旱灾风险定量评估总体框架及其关键技术

作为旱灾风险管理的核心内容和关键环节,旱灾风险评估逐渐成为旱灾研究的热点问题。从科学界定旱灾风险概念入手,辨析了干旱风险与旱灾风险之间的关系,并从机理上对旱灾风险形成机制进行了剖析和阐述;首次提出了旱灾风险定量评估总体框架,即通过建立干旱频率~潜在损失~抗旱能力之间的定量关系实现对旱灾风险的定量评估,并探讨了该评估框架所涉及的干旱频率分析技术、灾损评估技术、抗旱能力评估技术和旱灾风险表征技术等关键技术及其难点。     

旱灾风险定量评估总体框架及其关键技术

作为旱灾风险管理的核心内容和关键环节,旱灾风险评估逐渐成为旱灾研究的热点问题。从科学界定旱灾风险概念入手,辨析了干旱风险与旱灾风险之间的关系,并从机理上对旱灾风险形成机制进行了剖析和阐述;首次提出了旱灾风险定量评估总体框架,即通过建立干旱频率~潜在损失~抗旱能力之间的定量关系实现对旱灾风险的定量评估,并探讨了该评估框架所涉及的干旱频率分析技术、灾损评估技术、抗旱能力评估技术和旱灾风险表征技术等关键技术及其难点。     

灌区干旱风险评估模型研究

根据风险理论,建立了包括农业干旱发生概率、抗旱能力、受灾体种植面积比等多因子的灌区农业干旱风险评估模型。并将相对产量作为灌区农业干旱评估指标,能够反映土壤 作物 大气系统中水分运动对农业生产的影响,利用该指标结合干旱风险评估模型对灌区农业干旱进行风险评估,分析出灌区各种作物对干旱风险度影响最大的生育阶段和风险度最高的农作物,以便灌区制定合理的抗旱方案以减小灌区干旱损失。     

1368—1948年陇中地区干旱灾害时间序列分形特征研究

采用标度变换法对陇中地区1368—1948年(明代至新中国建立前)各等级干旱灾害及旱季序列的时间分维值进行测算。并深入讨论了各旱灾序列时间分维与其线性特征之间的关系,以及分维随时间演进的变化趋势。对4个干旱等级、4个旱季序列的分维值进行研究,发现:①干旱灾害具有客观的分形结构,其时间序列是具有自组织性质的,干旱灾害是自组织系统;②各等级干旱灾害有自己的时间重演律,干旱灾害越轻,无标度区越宽,分维值越高,短周期更明显;③各旱季分维值与其发生频次成正比;④整个时期的动态总体上表现为:各旱灾序列(旱灾、大旱灾、中度干旱、春旱及伏旱)分维值逐渐增大,旱灾发生趋向混沌无序,旱灾系统趋向平衡态,稳定性减小;⑤分形分析法与常规统计方法之间有着内在联系。     

我国防旱抗旱法制建设存在问题的研究

我国历来重视旱灾来临时的危机管理,比较轻视干旱全过程的风险管理.在此理念的主导下,我国防旱抗旱法制建设虽取得了比较显著的成就,但在干旱及旱灾预防方面还存在许多明显的不足,立法也存在一定的疏漏;由于关注点主要在于旱灾(危机)管理,对于因旱灾造成的工农业损失及群众财产损失的补偿也存在明显不足,现行的做法基本是发放“救灾款”解决问题,这与旱灾造成的实际损失有比较大的差距.以此为基础,提出进一步完善我国的防旱抗旱法律制度,以应对我国日益严重的水资源短缺及干旱灾害.     

基于清代故宫旱灾档案的中国旱灾时空格局

气候变化背景下的旱灾时空格局研究受到政府和学术界的高度重视。利用清代故宫旱灾档案建立了清代旱灾数据库,运用GIS技术重建了1689-1911年中国旱灾时空格局。研究表明:① 从旱灾发生的时间上看,受灾范围呈现3次较大波动,出现了9个干旱灾害典型年;② 从旱灾发生的空间上看,旱灾频发中心主要集中在3个区域,即西北地区的甘肃、宁夏,华北地区的山东、河北、河南、天津,以及江淮地区的安徽、江苏;③ 从干旱灾害发生的季节上来看,夏季旱灾是清代干旱灾害的主导类型。研究结果认为利用故宫旱灾档案复原的清代旱灾时空格局基本符合史实。     

