人工触发闪电放电过程分析：I.先导放电过程

利用人工触发闪电电场,电流和闪电通道亮度高速摄像观测资料,分析了第一次回击前衔导过程的放电特性,结果指出,对于空中触发,先导传输具有“双向”特征,由于下行先导发展,先导通道电流分布具有不均匀性,连接导线汽化都发生在上行先导阶段。人工闪电第一次回击虽然与自然闪电继后回击特性十分相似,但两者放电特征仍有差别,前者具有曾长的连续电流过程。     

火箭触发闪电通道的亮度特征分析

利用成像速率为2000幅/s的高速摄像资料,对采用不同触发方式的两次负极性闪电进行了对比分析,结果表明:空中触发方式的上行正先导的起始速度比经典触发方式的低一个量级左右,而前者的触发高度要比后者的高;闪电通道中金属导线汽化部分的余晖时间可达160—170 ms,相对来说,空气离化部分的亮度信息更能真实体现闪电通道中的电流特性。依据闪电通道亮度变化特性的差异,并结合电场变化的观测,可以将回击之后的过程分为3种类型,没有M分量的为连续衰减型,有M分量的可分为独立型和延续型两种,能够与不同类型的延续电流波形相对应。总体上看,有M分量的回击间隔比没有M分量的要长,几何平均值分别为77 ms和37 ms,有M分量的初始连续电流也会比没有M分量的持续更长的时间。回击和M分量发生前闪电通道的相对亮度存在明显的差异,回击前闪电通道的相对亮度很弱,甚至观测不到任何发光现象,而M分量发生前闪电通道仍有较强的发光。     

空中触发闪电的下行先导及其接地行为

１９９６年夏季在江西南昌附进行的人工触发闪电野外实验中,用新开发的不接地的火箭－导线技术成功地在雷暴云下的负环境电场中触发了云对地产偿电。我们用一套成像率为１０００幅／秒的高速数字化摄像系统对下行负先导进行了观测。     

中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性对比分析

通过对我国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性的对比分析，发现南北方雷暴及人工触发闪是电特性有很大差异。北方雷暴电荷结构呈三极性，人工触发闪电是在地面电场为正的情况下成功的。主要由连续电流和双极性电流脉冲组成，最大放电电流为１ｋＡ，中和电葆量只有几库仑；南方雷暴则为偶极性，触发闪电由连续电流和我次回击组成，电流峰值在于１０ｋＡ。触发闪电时地面电场均为负极性，其中在４ｋＶ／ｍ以上；触发高度在北方最低为２６     

一次多分叉多接地的空中触发闪电过程

该文分析了2007年广州从化人工引雷试验中,6月30日一次空中触发负极性闪电的光学和电学观测资料,结果表明:此次空中触发闪电的上行正先导和下行负先导分别出现了多个分叉。上行正先导早于下行负先导4.93 ms始发,上行正先导初始阶段的二维平均速度为104m/s量级,后增加到105m/s量级。下行负先导经历了3次分叉后分为4个分支接地,其中有两个接地分支一直持续发光到闪电放电结束,观测到下行负先导的二维平均速度为1.69×105m/s。小回击之后上行正先导也出现了多个分支,高速摄像和宽带干涉仪对这些分支的观测结果基本一致。小回击之后,初始长连续电流过程的持续时间为178.6 ms。     

传输线模式与地闪回击电流速度

本文通过分析闪电通道中电离气体的宏观特性，提出闪电回击通道中电流的传输速度近似地等于光速的观点。认为回击锋面只是电流通过后被加速离子间的碰撞所引起的发光及电子雪崩区域的前沿，用光学方法测量的回击速度是其前沿的推进速度。由此出发，并考虑到镜像法的局限性，对闪电回击模式进行了某些改进。由新模型所计算的电场波形及峰值更接近于实际测量结果；其高频段的近似公式可以很好说明Fieux（1978），Djebari（1981）在法国及Weidman（1986）在美国所进行的人工触发闪电实验中测到的电场峰值与电流峰值的关系。     

