区水环境中最突出的污染问题,以满足河流最基本的稀释自净功能为目的,提出了一种计算河道基本环境需水量的方法,即月(年)保证率设定法,并以黄淮海平原为例,进行实证分析。结果是黄淮海平原总的河道环境需水最小为2176亿m³,约占多年平均径流量的15%,其中海河流域309亿m³、黄河下游52亿m³、淮河流域片1347亿m³。通过Tennant法验证,说明计算结果可靠。本文的研究不仅丰富了生态(环境)需水的理论内涵,为河道生态(环境)需水的进一步研究打下了良好的基础,同时为研究区水资源规划、水环境保护提供了有力的依据     

湿地缺水问题的研究展望

湿地是水循环的主体环节,从河流、湖泊、沼泽到河口以至近岸海区,都直接受水资源开发利用的影响。由于水资源传统的开发方式和过度利用,使湿地面临严重的缺水形势。为了保护湿地,维护流域水循环,我国已经开展了湿地生态需水研究,并取得一些成果。但是,如何保障湿地需水仍是摆在我们面前的重要课题。水权是水资源管理更加科学的分配制度,因此借助水权来探索生态需水的保障机制,使湿地生态需水得到可靠保证。     

湖泊最低生态水位计算方法研究

对湖泊最低生态水位计算的年保证率法、湖泊形态分析法、天然水位资料法、功能法、曲线相关法和最低年平均水位法6种计算方法进行了论述,并选用其中的3种方法应用于博斯腾湖,计算结果表明,不同计算方法得到的结果并不相同,据此对不同计算方法的适用范围和优缺点进行了比较分析。     

新疆干旱区天然植被最低生态耗水量概念分析

干旱区天然植被的最低生态耗水量问题关系到该地区生态建设的标准问题，也是评价水资源生态承载力所必须考虑的指标。同时，天然植被的最低生态耗水量是制定绿洲农业用水和节水规划的依据之一。据不同的生态目标分析并提出了天然植被不同的最低生态耗水量的概念，指出植物的最低生态耗水量是最低生态效应下的植物的耗水量，而且不同生态区要求的生态效应不同，因此，植物在不同生态目标下会表现出的最低生态耗水量不同。进行天然植被最低生态耗水量评价时，首先要明确生态目标。另外，通过试验发现，天然植被存在着生态耗水效率的概念，水分的生态效应存在最优值。     

Research progress of socio-economic water cycle in China

China has made great progress in the study of socio-economic water cycle. She has completed national water resources appraisement and medium to long-term water supply planning. She has been engaging in study on water-deficient regions in North China and Northwest China for about half a century. For solving water shortage problem in northern China, she has put forward the famous South-to-North Water Transferring Projects, which has been set as one of the four biggest national projects in the Tenth Five-Year-Plan period although there are still debates. For promoting water use efficiency, China has been reforming her water management system, including water right system and water price system. There has already been a case of water right purchase. China has also done a lot of research on the interaction between human activity, water and ecosystem. For meeting the need of sustainability and coordinating water resources development and environmental protection, the study of ecological water requirement became very hot in recent years. There are three focuses of socio-economic water cycle study now in China: water transfer projects from the south to the north, water resources management and ecological water requirement.     

Research progress of socio-economic water cycle in China

China has made great progress in the study of socio-economic water cycle. She has completed national water resources appraisement and medium to long-term water supply planning. She has been engaging in study on water-deficient regions in North China and Northwest China for about half a century. For solving water shortage problem in northern China, she has put forward the famous South-to-North Water Transferring Projects, which has been set as one of the four biggest national projects in the Tenth Five-Year-Plan period although there are still debates. For promoting water use efficiency, China has been reforming her water management system, including water right system and water price system. There has already been a case of water right purchase. China has also done a lot of research on the interaction between human activity, water and ecosystem. For meeting the need of sustainability and coordinating water resources development and environmental protection, the study of ecological water requirement became very hot in recent years. There are three focuses of socio-economic water cycle study now in China: water transfer projects from the south to the north, water resources management and ecological water requirement.     

河西内陆河流域水生态安全评价研究

水安全评价相关研究已有较多成果,但绝大多数采用P-S-R(压力-状态-响应)及其扩展模型,且评价指标体系的优化校准几乎从未提及.本文将W-SENCE(与水有关的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统)模型引入水生态安全评价领域,从水生态安全的自然属性和社会经济属性方面构建水生态安全评价指标体系,结合模糊系统分析及改进生态位理论对...     

中亚地区水问题研究综述

中亚地区地处内陆干旱区,水资源匮乏,是国际上水问题十分严重的地区。本文收集了自2000年以来近15年的相关文献,从文献数量、研究机构、研究方法和主要水问题等方面,综述国内外中亚地区水问题研究成果。通过对文献分析得出以下认识：① 中亚地区水问题是地理学研究热点之一,中国、德国和美国等国家的研究机构开展了大量研究工作,主要集中在水循环过程对气候变化的响应和流域水环境两个方面,中国在跨界河流管理方面的研究成果相对丰富;② 气温升高与降水增加是中亚地区气候变化的基本特征,受气温升高影响,陆地水储量与河川径流减小趋势明显,水资源日趋短缺;③ 不合理的水资源利用方式,加剧了土壤盐渍化和土地退化,加重了水环境污染,加大了流域水环境的压力;④ 复杂的地缘政治使中亚地区跨界河流管理成为当前国际社会面临的重大难题。从已经获得的成果还可以看出,基础数据获取方法、人口—资源—环境相互关系分析、气候—水文—社会—政治相互作用机制等将是未来中亚地区水问题研究发展的重要方向。     

石羊河流域水资源利用和生态环境保护对策

石羊河流域是我各国西北干旱地区的一个重要流域,由于流域水资源的过度开发利用与不合理配置,造成下游地区植被衰败,沙漠化问题十分突出,流域整治和生态环境保护迫在眉睫。本文通过对石羊河流域水资源利用、地下水位下降、土壤盐渍化、植被衰退和土地沙漠化之间的相互作用关系的分析,提出了保证石羊河流域生态用水以防止生态环境劣变和促进流域生态系统良性循环的水资源管理的具体对策建议。     

Calculation of instream ecological water requirements under runoff variation conditions: Taking Xitiaoxi River in Taihu Lake Basin as an example

Climate change and human activity can cause remarkable hydrological variation.Traits of hydrological series such as runoff before and after the change points could be sig-nificantly different,so the calculation of instream ecological water requirements (EWRs) is confronted with more challenges.Taking the Xitiaoxi River (XTXR) in the upper reach of the Taihu Lake Basin as an example,this paper investigates the calculation of EWRs using the range of variability approach (RVA) under changing environment.The change point diagnosis of the natural and observed runoff series are conducted for XTXR.Then,differences in the hydrological alternation indicators and instream EWRs processes obtained from various daily runoff series are compared.It was found that the natural and observed annual runoff series in XTXR from 1957 to 2018 both show significant variations,and the change points are in 2007 and 1999 respectively.If runoff data before the change points or all runoff data are used,the instream EWRs obtained from natural runoff are significantly lower than those obtained from the observed runoff.At the monthly time step,EWRs differences within a year mainly oc-curred from May to August.Also,calculation results of the instream EWRs are strongly re-lated to the selected period of runoff series.The EWRs obtained using runoff series after the change points have rather acute fluctuation within a year.Therefore,when the RVA method is used under changing environment,the instream EWRs should be prudently determined by comparing different calculation results on the basis of river runoff restoration and variability analysis.To a certain extent,this paper enriches our understanding about the hydrological method for EWRs estimation,and proposes new ideas for future research on EWRs.