贵州省地矿局积极抗旱救灾

2009年与2010年之交,贵州省遭遇历史罕见的严重旱灾。此次旱灾已持续半年之久,具有时间长、范围广、旱情重、危害大等特点,是贵州有气象资料记录以来最为严重的干旱灾害。灾害使贵州的群众生产生活严重缺水,农作物受灾严重,森林火灾频发。在贵州省委、省政府的领导下,各地干部群众全力以赴抗旱救灾,一场战“旱魔”、保民生的艰苦战役在贵州高原打响。     

加强地矿工作 服务贵州发展 贵州省地矿局积极抗旱救灾

<正>2009年与2010年之交,贵州省遭遇历史罕见的严重旱灾。此次旱灾已持续半年之久,具有时间长、范围广、旱情重、危害大等特点,是贵州有气象资料记录以来最为严重的干旱灾害。灾害使贵州的群众生产生活严重缺水,农作物受灾严重,森林火灾频发。在贵州省委、省政府的领导下,各地干部群众全力以赴抗旱救灾,一场战"旱魔"、保民生的艰苦战役在贵州高原打响。     

中国旱灾农业承灾体脆弱性诊断与评价

旱灾是世界上影响面最广、造成农业损失最大的自然灾害类型，世界近一半的国家干旱严重。中国旱灾频繁，每年旱灾损失占各种自然灾害损失的15%以上，随着人口和农业的快速发展，农业承灾体脆弱性对灾情的放大也在增加。基于灾害系统理论，从致灾因子和耕地承灾体的区域组合角度，在旱灾频发高值区，选择雨养农业、灌溉农业和水田农业为主要承灾体类型，构建了农业旱灾脆弱性生产压力和生活压力，灾前—灾中易损性和灾中—灾后适应性等农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性诊断指标体系。提出脆弱性评价的区域模型，即：雨养农业的易损—适应模型（兴和）、灌溉农业的生产—生活压力模型（邢台）和水田农业的需水—灌水模型（鼎城）。基于农业承灾体脆弱性评价，提出制定适应降水变化的波动土地利用结构调整区域政策、建立农业生态—生产范式、建立“水银行”管理机制、建立用水效益和开源节流的评估体系以及加强“截水—抽水—控水”为一体的灌溉系统工程建设，提高灌溉应急能力等对策，以期为农业旱灾的防御和区域粮食安全决策提供科学依据。     

农业干旱风险评价技术应用初探

本文应用风险分析技术对农业干旱风险评价方法作了初步探讨,建立以风险理论为核心的农业干旱风险评价模型。并以湖南邵阳市为研究区,进行农业干旱风险评价研究,得到该地区旱作物干旱灾害风险分布情况,为该地区干旱风险管理提供决策依据。     

Assessment on agricultural drought vulnerability in the Yellow River basin based on a fuzzy clustering iterative model

Drought is one of the major natural disasters occurring in China and causes severe impacts on agricultural production and food security. Therefore, agricultural drought vulnerability assessment has an important significance for reducing regional agricultural drought losses and drought disaster risks. In view of agricultural drought vulnerability assessment with the characteristics of multiple factors and uncertainty, we applied the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation framework to agricultural drought vulnerability model. The agricultural drought vulnerability assessment model was constructed based on the multi-layer and multi-index fuzzy clustering iterative method, which can better reveal the drought vulnerability (including sensitivity and adaptation capacity). Furthermore, the cycle iterative algorithm was used to obtain the optimal index weight vector of a given accuracy by setting the objective function. It provides a new approach to weight determination of agricultural drought vulnerability assessment. In this study, agricultural drought vulnerability of 65 cities (as well as leagues and states) in the Yellow River basin was investigated using a fuzzy clustering iterative model and visualized by using GIS technique. The results showed clear differences and regularities among the spatial distribution of agricultural drought vulnerability of different regions. A large number of the regions in the basin consisted of those exhibiting high to very high vulnerability and were mainly distributed throughout Qinghai, Gansu, northern Shaanxi, and southern Shanxi, accounting for 46 % of the total assessment units. However, the regions exhibiting very high vulnerability were not significantly affected by droughts. Most of the regions exhibiting moderate vulnerability (21.5 % of the assessment units) were mainly concentrated among agricultural irrigation areas, where agriculture is highly sensitive to droughts, and drought occurrence in these regions will likely cause heavy losses in the future. The regions exhibiting slight to low vulnerability were relatively concentrated, accounting for 32.3 % of the assessment units, and were mainly distributed in the plains of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the economy was rather well developed and the agricultural production conditions were relatively stronger.     

