西准噶尔吾尔喀什尔山早泥盆世马拉苏组火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

西准噶尔早泥盆世马拉苏组主要分布于吾尔喀什尔山西部,整体为一套火山—沉积地层。对其中火山岩进行地球化学研究表明,w(SiO2)49.51%~59.04%,w(TiO2)(0.80%~1.12%)、w(K2O+Na2O)=3.09%~5.28%,富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=2.41~24.25)。高w(A12O3)(17.66%~21.19%)、w(MgO)(3.18%~7.00%,Mg#=47~56),属于亚碱性系列。稀土元素总量高(ΣREE=30.40×10-6~93.65×10-6),轻、重稀土分馏较强((La/Yb)N=2.58~11.38),Eu轻微负异常到正异常(Eu/Eu*=0.71~1.35)。相对富集LILE(Rb,Ba,Th和K),亏损HFSE(Zr,Hf),Nb和Ta强烈亏损,Ti轻微亏损。岩石源自轻微交代的亏损地幔部分熔融,具有岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征,这为进一步认识西准噶尔博什库尔-成吉斯岩浆弧的性质及构造演化提供了证据。     

新疆西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及意义

西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山一带阿腊德依克赛组火山岩主要由玄武岩、玄武安山岩和安山岩组成。玄武岩LA ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为303.8±2.4 Ma,MSWD=0.82(95%置信度),时代为晚石炭世。火山岩地球化学研究表明,SiO2含量为51.05%~59.31%,TiO2为0.90%~1.33%、全碱K2O+Na2O为3.97%~8.07%,富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O2)。A12O3为16.58%~19.84%、MgO为2.50%~5.01%,Mg#为35.04~47.62,主体属于亚碱性系列。稀土元素总量高(∑REE=41.12×10-6~73.93×10-6),轻、重稀土分馏较强((La/Yb)N=2.01~5.33),具轻微负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.72~0.88)。相对富集LILE(Ba、Th、K和Sr),轻微亏损HFSE(Zr、Hf),Nb和Ta强烈亏损,Ti轻微亏损。地球化学特征表明岩浆由亏损地幔部分熔融形成,受俯冲带流体的影响,属于博什库尔-成吉斯岩浆弧南部活动大陆边缘火山作用的产物。西准噶尔东部增生造山作用滞后于西部,这为进一步认识西准噶尔地区晚古生代构造演化提供了依据。     

西准噶尔博什库尔—成吉斯火山弧中早石炭世火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

西准噶尔北部谢米斯台山西缘发育的下石炭统黑山头组主要为一套火山碎屑岩-中酸性火山熔岩组合。通过对黑山头组英安岩和安山岩进行岩石地球化学研究,不仅可以提高博什库尔—成吉斯火山弧的研究程度,更有助于对西准噶尔北部岩浆活动及构造演化提供新认识。研究发现二者均具有较高的SiO2(60.52%~71.58%)、全碱Na2O+K2O(6.88%~10.31%)、Al2O3(13.37%~16.31%),较低的P2O5(0.03%~0.27%)和TiO2(0.07%~1.89%)。英安岩属于碱性-亚碱性系列,安山岩属于钙碱性系列。岩石稀土元素总量较高(62.7×10-6~274×10-6),富集轻稀土元素((La/Yb)N=2.75~12.7),具有明显的负铕异常(δEu=0.247~0.501),富集大离子亲石元素(Rb,Ba,Th),相对弱亏损高场强元素(Nb,Ta,Ti),显示岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。通过对其源区和构造环境分析发现,博什库尔—成吉斯火山弧形成于岛弧俯冲环境下,且在此过程中伴随有消减沉积物熔体的加入。     

