Investigations into the Preparation of Ultra-Fine Particle Size Geochemical Reference Materials

Although over recent years, sensitivity and precision of modern analytical techniques have continuously improved, traditional analytical specification for the particle size of samples has remained at 74 μm (-200 mesh). For this reason, the uncertainty caused by inhomogeneity in test portions of the sample itself has become a more and more significant contribution to the total analytical uncertainty. Therefore, to reduce this total uncertainty, the first step is to improve the homogeneity by reducing the particle size of a sample. For this purpose, we have investigated a method for the preparation of ultra-fine reference materials. Using the modern ultra-fine crushing technique (jet mill), six marine sediment samples MSAn and MSCS-1 to 5 were prepared and the particle distributions of these samples were measured using a laser particle-analyser. The average particle size of these samples was 4–5 (im and the largest particle size was less than 30 (im. MSAn will be used as the sample for a future GeoPT(tm) proficiency testing round and MSCS-1 to 5 will be prepared as reference materials. All geochemical laboratories are welcome to participate in this co-operative research programme. The processing and use of ultra-fine samples (< 30 μm) will have a significant influence on the future development of geoanalytical techniques as a consequence of the potential reduction in the mass of test portion and the development of new geoanalytical systems.     

甘肃1∶20万区域化探扫面分析技术回顾

本文在回顾和总结我省1∶20万区域化探扫面分析技术和成果的基础上,从化探分析方法研究、微痕量元素分析技术进展和技术推广应用3个方面对其分析技术和应用成果进行了介绍和评述。同时,对化探分析中存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了简述。对指导我省乃至全国地球化学样品分析方法和微痕量元素分析技术及其应用具有重要的现实意义和实用价值。     

The Preparation and Preliminary Characterisation of Eight Geological MPI-DING Reference Glasses for In-Situ Microanalysis

Eight silicate glasses were prepared by directly fusing and stirring 50-100 g each of basalt, andesite, komatiite, peridotite, rhyolite, and quartz-diorite. These are referred to as MPI-DING glasses and were made for the purpose of providing reference materials for geochemical, in-situ microanalytical work. Results from various analytical techniques indicate that individual glass fragments are well homogenised with respect to major and trace elements at the μm to mm scale. Heterogeneities due to quench crystallisation of olivine have been observed in small and limited areas of the two komatiitic glasses. In order to obtain concentration values for as many elements as possible, the glasses were analysed by a variety of bulk and microanalytical methods in a number of laboratories. The analytical uncertainties of most elements are estimated to be between 1% and 10%. From the analytical data, preliminary reference values for more than sixty elements were calculated. The analytical uncertainties of most elements are estimated to be between 1% and 10%.     

页岩气实验测试技术现状与研究进展

页岩气是一种潜力巨大的非常规资源,已经在北美地区得到成功开发,成为全球油气勘探的一个新领域.目前对页岩气的储量评估和产气能力评价研究主要集中在页岩气藏的岩性成分、成因来源、赋存形式、成藏特征、成藏条件、页岩含气量等方面.而开展这些研究的基础是首先要准确测定页岩有机地球化学,岩石学以及含气量等相关参数,因此页岩实验测试技术是页岩气勘探开发研究的关键技术之一.通过对页岩进行分析检测可以得到总有机碳含量、成熟度、孔隙度、渗透率及含气量等重要参数,这些参数的获得对页岩气成藏研究和勘探开发具有重要意义.因此尽快梳理页岩实验测试技术,建立页岩特征参数常规分析测试方法体系和页岩测试专用实验室显得十分重要.本文在调研国内外文献的基础上,围绕页岩有机地球化学特征、页岩岩石学相关参数和页岩含气量测定,对页岩的有机质丰度、干酪根类型、有机质生油、生气关键指标等地球化学特征分析,页岩矿物组成、孔隙度和渗透率测定等储层表征技术,以及页岩含气量测试技术进行了概述.大量文献资料表明:加强页岩总有机碳含量、干酪根类型、页岩有机质成熟度、页岩孔隙度和渗透率、页岩含气量等参数的研究对页岩气的开发利用具有重要作用.     