人工触发闪电与降雨倾泻

根据人工触发阀电后雨量猛增的观测事实，利用一个简单的静电模式计算了闪道附近雨滴的重力碰并增长，结果指出，闪电后降雨猛增必须满足一定的条件，除了要求较高的离子浓度（〉１０＾１４／ｍ＾３）外，还取决于闪电所引起的电场变化和闪电被触发后闪道附近环境电场强度的特性。     

人工触发闪电中的M分量特征

利用2005-2008年期间在山东开展的人工触发闪电试验中所观测到的通道底部电流、不同距离垂直电场及高速摄像光学资料,对人工触发闪电10次回击之后的33次M分量电流波形进行了分析.结果表明,典型的M分量电流波形具有较对称的结构特征,峰值电流的几何平均值为743 A(标准偏差为0.55);波形10%～90%上升时间的几何...     

建筑物高度对上行闪电触发以及传播影响的数值模拟

为了探讨建筑物高度对单个上行闪电触发以及传播的影响,设定了一个固定的背景电场,并结合自行触发的上行闪电随机放电参数化方案,进行了二维高分辨率上行闪电放电的模拟试验。结果表明:(1)上行闪电在初始阶段分支比较少;发展到离地面2 km左右后,闪电开始出现大量的分支,闪电通道开始出现明显的分叉:一部分通道继续向高电荷密度中心垂直传播,另一部分通道绕过高电荷密度中心,向外水平传播;模拟的上行闪电只能垂直传播到4 km处的负电荷中心,不能穿过0电势线向上方的正电荷区传播。(2)建筑物高度对上行闪电的触发起了关键作用,建筑物越高,越容易触发上行闪电。(3)建筑物高度对上行闪电传播具有一定的反作用,随着建筑物高度增高,模拟出的上行闪电的水平和垂直传播距离都有所减小,通道的分形维数变小,通道传播的总长度也逐渐减小。     

2006—2011年广州人工触发闪电

2006—2011年夏季在广州野外雷电试验基地开展了广东综合闪电观测试验 (GCOELD)。试验期间,针对人工触发闪电进行了近距离声、光、电、磁特征等综合测量,对自动气象站电源线和信号线上产生的感应电压特征进行了观测和分析,并对广东省地闪定位网的探测效率和定位精度与人工触发闪电进行了比对和校验。试验结果表明:人工触发闪电回击峰值电流范围为-31.93~-6.67 kA,回击电流波形的半峰宽度的范围为6.18~74.19 μs,10%—90%的上升时间范围为0.24~2.25 μs。触发闪电的上行正先导的发展速度在104~105 m/s量级;人工触发闪电的回击过程在架空电源线路 (1200 m长,2 m高) 上产生的感应过电压可达十几千伏;广东电网闪电定位系统对人工触发闪电事件的探测效率为95%,平均定位误差为759 m,闪电定位系统反演得到的电流峰值与实际测量的电流峰值平均相对偏差为16.3%。     

空中人工引发雷电的正负先导特征研究

通过对 1998年 8月 2 2日空中引发雷电先导过程的光、电观测资料的综合分析发现 ,在空中引发雷电的先导系统中存在三个先导过程。①向下发展的负先导在起始阶段呈小阶梯特征 ,阶梯之间的时间间隔约为 2 0 μs ,阶梯的上升时间小于 1μs,随着负先导的下行发展 ,梯级增长。②金属导线上端向上发展的正先导在负先导接地之后 ,表现出明显的阶梯特性 ,阶梯之间的时间间隔平均为 15 μs。③从地面向上发展的连接正先导由多个振荡脉冲组成 ,脉冲之间的时间间隔约为 13μs,连接先导的发展也是梯级的。电场快变化中的高频分量随着距离的增加衰减很快。最强的发光是由向下的负先导接地时形成的小回击产生的 ,强光只集中在空气离化而形成的放电通道部分 ,光强则随着高度的增加很快衰减 ,其传播速度约为 2 .1× 10 8m·s-1。在小回击发生之前 ,向下发展的负先导在接地之前有较强的发光 ,而金属导线上端向上发展的正先导没有明显的发光。在小回击发生之后 ,金属导线上端向上正先导的发光强度被增强 ,其向上的传播速度约为 2 .4× 10 6m·s-1。金属导线部分在小回击发生之后约 2 2 0μs逐渐开始熔化发出强光 ,并向上发展而与前面向上发展的正先导的发光相并合 ,其传播速度约为 1× 10 6m·s-1     