新疆塔吾尔别克金矿区赋矿火山岩地球化学特征与构造意义

针对塔吾尔别克金矿区赋矿火山岩展开的岩相学和主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学研究,结果显示:该区火山岩w(SiO_2)为48.93%~62.24%,w(K_2O)在1.05%~4.03%,w(TiO_2)为0.55%~0.86%,w(MgO)为2.28%~7.98%,w(Al_2O_3)介于12.04%~17.52%,w(Na_2O+K_2O)值为3.39%~5.59%,里特曼指数σ变化于1.49~2.45,显示钙碱系列火山岩;在TAS图解中该区火山岩样品分布在玄武安山岩—安山岩—英安岩区域;微量元素分析表明,岩石轻稀土相对富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的特点(LREE/HREE=4.72~6.55),且具有明显的的Eu负异常(δEu=0.35~0.67);火山岩整体富集LREE,U,Th,大离子亲石元素Rb,K;亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,P,Ti;是岛弧岩浆作用的典型地球化学标志。在火山岩La/Yb-Sc/Ti判别图解上,表明火山岩的构造环境与大陆边缘弧密切相关。结合区域构造背景和岩石地球化学特征,推测构造背景可能为俯冲带大陆边缘弧环境。     

新疆西准噶尔谢米斯台山早泥盆世火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对西准噶尔北部博什库尔—成吉斯岩浆弧内谢米斯台山泥盆纪的火山岩进行地球化学及同位素年代学研究,结果显示:该火山岩岩石组合以钙碱性的玄武岩和玄武安山岩为主,岩石w(SiO_2)为50.44%～56.35%,w(TiO_2)为0.79%～1.53%;w(P_2O_5)为0.05%～0.27%,具有较高的w(Al_2O_3)(15.92%～18.07%)和w(MgO)(2.66%～5.55%),Mg~#范围在47～57之间;稀土总含量(ΣREE)为41.73×10~(-6)～116.72×10~(-6),平均77.34×10~(-6),轻稀土(LREE)与重稀土(HREE)分异明显,其中LREE/HREE比值为6.45～8.17,平均7.34,(La/Yb)_N=2.93～10.81,平均8.33,其呈现轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,具弱的Eu正异常(δEu=1.26～1.58);富集Ba、Sr、U等元素,亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti),与典型的火山弧玄武岩地球化学特征相似,属于典型的岛弧岩浆岩,形成于与俯冲有关的岛弧环境。获得谢米斯台山火山岩中玄武安山岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(413.6±6.9)Ma,表明其形成于晚志留世—早泥盆世。结合前人的研究资料,认为博什库尔—成吉斯岩浆弧可能是早古生代末—早泥盆世古亚洲洋俯冲的地质记录。     

西准噶尔巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩带中玄武岩地球化学特征及大地构造意义

西准噶尔地区巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩与蛇纹岩、放射虫硅质岩和晚泥盆世铁列克提组的泥质粉砂岩与沉凝灰岩形成混杂堆积。对玄武岩进行详细的岩石地球化学研究表明,SiO2含量为42.15%～44.71%,高TiO2(3.17%～3.77%)、Na2O(1.73%～2.28%),低Al2O3(13.54%～14.31%)、K2O(1%～1.82%),MgO含量相对稳定(6.75%～8.14%),Mg#为43～46,属于碱性玄武岩系列。稀土总量∑REE=186×10-6～219.06×10-6,轻、重稀土分馏较为明显((La/Yb)N=11.37～12.62),无明显Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.96～1),稀土配分模式类似于OIB。相对富集LILE(如Rb、Ba、Th),亏损HFSE(如Zr、Hf),没有明显的Nb和Ta异常,具有高的Ti/Yb(7395～8724)和Zr/Yb(120～136)比值,为典型的OIB地球化学特征。综合研究认为玄武岩形成于弧后盆地的海山环境,其岩浆源区可能为EMI型富集地幔,即软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融形成的玄武岩。在区域上,蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩所代表的泥盆纪古洋盆是西准噶尔古洋盆向北收缩的残余洋盆。     

