中国南海表层沉积硅藻的分布及其与环境关系探讨

通过对中国南海62个站位表层沉积硅藻的分析,查明研究海区硅藻的种类组成及分布特点。共鉴定到硅藻56属的235个种(包括变种和变型),以热性外洋种为优势,伴有一定量的近岸广布种。总体上,南海硅藻丰度变化呈现从陆架向陆坡至海盆递增的趋势。根据表层沉积硅藻中具有指示意义的硅藻种的分布和生态变化,划分6个硅藻组合带,各组合分别反映不同的海洋环境,其分布主要受到海洋环流的影响,表现为黑潮暖流、印度洋暖水的入侵以及沿岸流对南海表层沉积硅藻分布的影响。与南海相邻海区硅藻种类比较结果表明,研究海区表层沉积硅藻种类组成与临近的菲律宾海域相似程度最大,其次是中国东海海域、太平洋东北部海域。     

我国东南近岸海域表层沉积硅藻组合

对采自我国东南近岸海域18个站位78个表层沉积样品进行了硅藻鉴定分析,根据硅藻优势种和次优势种的分布特征,划分出3个组合和两个亚组合,其较好地对应分布于南海、台湾海峡和东海等3个近岸海域。统计数据表明,近岸海域表层沉积硅藻的分布受大陆入海径流的影响微乎其微,随着水深的增加,我国东南近岸海域海洋初级生产力减小,底栖种、潮间带种减少而浮游种增加;组合Ⅰ的分布表明南海东北部海域明显受黑潮流等外洋水团的影响,可应用组合Ⅱ1和组合Ⅱ2中优势种和特征种硅藻来指示水深,两亚组合面貌的差异是对冬夏两季海峡两侧受不同性质海流控制的响应;组合Ⅲ受沿岸流控制比较明显,而遭受黑潮等外洋水团的影响很弱。     

珠江口外表层沉积物中硅藻分布特征

本文根据我所在南海大陆架综合调查所采集的珠江口外表层沉积样品(112°—115°E,19°—23°N),共研究44个硅藻样(图1)。根据硅藻属种分布差异,可以了解当时的沉积环境,它的遗壳又极易被海流搬运,是研究海流的运动、古地理环境等的重要手段之一。笔者在本海区共鉴定45属164种,统计了其数量(每克干样的硅藻数),根据其参数大小及硅藻植物群在沉积物中的分布,探讨珠江口外海域不同地形地貌、沉积物类型、水动力性质、温度和盐度对沉积硅藻属种及其含量分布的影响,不同组合在各海区中的分布特征,利用硅藻生态特点了解当时的沉积环境。     

南海南部表层沉积物中生物硅的分布及其环境意义

对南海南部25个表层沉积样进行了生物硅的测定分析,试图揭示南海南部表层沉积生物硅的分布及其对现代海洋环境的指示意义,以便为古海洋学研究提供进一步的科学依据。研究发现,表层沉积物中生物硅含量与其所处水深呈显著正相关关系,相关系数达到0．782。陆架浅水区表层沉积物中生物硅含量非常低,不能反映表层水体中硅质生物生产力情况,这可能与沉积类型和陆源物质输入影响有关。深水区表层沉积物中生物硅的含量分布表明,其不仅能反映出表层水体中硅质生物的古生产力水平,而且还能指示上升流的强弱,从而进一步证实了利用沉积物中生物硅含量来追踪上升流发育和变化的有效性与可信度。研究结果还显示,在研究区域中北部表层沉积生物硅中放射虫和海绵骨针较硅藻占有更大的比重,这可能是由于硅藻易被溶解并易被其他生物体摄食的缘故。在有上升流发育的海域,放射虫、硅藻和海绵骨针基本上均表现出较高的丰度,这与高的生物硅含量相一致。     

南海西北部表层沉积硅藻的分布特征与环境分析

基于南海西北部表层沉积物中的硅藻分析,阐明表层沉积硅藻的分布特征,探讨硅藻与环境的对应关系及指示意义。结果表明,研究区内硅藻以热带—亚热带种和近岸种为主;硅藻丰度差异显著,近岸浅水区丰度相对较低,陆坡、河口和上升流区丰度整体较高;硅藻组合类型复杂。硅藻分布面貌受区域的温度、盐度、营养盐、水深、海流、底质类型等因素的控制较为明显。硅藻组合对海流和水团的影响范围具有指示意义。     