人工触发闪电先驱电流脉冲波形特征及模拟

2010—2014年夏季广州野外雷电试验基地采用了两种引雷火箭开展人工引雷试验,通过对25次经典人工触发闪电电流资料的分析,进一步证实了当火箭携带铜线时先驱电流脉冲 (precursor current pulse) 为双极性振荡型,火箭携带钢丝时先驱电流脉冲为单极性,其中单极性脉冲电流峰值、10%~90%上升时间、波形宽度和转移电荷量的几何平均值分别为26 A,0.33 μs,2.3 μs,27 μC,双极性脉冲相应的波形参数几何平均值分别为67 A,0.24 μs,2.1 μs,54 μC。双极性脉冲电流峰值的几何平均值接近是单极性的2.6倍,而波形持续时间和上升时间的几何平均值与单极性相近。利用传输线模型,模拟铜线通道底部电流波形呈双极性振荡型,而钢丝通道底部电流波形呈单极性,这与实际测量的结果比较一致,推测这两种电流波形可能是传输线特性阻抗不同所导致,在传输线顶端由先导起始放电产生的电流脉冲应为单极性。     

Comparative analysis of the initial stage in two artificially-triggered lightning flashes

The initial discharge stages of two flashes during the Shandong Artificially Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE) are analyzed based on the synchronous data of the current and close electromagnetic field. For a lightning flash, named 0503, the wire was connected, not electrically, but via a 5 m length of nylon, with the lightning rod; while for another, named 0602, the wire was connected with the rod directly. Results show that the discharge processes of the initial stage (IS) in flash 0503 are quite different from that of the usual classical-triggered flash 0602 and altitude-triggered flashes. A large pulse with a current of about 720 A resulted from the breakdown of the 5 m air gap during flash 0503, and the corresponding electric field at 60 m from the lightning rod was 0.38 kV/m. The upward positive leaders (UPLs) propagated continuously from the tip of the rocket after this breakdown. The geometric mean (GM) of the UPL peak current was 23.0 A. Vaporization of the wire occurred during the initial continuous current (ICC) stage and the largest current pulse was about 400 A. Compared with triggered flash 0503, the discharge processes of IS in flash 0602 were simple, only two large pulses similar to each other occurred before dart leader/return stroke sequences. The peak current of the first pulse was 2.1 kA and its corresponding electric field and magnetic field at a distance of 60 m from the lightning rod were 0.98 kV/m and 7.03 μT, respectively. During the second pulse, the wire disintegrated. The current decreased to the background level at the moment of the wire disintegration. The current of the second pulse in triggered flash 0602 was 2.8 kA, and the corresponding electric field and magnetic field at 60 m from the lightning rod were 1.22 kV/m and 9.01 μT, respectively.     