西准噶尔谢米斯台山西缘火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

为探讨西准噶尔谢米斯台山西缘新发现的中志留世火山岩的岩石属性和地质特征,对其进行岩石地球化学研究。分析结果显示,岩石以富Si、Sr、Ba为特征且具有较高的Mg#(55~75)、Sr/Y(28~59)和Ba/La(17.52~49.88)值,K/Na值0.33~0.66,大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)相对亏损,其中Nb、Ta、Ti强烈亏损,具有轻微的负铕异常(δEu=0.84~0.99)。上述特征显示其类似日本中新世Setouchi火山岩带中的赞岐岩。结合其他研究,推测该火山岩可能为受俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔源区部分熔融的产物,它与区内相近时期埃达克岩等的共生组合意味着西准北部在中志留世—早泥盆世曾受到热的洋壳俯冲机制的影响,为进一步认识博什库尔-成吉斯岩浆弧的性质及构造演化提供了新的证据。     

西准噶尔博什库尔-成吉斯火山弧早石炭世火山岩的确立及构造意义

博什库尔-成吉斯火山弧中的黑山头组分布于西准噶尔谢米斯台山西缘,主要为一套火山碎屑岩-中酸性火山岩组合,其中酸性火山岩主要为安山岩、碎裂岩化安山岩、英安岩。通过对黑山头组中的英安岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得其年龄为(331±2.4)Ma(n=13,MSWD=0.39,95%置信度),时代为早石炭世。证实博什库尔-成吉斯火山弧岩浆活动在早泥盆世以后并未完全结束,并延续到了早石炭世。     

Geochemistry of Basalt from the Barleik Ophiolitic Mélange in West Junggar and its Tectonic Implications

西准噶尔地区巴尔雷克蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩与蛇纹岩、放射虫硅质岩和晚泥盆世铁列克提组的泥质粉砂岩与沉凝灰岩形成混杂堆积.对玄武岩进行详细的岩石地球化学研究表明,SiQ含量为42.15％～44.71％,高TiO2 (3.17％～3.77％)、Na2O(1.73％～2.28％),低Al2O3 (13.54％～14.31％)、K2O(1％～1.82％),MgO含量相对稳定(6.75％～8.14％),Mg#为43～46,属于碱性玄武岩系列.稀土总量∑REE=186×10-6～219.06×10-6,轻、重稀土分馏较为明显((La/Yb)N=11.37～12.62),无明显Eu异常(Eu/Eu* =0.96～1),稀土配分模式类似于OIB.相对富集LILE(如Rb、Ba、Th),亏损HFSE(如Zr、Hf),没有明显的Nb和Ta异常,具有高的Ti/Yb(7395～8724)和Zr/Yb(120～136)比值,为典型的OIB地球化学特征.综合研究认为玄武岩形成于弧后盆地的海山环境,其岩浆源区可能为EMI型富集地幔,即软流圈的上涌导致尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩地幔源区大比例部分熔融形成的玄武岩.在区域上,蛇绿混杂岩中的玄武岩所代表的泥盆纪古洋盆是西准噶尔古洋盆向北收缩的残余洋盆.     

博格达造山带东段早石炭世火山岩地球化学特征及构造属性

博格达造山带东段克孜库都克地区七角井组玄武岩和中酸性火山碎屑岩及少量流纹岩在时空上构成双峰式火山岩组合。玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为331.0±3.0Ma,属于早石炭世晚期;Si O2含量为47.68%~48.82%,Ti O2含量(1.83%~2.17%)略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,高Al(Al2O3含量为15.56%~16.09%),富钠贫钾(Na2O/K2O=5.44~7.76),低Mg(Mg O含量为5.97%~7.17%,Mg#为43~47),表明其原始岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。玄武岩具有近于平坦的稀土配分模式,轻微负Eu异常(δEu=0.89~0.93),相对富集Rb、Ba、P,亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等不相容元素。火山岩岩石地球化学特征表明:研究区玄武岩可能是亏损尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩向石榴石相地幔橄榄岩过渡的产物,且在其上升过程中受到较弱程度的地壳物质混染,形成于陆内裂谷环境,其地球动力学体制可能与古亚洲洋壳向先存的准噶尔-吐哈陆块斜向俯冲,产生的侧向撕裂力拉张陆块有关。克孜库都克地区早石炭世玄武岩构造属性的确立进一步证实了博格达造山带在石炭纪时期处于大陆裂谷演化过程的观点,为进一步深入理解博格达地区石炭纪构造岩浆演化过程提供了新的地质与年代学依据。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.