南海南部表层沉积物中生物硅的分布及其环境意义

对南海南部25个表层沉积样进行了生物硅的测定分析,试图揭示南海南部表层沉积生物硅的分布及其对现代海洋环境的指示意义,以便为古海洋学研究提供进一步的科学依据。研究发现,表层沉积物中生物硅含量与其所处水深呈显著正相关关系,相关系数达到0.782。陆架浅水区表层沉积物中生物硅含量非常低,不能反映表层水体中硅质生物生产力情况,这可能与沉积类型和陆源物质输入影响有关。深水区表层沉积物中生物硅的含量分布表明,其不仅能反映表层水体中硅质生物的古生产力水平,而且还能指示上升流的强弱,从而进一步证实了利用沉积物中生物硅含量来追踪上升流发育和变化的有效性与可信度。研究结果还显示,在研究区域中北部表层沉积生物硅中放射虫和海绵骨针较硅藻占有更大的比重,这可能是由于硅藻易被溶解并易被其他生物体摄食的缘故。在有上升流发育的海域,放射虫、硅藻和海绵骨针基本上表现出较高的丰度,这与高的生物硅含量相一致。     

1991年皮纳图博火山灰沉降物对南海海洋环境及硅藻生长的影响

通过对菲律宾皮纳图博(Pinatubo)火山1991年6月爆发前后南海表层沉积物及沉降颗粒物中的硅藻丰度及群落组成进行分析,试图揭示皮纳图博火山爆发对南海硅藻生长的影响.研究发现,火山爆发后南海沉积物中硅藻相对丰度显著减少,原因主要在于皮纳图博火山喷发物大量沉积于南海深海,显著提高了南海沉积速率,同时稀释了沉积物中生源...     

中沙、西沙群岛海区表层沉积物中微型腹足类、双壳类的分布

中沙、西沙群岛海区表层沉积物中微型腹足类、双壳类主要由热带、亚热带种类和广温性种类组成，并以典型的热带珊瑚礁型种类为主，见有腹足类176种，双壳类48种。可划分出3个沉积组合类型。温度、水深、底质、海底地貌是控制本区腹足类、双壳类分布的主要环境因素。腹足类、双壳类遗壳埋藏群由原地埋藏类型和异地埋藏类型组成。在珊瑚礁深水处这两种类型呈明显混合分布。在水深22，90，115m处属原地埋藏的潮间带或浅水类型含量丰富，优势属种明显，这表明自晚更新世末次冰期以来，南海海平面上升过程出现3次间歇性停顿。随水深增大，异地埋藏类型增多，反映了群岛区陡峻的地势与海流在礁壁处形成的垂直分流对生物埋藏群分布的影响。     

海洋沉积硅藻研究进展

综述了国外近40 a海洋沉积硅藻表层组合及其在地层划分与对比、古地理环境重建、海平面升降和岸线变迁等方面的应用,以及硅藻休眠孢子化石的分类学、地层学和分子系统发育学研究的最新进展.对中国海洋沉积硅藻的研究进展作了概述,基本查明了渤海、黄海、东海、南海4大海区表层硅藻属种组成及表层硅藻组合面貌;利用硅藻组合进行了地层划分与对比、古海洋环境演变过程的研究;并将各种数理统计方法结合到硅藻分析中,使中国海洋沉积硅藻研究逐渐由定性或半定量向定量研究发展.但在利用硅藻进行古环境定量重建等方面,与国外的研究还存在一定差距.今后应加强建立现代硅藻-环境变量数据库、表层沉积生物硅的溶解、硅藻休眠孢子化石的分类学和地层学等方面的研究.     

广西钦州湾外湾表层沉积硅藻分布特征

本文对钦州湾外湾54个表层沉积物中硅藻进行分析,鉴定出硅藻153种,分属50属。其中Thalassionema nitzschioides是本区域内最为丰富的硅藻种类。对应分析结果表明,钦州湾表层沉积硅藻分布主要受到海水盐度的影响,其中淡水硅藻Achnanthes delicatula、A.hauckiana、A.levanderi和Cocconeis disculus可以作为低盐度海水环境的指示种,半咸水种Cyclotella striata/C.stylorum、Paralia sulcata与海洋中硅藻Thalassionema frauenfeldii、T.nitzschioides则可以很好的指示高盐度环境。钦州湾外湾54个表层沉积站位可划分为3个硅藻分布区,分别对应高低不同的海水盐度,与实际站位地理分布基本一致。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.