Analysis of Channel Luminosity Characteristics in Rocket-Triggered Lightning

A comparison is made of the high-speed （2000 fps） lightning between two techniques. The analysis shows （UPL） in altitude-triggered negative lightning （ATNL） photographic records in rocket-triggered negative that： the initial speed of upward positive leader is about one order of magnitude less than that in classically triggered negative lightning （CTNL）, while the triggering height of ATNL is higher than that of CTNL; the afterglow time of metal-vaporized part of the lightning channel can endure for about 160-170 ms, thus the luminosity of the air-ionized part can reflect the characteristics of the current in the lightning channel better than that of the metal-vaporized part. According to the different characteristics of the luminosity change of the lightning channel, together with the observation of the electric field changes, three kinds of processes after return-stroke （RS） can be distinguished： the continuous decaying type without M component, the isolated type and the continuing type with M component, corresponding to different wave shapes of the continuous current. The geometric mean of the interval of RS with M component is 77 ms, longer than that （37 ms） of RS without M component. And the initial continuous current （ICC） with M component also has a longer duration compared to the ICC without M component. The distinction in the relative luminosity between the lightning channel before RS and that before M component is obvious： the former is very weak or even cannot be observed, while the latter is still considerably luminous.     

Optical Observations on Propagation Characteristics of Leaders in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes

Using 2 high-speed cameras, we have recorded 14 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes, half of which are natural and the others are artificially triggered. The two-dimensional (2D) propagation speed of different type leaders and the luminosity of lightning channel are analyzed in detail. Bidirectional leader processes are observed during the initial processes of two altitude triggered negative lightning (ATNL)flashes. The analysis shows: the propagation speed of the upward positive leader (UPL) before the initiation of the downward negative leader (DNL) is at the order of 104-105 m s-1; the UPL can be intensified by the initiation and development of the DNL in the way that the luminosity is enhanced and the speed is sped up; after initiation, the DNL in one ATNL flash propagates downward three times intermittently with interval of about 1 ms, while that in the other ATNL flash propagates downward continuously with a speed at the order of 105 m s-1. In the five classical triggered negative lightning (CTNL) flashes, the propagation speeds of the UPLs vary between 0.35×105 and 7.71×105 m s-1, and the variations of their luminosities and speeds are quite complex during the development processes. Among the four observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the land, three have only one return stoke (RS) each and all of their DNLs have many branches with an average speed at the order of 105 m s-1; while the another one has 13 RSs.In the CG flash with 13 RSs, the DNL before the first RS has no obvious branch below 1.4 km above the ground, and its speed ranges from 2.2×105 to 2.3×105 m s-1 between the heights of 0.7 and 1.4 km and exceeds 3.9×106 m s-1 below 0.7 km; preceding the 4th RS, an attempted leader is observed with a speed ranging from 1.1×105 to 1.1×106 m s-1 between 0.8 and 1.5 km. As for the three observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the sea, each has only one RS, and each DNL preceding the RS has a few branches, two of which have an average propagation speed at the order of 105 m s-1, and the other of 106m s-1, respectively. All the DNLs contained in the observed natural negative lightning flashes, except the attempted leader, propagate with gradually increasing luminosity and increasing speed in whole.     

人工触发闪电初始连续电流的中低频磁场特征

中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地开展的人工触发闪电试验是研究闪电电磁辐射效应的有效手段,利用架设在试验场地周边的多套磁场天线所获取的高灵敏度磁场数据,针对初始连续电流阶段的中低频磁场特征开展研究。得益于磁场天线带宽的拓展,首次解析出了相对平静期内的磁场脉冲,单个脉冲的平均宽度约为1 μs,平均脉冲间隔约为14 μs,对应了该阶段中上行先导的小尺度击穿发展形式;在近、远距离磁场测量中均观测到了与先导通道头部击穿放电相关的爆发式磁场脉冲,其平均脉冲间隔(约为24.5 μs)明显大于平静期脉冲的统计值,而且在爆发式脉冲期间通道底部电流逐步增大到几十至上百安培,表明此时电场条件更加有利于上行先导的发展;此外,高灵敏磁场天线能够直观地呈现出初始连续电流脉冲(initial continuous current pulse,ICCP)的电荷传输过程,且ICCP期间观测到的规则磁场脉冲的脉冲间隔比其他类型的磁场脉冲小一个量级,可能体现了正极性击穿和负极性击穿的特征差异。