甘肃南祁连党河南山中奥陶世火山岩的地球化学特征

甘肃南祁连褶皱带党河南山地区中奥陶世火山岩的岩石学和微量元素、稀土元素的地球化学等研究证明,本区火山岩由基性火山岩和中性火山岩组成。其中,基性火山岩分属碱性玄武岩系列和拉斑玄武岩系列;而中性火山岩为一套钙碱性安山岩,二者均具有低钾、高钠的特点。这些火山岩的稀上元素配分曲线均属于轻稀土富集型,(w(La)／W(Yb))_N=2.73～7777,(w(La)／w(Sm))_N=1.43～3.21,(w(Gd)／w(Yb))_N=1.01～1.92．明显地表现为轻稀土元素配分曲线陡倾,而重稀土元素配分曲线相对平坦的特征。微量元素配分曲线图表现为大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf及Ti不同程度的亏损。这些岩石学和地球化学的特征证明本区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。     

西昆仑奥东布拉克地区火山岩成因探讨

西昆仑奥东布拉克地区阿羌岩组火山岩平均含量Si O2为49.49%,Ti O2为1.07%,Al2O3为14.96%,ALK均值为3.38%,Na2O/K2O均值为1.46,表明岩石属于钙碱性向碱性(偏碱性)系列过渡的岩石类型。稀土元素配分模式图显示岩石轻稀土元素(LREE)相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE)相对亏损,具有弱正Eu异常,指示岩浆没有经历明显的分异作用。微量元素显示,岩石富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,而相对亏损Ta、Nb、Hf等活动性弱的高场强元素,指示岩石形成于岛弧的构造环境。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示火山岩锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为474.2±4.3 Ma,表明阿羌岩组火山岩形成于奥陶世而不是前人认为的石炭纪。     

西天山备战铁矿火山岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素组成研究

备战铁矿是西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带新近发现的大型铁矿之一,矿区广泛发育下石炭统火山岩。本文对矿区火山岩进行了主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素地球化学特征分析、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年以及锆石Lu-Hf同位素组成研究,以探讨矿区大哈拉军山组火山岩产出的构造环境、备战铁矿的成岩成矿时代和火山岩的来源。矿区火山岩主要由玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、流纹岩组成,以中基性岩为主,大多为高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素和稀土元素表明矿区火山岩产出构造环境为活动陆缘火山岛弧;锆石U-Pb测试结果显示矿区南部斜长花岗斑岩的形成时代为晚石炭世早期(301±0.93Ma),成矿时代为早石炭世晚期。结合地质背景认为该铁矿至少有两期成矿期,在成因上为火山沉积后期叠加矽卡岩化的磁铁矿矿床。锆石Lu-Hf同位素组成特征表明备战铁矿的岩石来源于元古代、太古代地壳物质的部分熔融,并且源区物质在地壳中存在较长的时间。     

藏南定日白垩纪火山岩岩石学与地球化学初步研究

本文描述了西藏定日白垩纪火山岩的地质、岩石学、岩石地球化学特征和构造造背景。该火山岩岩石类型有蚀变英安岩和蚀变安山岩,其岩石化学成分特征表明岩石为二氧化硅过饱、铝过饱和类型,属亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列。岩石稀土元素配分曲线呈强烈右倾的轻稀土富集型;微量元素配分模式图呈锯齿状"多隆起"型,类似于岛弧火山岩的微量元素配分模式。综合判定该期火山岩形成于大陆边缘造山带岛弧构造环境。     

新疆西天山铁木里克铁矿床火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

铁木里克铁矿位于西天山阿吾拉勒铁铜成矿带中段,矿床围岩为一套以粗面安山岩、安山岩和流纹岩为主的连续变化的中酸性火山岩。本文通过对铁木里克铁矿床火山岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,并且结合Hf同位素和岩石地球化学研究,对火山岩的形成时代以及大地构造背景进行探讨。锆石LA-ICP-MS测年结果显示,粗面安山岩、安山岩以及流纹岩的测年结果分别是318.8±2.3Ma、320.8±2.5Ma和319.1±3.5Ma。地球化学分析表明该套火山岩属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE;如Rb、Th、K),重稀土元素(HREE)配分平坦,同时具有Nb、Ta的强烈亏损,具有明显的岛弧火山岩地球化学特征。在火山岩的大地构造判别图解上,样品点都落在了大陆弧部分。锆石的Hf同位素显示εHf(t)具有一致的变化范围(+6.2~+12.0),指示火山岩具有相同的岩浆来源,都是来源于早古生代新生陆壳的重熔,形成于相同的构造岩浆背景下。结合区域地质资料,本文认为铁木里克铁矿床出露的这套高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列火山岩可能是南天山洋闭合末期到陆陆碰撞早期大陆弧岩浆作用的产物。     