青海省气象干旱对粮食产量的影响及其评估方法研究

气象干旱是青海省发生最为频繁的气象灾害之一, 具有出现频率高、 持续时间长、 影响范围广等特点, 对农业生产造成极大的影响, 严重的干旱少雨之年常使农业大幅度减产, 甚至绝收. 为了研究气象干旱对青海省粮食产量产生的影响, 根据拉格朗日插值方法给出了青海省无干旱时"期望产量"的确定方法, 并据此求算出历年干旱对青海省粮食产量的损失量值, 然后依据农作物不同生育期所发生的干旱的强度、 范围以及作物对干旱的敏感度等关系, 建立了干旱损失量的统计和评估模式. 在2006-2010年青海省粮食产量评估中进行应用, 5 a中有4 a误差小于5%, 仅2006年误差百分率达到-9.38%; 由此, 证明了运用干旱损失评估方法, 可以评估出干旱对粮食产量的损失量, 从而评估出青海省的实际粮食产量, 效果较好, 可以在青海省今后的粮食产量预报和评估中推广应用.     

The impact of irrigation water supply rate on agricultural drought disaster risk: a case about maize based on EPIC in Baicheng City,China

This study presents a methodology for risk analysis, assessment, and combination of drought disasters under the different irrigational levels in Baicheng City, which is supported by run theory, copula functions, crop growth model, and technique of natural disaster risk assessment from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, hydrology, agricultural science, disaster science, environmental science, and so on. Along with the global warming, the occurrences of water-related disasters become more frequent and more serious. It is necessary to determine the laws of the relationship between irrigational ability and the loss caused by drought. Drought events were identified by using run theory; the drought frequency was calculated by using copula function; the loss of every drought event was simulated by using EPIC model; and the relationship curves under the different irrigational supply conditions between the drought frequency and the yield reduction rate of the drought event were fitted to assess the impact of irrigational supply rate on the loss caused by drought. The results show that in the range of crop water demand, the loss caused by drought decreases as the result of the increase in irrigational supply rate; however, their variations are not proportional. The loss caused by the certain frequency drought event under the certain irrigational supply condition could be calculated by the curve of drought disaster risk assessment constructed by this study. The results obtained from this study are specifically intended to support local and national governmental agencies on agricultural disaster management.     

青海省春小麦干旱灾害风险评估与区划

基于青海省1961-2010年47个气象站和8个农气代表站气象资料、 干旱灾情资料的收集和整理, 分析了春小麦生育期土壤相对湿度与降水距平百分率的关系, 确定了青海省春小麦不同生育期干旱风险评估的实际阈值, 并对青海省春小麦不同生育期干旱进行风险区划.结果表明: 在青海省春小麦营养期, 轻旱易发生在祁连山地区、 青海湖地区西南部及东部农业区的少数地区, 轻旱的频率大都在15%以上; 中旱易发生在柴达木地区大部及东部农业区大部, 频率大都在10%以上; 重旱和特旱出现频率均在柴达木盆地西部较高, 频率分别为10.7%、 34%以上.生殖期的轻旱易发生在祁连山地区, 频率在15.3%~23.3%之间; 中旱易发生在青海湖地区南部及东部农业区少数地区, 频率大都在4.0%~5.7%之间; 重旱频率从东南部到西北呈现带状递减趋势, 频率最高的主要发生在东部农业区, 出现频率为8.3%~9.6%; 特旱易发生在柴达木盆地地区, 出现频率为27%~44.3%之间.产量形成期的轻旱、 中旱、 重旱均易发生在东部农业区, 频率分别为2.3%~3.3%、 8.7%~13.3%、 6.0%~9.0%之间, 特旱易发生在柴达木地区, 出现频率为43.3%~51.3%之间.     