地矿部化探发展四十年

本文简要回顾地矿部建立四十年以来的地球化学勘查工作的发展。自1952年地质部成立化探室以来,化探经过早期创业阶段;到60年代化探方法技术水平不断提高,技术队伍逐年发展壮大;1978年以后,化探开始全面迅速的发展。主要在区域化探、金矿化探、岩石地球化学测量、汞量测量以及化探样品分析方法和技术等方面的发展最为显著。近10年来,区域化探在全国覆盖面积达401万平方公里,化探在寻找贵金属和有色金属矿产等方面取得了突出的找矿效果,化探方法技术水平比以往上了一个新台阶,在化探工作方法方面,特别是特殊景观区化探工作方法研究,样品分析技术和质量监控,标准样的制备,计算机技术在化探中的应用,以及化探仪器的研制等均达到国内外较高水平。我部的化探工作展望未来,目标明确,任务艰巨,在今后地质找矿以及环境、农业等领域中的应用,必将发挥更大的作用。     

Geochemical prospecting for porphyry copper-type mineralization — A review

During the past 25 years, geochemical prospecting techniques have been applied in the search for porphyry copper-type mineralization in many parts of the world. This review lists several important porphyry copper deposits which were discovered, or their potential indicated, by the application of geochemical exploration methods.In addition, a discussion is presented of selected case histories and research illustrating the effectiveness of the use of stream sediments, soils, water, rock, vegetation and other sample media for porphyry copper exploration in a wide variety of environments. Continuing studies with SO₂, the halogens, rhenium, mercury, precious metals, the composition of fluid inclusions and the major elements associated with alteration are expected to lead to the identification of additional new techniques which will be of value in future exploration. Gamma-ray spectrometry and infrared spectroradiometry show considerable promise for airborne or satellite survey. Other remote sensing and atmogeochemical techniques which may be applicable to the reconnaissance for porphyry copper-type mineralization are being studied or are in the development stage. Experience to date clearly indicates that geochemical methods have application at all stages in the exploration for and development of porphyry copper-type deposits. Anticipated future developments are expected to increase and improve this application.     

油气地球化学勘查中的分析测试技术和方法

回顾了油气地球化学勘查在中国石油工业发展历史中的作用和贡献,分析了其现状和发展前景;总结和介绍了油气地球化学勘查中的常见分析测试技术和方法,在油气资源调查工作中的优势、应用范围及其发展趋势;并在此基础上提出对我国油气地球化学勘查研究工作的四点建议：立足理论研究,开拓应用技术;大力开展海洋油气资源勘查的室内外地球化学分析测试技术研究;积极构建管理和技术平台,整合地球化学勘查技术和数据资源;协调开展综合油气勘查工作.     

铀成矿流体地球化学界面

在简要介绍流体成矿地球化学界面的概念、组成、分类、地球化学标志及研究意义的基础上,讨论了流体地球化学界面与铀成矿的关系,提出了铀成矿流体地球化学界面研究的基本思路和方法,指出了今后应重视开展研究的某些重大地质问题。     

地矿部1978-1987年金矿化探回顾和展望

本文是地质矿产部自1978年～1987年十年来组织开发金矿化探工作的一篇总结性和评述性文章。该部十年来采用化探方法发现的金矿产地共272处,其中现已查明为工业矿床者62处。总结的主要经验有:①努力实现用痕量金作指示元素来寻找金矿床②金矿化探工作中应坚持“区域展开,重点突破”原则③全矿化探普查的选区应以1:20万区域化探中出现的金异常为依据④在金异常检查和详查中采用痕量金的“现场分析”方法。对于金矿化探在我国今后的发展趋势作者提出如下看法:①金及有关元素的区域性地球化学图件的编制和研究预期将加速开展②痕金分析方法和技术将获得进一步发展,并提出应研究和开发一种可以同时测定Au、Ag、As三种元素的现场分析方法和技术③金矿化探的采样代表性问题的研究将被列入议事日程④金异常的检查和研究将普遍开展⑤厚层覆盖地区金矿化探方法的研究将获得重要进展。     

Experimental simulations and methods for natural gas hydrate analysis in China

This paper provides an overview of the developments in analytical and testing methods and experimental simulations on gas hydrate in China. In the laboratory, the analyses and experiments of gas hydrate can provide useful parameters for hydrate exploration and exploitation. In recent years, modern analytical instruments and techniques, including Laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray computed tomography (X-CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were applied in the study of structure, formation mechanisms, phase equilibrium, thermal physical properties and so forth of gas hydrates. The detection technology and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique are integrated to the experimental devices to study the physical parameters of gas hydrates, such as the acoustics, resistivity, thermal and mechanical properties. It is believed that the various analytical techniques together with the experimental simulations from large-scale to micro-scale on gas hydrate will play a significant role and provide a powerful support for future gas hydrate researches.     