萨吾尔山松树沟地层形成时代及火山岩地球化学研究

西准噶尔松树沟地区地层主要由碎屑沉积岩和火山岩组成,以玄武岩、安山岩和火山碎屑岩为主,其中玄武岩属于钙碱性系列,安山岩属于拉斑系列。对岩石中锆石开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,安山岩锆石年龄表明其形成于(317.1±6.4)Ma,粗砂岩56颗锆石中仅有1颗锆石年龄((389±9)Ma)属于中泥盆世,其余主要集中在319~359 Ma,最小年龄(319±6)Ma。因此,该套地层并非形成于中泥盆世,很可能形成于晚石炭世早期。地球化学研究表明,玄武岩和安山岩具有相似的稀土配分曲线,轻稀土富集的右倾REE分配模式,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Th、Zr、Hf等,呈现出Ta、Nb、Ti负异常,认为该火山岩形成于岛弧环境,岩浆来源于俯冲板片脱水产生的流体不均一交代的地幔楔。该套岛弧火山岩的形成时代限定了斋桑洋盆的关闭时限(晚于317.1 Ma)。     

新疆昭苏卡拉盖雷铜(金)矿床酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

新疆昭苏卡拉盖雷铜(金)矿床位于中天山北缘构造带西段,矿区主要出露一套基性、中-酸性的亚碱性火山岩。本次研究对其中的流纹岩、安山岩、霏细岩等酸性火山岩的锆石U-Pb测年结果为451~437Ma(前人对研究区的地质调查显示火山岩归属下石炭统大哈拉军山组),为晚奥陶世。地球化学测试结果显示主要呈高钾(2.26%~9.27%)、高铝(11.77%~16.66%)及亚碱性的特征,稀土元素中Eu呈现不同程度的负异常且轻稀土相对富集,微量元素特征显示主要富集Ba、Tu、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ta、Nb、Sr等元素。综合分析认为岩石具有大陆岛弧性质,岩浆主要经历了结晶分异作用,可能形成于造山后期的伸展背景下。     

新疆昭苏卡拉盖雷铜钴金矿区岩石地球化学特征

卡拉盖雷铜钴金矿是那拉提构造带内发现的首例以Cu为主,伴生Mo,Co,Au,Pb,Zn的火山岩型热液矿床.矿区内出露的地层主要为石炭系下统大哈拉军山组火山岩地层,矿区岩浆岩主要有花岗闪长岩、闪长岩和辉绿岩脉.通过火山岩地层和侵入岩样品的地球化学分析,认为区内大哈拉军山组是一套由玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩组成的连续亚碱性的火山岩系列,且以钙碱性系列为主;矿区钾长花岗岩属于准铝质—过铝质岩类,碱性系列,花岗闪长岩和闪长岩属于准铝质—过铝质岩类,钙碱性—碱性系列,基性侵入岩属于弱碱性—碱性系列.稀土元素特征显示中酸性侵入岩可能属于地壳重熔型花岗岩;基性侵入岩与基性火山岩来源一致.     

大兴安岭十八站—韩家园地区晚中生代火山岩年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

大兴安岭十八站—韩家园地区发育晚中生代基性-中酸性火山岩。选取粗面安山岩、粗面岩、流纹岩进行年代学和岩石地球化学研究。粗面安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为125.2±0.9 Ma,为早白垩世火山作用的产物。岩石地球化学特征表明,中酸性火山岩属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列。岩石稀土元素总量∑REE=121.42×10~(-6)~154.43×10~(-6),轻、重稀土元素分异明显(La/Yb)_N=19.25~31.98,在稀土元素配分图上显示右倾型,除一个流纹岩样品具显著负Eu异常外,多数样品无明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.45~0.90)。岩石具弱富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr,明显亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti的特征。结合区域资料,认为十八站—韩家园地区早白垩世中酸性火山岩形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合机制下后碰撞伸展背景。粗面安山岩、粗面岩和流纹岩系同源岩浆部分熔融与结晶分异作用的结果,岩浆来源于受俯冲流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔。     

小兴安岭西北部与永新金矿有关岩浆岩的年代学和地球化学及成矿构造环境

永新金矿是近年发现的大型蚀变岩型脉状金矿床,闪长玢岩脉等与金矿脉相互穿切并侵入于上盘龙江组火山岩中。锆石LA ICP MS U-Pb测年显示,龙江组安山岩结晶年龄为(1137 ± 18)Ma,闪长玢岩结晶年龄为(1148 ± 19)Ma,均形成于早白垩世晚期。二者钠钾含量变化相对较大,相对富铝富铁、钙镁含量中等,从火山岩到脉岩表现为钙碱性向碱性系列过渡特征。火山岩、脉岩与矿石的稀土元素配分曲线有很好的一致性,矿石稀土含量低于岩石。岩石微量元素总体显示Zr、Hf、Nd、U等明显富集,而Nb、Ta、Th、P、Ti等明显亏损。在Sr/Y-Y和(La/Yb)N-(Yb)N图解中,所有样品均落入经典岛弧岩石范围;在Nb-Y、Ta-Yb的构造环境判别图中均处于火山弧岩浆岩区,在(La/Yb)N-δEu变异图上落在壳-幔型岩浆范围。结合矿床稳定同位素及区域金矿时空分布规律等综合特征,认为永新金矿的形成与早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲所引发的(火山)岩浆活动有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.