Integrated risk zoning of drought and waterlogging disasters based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in Anhui Province,China

This study presents a methodology for risk analysis, assessment, combination, and regionalization of integrated drought and waterlogging disasters in Anhui Province, which is supported by geographical information systems (GIS) and technique of natural disaster risk assessment from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, disaster science, environmental science, and so on. Along with the global warming, the occurrences of water-related disasters become more frequent and serious. It is necessary to determine the mode of spatial distribution of water-related disaster risk. Based on the principle of natural disaster risk, natural conditions, and socioeconomic situation, drought and waterlogging disaster risk index, which combined hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and restorability, was developed by using combined weights, entropy, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Drought and waterlogging disaster risk zoning map was made out by using GIS spatial analysis technique and gridding GIS technique. It was used for comparing the relative risk of economic and life losses in different grids of Anhui Province. It can also be used to compare the situation of different levels of drought and waterlogging disaster combination risk in a similar place. The result shows that the northwestern and central parts of Anhui Province possess higher risk, while the southwestern and northeastern parts possess lower risk. The information obtained from statistical offices and remote sensing data in relation to results compiled were statistically evaluated. The results obtained from this study are specifically intended to support local and national governmental agencies on water-related disaster management.     

An Operational Agricultural Drought Risk Assessment Model for Nebraska, USA

Drought is a common occurrence in Nebraska and agriculture is the primary economic sector affected. Because of repeated and widespread severe drought impacts, more emphasis on drought risk management is warranted. This study develops an agricultural drought risk assessment model using multivariate techniques. The model is specific to corn and soybeans and is able to assess real-time agricultural drought risk associated with crop yield losses at critical phenological stages prior to and during the growing season. The assessment results are presented in a Geographic Information System to provide a better visualization. This model provides information in a timely manner about potential agricultural drought risks on dryland crop yield to decision makers ranging from agricultural producers to policy makers from local to national levels.     

Dynamic risk assessment of drought disaster for maize based on integrating multi-sources data in the region of the northwest of Liaoning Province, China

The traditional studies on drought disaster risk were based on the ground point data, which were unable to realize the continuity of space and the timeliness. It is shown that the monitoring and evaluation precision on drought were reduced significantly. However, remote sensing data in adequate spatial and temporal resolution can overcome these limitations. It can better monitor the crop in large area dynamically. This study presents a methodology for dynamic risk analysis and assessment of drought disaster to maize production in the northwest of Liaoning Province based on remote sensing data and GIS from the viewpoints of climatology, geography and disaster science. The model of dynamic risk assessment of drought disaster was established based on risk formation theory of natural disaster, and the expression of risk by integrating data came from sky, ground and space. The risk indexes were divided into four classes by data mining method, and the grade maps of drought disaster risk were drawn by GIS. It is shown that the spatial and temporal risk distributions of maize at each growth stage changed over time. The model has been verified against reduction in maize yield caused by drought. It demonstrated the reasonability, feasibility and reliability of the model and the methodology. The dynamic risk assessment of regional drought disaster for maize can be used as a tool, which can timely monitor the status (the possibility and extent of drought) and trends of regional drought disaster. The results obtained in this study can provide the latest information of regional drought disaster and the decision-making basis of disaster prevention and mitigation for government management and farmers.     

Risk assessment to China’s agricultural drought disaster in county unit

China faces drought disaster risk under the changing climate. Risk analysis is a suitable approach in order to design ex-ante measure able to anticipate effects of drought on agricultural production. In this article, with the support of historic drought disaster data from 583 agro-meteorological observations (1991–2009), a risk analysis method based on information diffusion theory was applied to create a new drought risk analysis model, and the risk of China’s agriculture drought disaster was evaluated on higher spatial resolution of county unit. The results show that in more than three hundred counties of China, risk probability was biyearly or annually when Drought Affected Index (DAI) was over 5%. When DAI was up to 40%, more than one hundred counties were prone to drought disaster annually or once every 5 years. This showed that the impact of drought disaster on China’s agriculture, whether in frequency or intensity, was large. With the different level of DAI, China’s agricultural drought risk pattern showed variable pattern characteristics. When DAI was low, the distribution of county agricultural drought risk in China presented the East–West pattern of differentiation, and high risk mainly lied in the eastern, low risk mainly in the western. On the other hand, when DAI was high, the distribution of county risk appeared a pattern of high in center, and the north areas higher than the south, increased gradually from southwest to northeast. Drought risk presents a clear zonal differentiation that may be result from stepped topography, different precipitation and hazard-affected bodies. Spread of high value area of drought risk in northern may be related to the southeast monsoon and ecological degradation in northern Ecotone.