近30年来我国地质分析重要成果评介

从地质标准物质体系的建立、X射线荧光分析成为岩矿全分析的主导方法、电感耦合等离子体光谱－质谱成为现代地质分析的支柱、化探配套方法的形成与发展、野外现场分析技术、贵金属元素分析、微区痕量分析及元素分布特征研究新技术、Re/Os同位素年代学方法及其应用、海洋地球化学分析方法体系及标准物质体系的形成等九个方面列举、评介了近30年来较重要的地质分析成果,说明成果产生的历史条件、意义与影响、成果的获得及给人的启示。最后就我国地质分析的当前热点及未来发展提出了看法。     

中国油气化探技术发展历程回顾与前景展望

油气化探（油气地球化学勘探,下同）是在石油地质原理和地球化学理论的基础上发展起来的新学科。中国的油气化探已走过了近60年的发展历程。从初创的艰辛、试验研究的执着、蓬勃发展的生机和蓄势待发4个阶段概括地回顾了油气化探技术发展的历史,展示了中国油气化探技术发展过程中的成就,也留下了可供思考的空间。在分析中国油气资源及勘探现状的基础上,对未来油气化探技术的发展前景进行了讨论。认为,国家能源需求的高速增长,给油气化探技术的可持续性发展带来了机遇;降低成本、提高勘探成功率的市场需求,油气化探的技术优势将重新受到重视;在越来越复杂的勘探对象面前,综合勘探技术的广泛应用必将为化探发挥更大的作用提供广阔的发展空间。     

Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the Murray-Darling River System: A Conceptual Isotopic/Geochemical Model for the Fractionation of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Elements

A conceptual isotopic/geochemical model is presented to explain the variation of major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and Sr isotope systematics in suspended particulate matter (SPM) as a function of particle/colloid size. This conceptual model is an extension of a previous investigation of the origin of SPM in the Murray-Darling River system (MDRS) that utilised Sr isotope systematics to examine aspects of SPM (particle/colloid) origin, structure and mineralogy. The geochemical processes that give rise to the often coherent trends in major, trace and REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic signature as a function of particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) size in the MDRS have been identified using an enhanced SPM size fractionation technique as a basis to not only obtain a broad range of particle/colloid size ranges, but also to provide sufficient material for subsequent geochemical and isotopic analysis. The conceptual isotopic/geochemical model proposed here contains three major components: (i) the differential weathering of micas and alkali (K-) feldspars to form the majority of the particulate (<1 μm) fractions (high 87Sr/86Sr ratio), which have a geochemical and Sr isotopic signature that closely resembles precursor mineralogies, (ii) the differential weathering of Na, Ca-feldspars (plagioclase) which decompose to form clay minerals in the colloidal (>1 μm) fractions (low 87Sr/86Sr ratio), with a range of geochemical signatures related to the relative proportions of inorganic and organic constituents, and (iii) the presence of natural organic matter as coatings on the particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) matter and possibly as organo-colloids which exert an increasing influence in particular on bulk colloid geochemistry with decreasing colloid size. This conceptual isotopic/geochemical model also accounts for the distinct variation in major, trace and REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic systematics between the particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) fractions, the variation being primarily a function of the distinctly different precursor mineralogies of the SPM fractions and geochemical fractionation during the weathering and transport. Additionally, this model explains a systematic fractionation of REE apparent within colloidal (>1 μm) fractions. Statisitcal (hierachical cluster) analysis of two particulate and three colloidal fractions from 23 samples from the MDRS is used as a basis to investigate geochemical and mineralogical associations within the particulate and colloidal size fractions and to provide additional supporting evidence for the conceptual isotopic/geochemical model. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国区域化探若干基本问题研究：1999—2009

1999—2009年,中国区域化探发生了根本性改变。主导思想是以地球化学理论为指导研究区域化探方法技术问题和进行矿产资源潜力评价。区域化探方法技术研究的基本要求是最大限度保持原生地球化学分布特征,表生地球化学条件下采样物质问题是区域化探方法研究的核心,样品采集应以代表地质找矿信息的基岩物质成分为原则,在全国范围内最大限度地保持采样物质的一致性。基于成矿地球化学理论建立资源潜力地球化学评价方法和实行地质找矿定量预测,使勘查地球化学从单纯方法手段上升到指导地质找矿的理论高度。主要标志是在全国建立完整的区域化探工作方法技术系统和实行样品分析质量全程监控。在区域化探高精度数据基础上绘制与出版精美的地球化学图集,使区域地球化学图精确地反映地质背景分布与异常特征,促进区域化探数据信息深度开发和利用,建立具有从区域、普查到详查进行全过程独立开展资源调查、评价和预测的方法技术体系和工作程序。区域化探长期支撑中国地质找矿工作,是整个地质找矿工作的先导。随着新一代地区和全国地球化学图的形成,将在基础地质和成矿规律研究以及揭示重大地质事件等方面提供新的发现、新的认识和新的观点,对于未来中国勘查地球化学和整个地质工作产生重要影响。     

当前流体包裹体研究和应用概况

本文概要总结近年来流体包裹体研究和应用的发展情况，包括流体包裹体岩相学，PVTX研究，分析技术和应用等四个方面。岩相学方面的主要进展反映在“流体包裹体组合”概念的提出和应用。在PVTX研究方面，人工包裹体和热液金刚石压腔的应用极大地促进了我们对地质流体体系相特征的了解。各种分析技术不断涌现或改进，其中以Laser-Raman对气体成分和LA-ICP—MS对溶质成分的分析尤其有用。流体包裹体的应用领域一直以矿床学研究为主，当前和今后一段时间仍将如此。但是，流体包裹体在地球科学的其它领域，尤其是石油地质以及岩浆和地球内部过程的研究等方面，正得到越来越多的应用。     

基于普适化服务的物化探科技成果特征及应用群划分初探

地球物理勘探和地球化学勘探即物化探是实现地质找矿突破的重要手段。物化探科技成果的特征及分类研究将有助于各应用群了解该专业化成果,推进其普适化服务。本文初步研究并定义了物化探科技成果,提出了物化探科技成果兼具公益性与商业性、信息性与实物性、原创性与集成性、专业性与广泛性特征;按照研究的目的将成果分为基础研究成果、应用研究成果和开发研究成果三类;将物化探科技成果的应用群划分为专业、政府、公众三大类应用群,并分别列出了需求意向以及成果表达形式,为未来的普适化产品研究奠定了基础。     

深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系

深部矿产资源的勘查是战略性矿产资源勘查的一个重要方面。找矿实践证明，化探方法技术在矿产勘查乃至深部找矿中发挥了重要的、不可或缺的作用。找矿工作的不断深入和找矿难度的不断加大，促使化探方法技术不断的发展和完善，在传统方法技术的基础上，研发出了许多新的方法技术。本文从方法论和系统论的角度出发，对现有的找寻深部隐伏矿盲矿的有效化探方法技术进行了系统的归纳和总结，提出了立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系的概念，将立体地球化学勘查方法技术划分为地面地球化学测量方法技术和地下地球化学测量方法技术，建立了深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系。不同的方法技术有不同的优势和不同的适用条件，实际工作中应当根据不同的勘查阶段，不同的勘查目的和不同的地质地球化学条件选择不同的立体方法技术组合才能发挥出最大效益，取得最大效果。     

中国海洋地球化学探测技术的现状与发展

地球化学探测与分析技术在海洋地质调查、海底矿产资源勘探、研究与开发中发挥巨大作用，文中简介了我国目前海洋地球化学分析技术的现状，着重评介了用于海洋地球化学探测的一些新技术、新方法。主要包括：船载现场民探测技术；陆上实验室的现代分析方法以及用于化学数据质量监控、分析方法评价和进行国际对比的各类海洋标准物质的研制与应用。并结合前及近期我国海洋矿产资源与环境研究任务，对发展海洋地球化学探测与分析新技术提出建议。     

Geochemical processes and sedimentological characteristics of Holocene lagoon deposits,Alikes Lagoon,Zakynthos Island,western Greece

In this paper we present sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical and ¹⁴C Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating data of a 21.0‐m core obtained from Alikes Lagoon, Zakynthos Island. It is the first time that sedimentological and geochemical data are presented, up to 21‐m depth, from an Holocene coastal lagoon environment of the Ionia Sea, western Greece. The sedimentological properties and the geochemical composition of sediments were studied for the time period between 8540 years bp to present. Samples were analysed for their particle size, calcium carbonate and total organic carbon (TOC) content. Moreover, bulk sample chemical analyses for major and trace elements were carried out, as well as bulk, oriented mineralogical analyses for the clay fraction (<2 µm) were determined by powder X‐Ray diffraction. The grain size characteristics, statistical parameters and TOC, for the Holocene analysed samples, suggest a coastal environment (restricted‐shallow) with reduced salinity such as a tidal flat and/or particularly marsh in a lagoon margin. Sediment characteristics as well as trace element records may contain additional new palaeoclimate information that provide important new constraint on sediment depositional environment and Holocene climate. Stratigraphic variation of geochemical indices, such as Rb/Ti, Cs/Ti, Eu/Eu*, Th/Ti, La/Ti, Ta/Ti, Yb/Ti and Y/Ti, for the sediments with ages from 8540 to 7210 years bp , remain relatively constant indicating that the provenance of the Alikes Lagoon remained similar throughout the mid Holocene. However, geochemical indices in sediments with ages from 7110 years bp to present, indicate the transition from a warm and wet climate in the middle Holocene to a relatively cold climatic conditions in modern times. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

勘查地球化学工作的进展

地球化学勘查,主要是利用先进的微量元素测定技术,系统地研究各种天然物质(如岩石、疏松沉积物、水系沉积物、水、气体、生物等)中元素的分布和分配特征,从而获得找矿信息的一种找矿方法。在我国,从五十年代初期至今三十多年来,化探工作从无到有,化探队伍由小到大,建立了一支有一定基础的专业队伍,初步形成了我国自己的方法技术体系,获得了丰硕的地质—找矿成果。