软件滤波在土体自振柱试验中的应用

自振柱试验是测量土样动剪切模量和阻尼比的常用方法,但由于噪声等环境因素的影响,土样扭剪自由振动的衰减波曲线有时会因高频干扰出现不平滑现象,难以得到合理的测试结果。软件数字滤波是解决这类问题的有效方法。本文通过多种软件数字滤波方法优缺点的对比,认为平均滤波法和惯性滤波法能有效解决试验数据中的高频干扰问题,并分别选择适当的滤波参数,得到了平滑的自振衰减波曲线;最后,采用平均滤波法处理了两组自振枉试验数据。结果表明,软件滤波法确能有效消除不合理数据,得到符合一般规律的土体动剪切模量和阻尼比试验结果,从而验证了其在土体自振柱试验中的应用价值。     

夜间电离层频高曲线的一种新的换算方法

本方法的关键在于建立对最小可见频率f_min以上包括九至十五个视高h′数据的同步换算范围进行精确可靠的换算方法。对同步换算范围给出三个各包含二个未知数的高层模式,对f_min以下给出六或八个各包含二个未知数的低层模式。按照最小二乘法对每一条频高曲线最多可以得到二十个各不相同的换算结果。通过一定的方法可以从中挑选出精确的结果。对468条其形状、临界频率f_c、半厚H以及f_min各不相同的其精度为0.1公里左右的理论夜间频高曲线进行了换算。其中462条曲线的极大换算误差不超过5公里,6条曲线介于5公里至9公里之间。     

仪器定向误差对地磁日变化记录 准确度的影响研究

基于红山地磁台磁通门磁力仪GM4-2记录的日变化数据, 提出了一种减小仪器定向误差的方法, 即D要素磁轴零场漂移S₀校正法. 首先基于零场漂移S₀测量原理, 试制测量工具无磁旋转平台, 并对磁力仪GM4-2零场漂移S₀值进行测量, 得出该值约为1024.7 nT; 然后在重新定向时对该数值进行误差校正; 最后将较正后的零场漂移S₀值应用到理论日变化数据和定向后的实际日变化数据中. 结果表明, D要素磁轴零场漂移S₀是产生定向误差的主要因素, 经过零场漂移S₀校正后的日变化数据与理论日变化数据一致, 消除了由定向误差所造成的日变化畸变, 从而能更真实地反映地磁场变化.      

对地震转换波的数字滤波处理

本文讨论运用低通滤波、偏振滤波、频率加强滤波、相关滤波及迭加处理等数字滤波方法,对地震转换波测深资料进行数字处理的方法及效果.数字滤波处理结果在一定程度上提高了记录的信噪比,为准确地进行相位对比和震相识别提供了可靠基础.      

对二滩水电站坝区场地地面运动的估计

本文以二滩地区为例,介绍如何结合地震危险性分析的结果,采用理论模拟方法估计工作地区近场强地面运动情况,为工程抗震设计提供必需的地面运动动力学参数。 文中采用理论方法计算剪切位错点源的格林函数;根据断裂动力学模型、近场地面峰值加速度衰减曲线和场地附近的加速度谱来标定震源模型;计算了若在坝区附近发生M_s=6.2级地震时场地的综合地震图、加速度傅氏谱和反应谱等。由理论模拟计算的峰值加速度衰减曲线和观测结果符合较好。在震中距为20km处的加速度谱的截止频率f_max与观测值相吻合（约为8 Hz左右）,相应的峰值加速度为211cm/s²,振动持续时间为3.4秒。     

电阻率测深的数字解释

本文主要介绍了应用积分变换的方法和采样定理将视电阻率ρ_s曲线作线性滤波,得出一新的电阻率转换函数T′曲线,然后,以层参数（各层的电阻率和厚度）算得的T用最优化数值方法在DJS-6型电子计算机上与其进行自动拟合,以达到解释电测深曲线的目的。 文中简述了戈什（Ghosh）提出的对ρ_s作线性滤波的原理,介绍了与国外不同的取样间距和滤波系数的确定以及阻尼最小二乘法和变尺度最优化法的计算框图和应用,最后附有实例和简要的讨论。     

强震加速度记录的数据处理方法

本文用数值积分法,对RDZ1-12-66型自动触发电流计记录式强震仪的幅频响应失真进行校正。并采用高通数字滤波的方法,修正加速度图的零线.为此编制了计算机程序,绘制了修正后的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线.计算了修正前后加速度图的傅氏谱。同时,对这些结果加以讨论。 修正后的加速度图,精确地表示了仪器基本频带在0.09HZ和25HZ之间的绝对地面加速度。      

应变固体潮NaKai拟合检验及潮汐变化的映震效果

采用NaKai拟合检验和潮汐变化分析方法,对应变固体潮的整点值数据进行处理,得到NaKai拟合振幅因子和应变M₂ 波潮汐因子变化曲线,并对这些变化曲线进行判断分析,统计异常的起止时间、幅度、特征及映震效果,计算出R值,通过查表得到R₀值。从统计结果可以看出,应变(M₂ 波)潮汐因子变化曲线的异常特征较明显,每次异常都是在正常变化背景情况下出现的,异常有一个过程,异常信度较高,对应地震效果较好, R值评分较高;而NaKai拟合法得到的振幅因子曲线,其异常变化为突跳型,异常时间短。从计算结果来看, NaKai拟合检验和潮汐变化分析(M₂ 波)二种方法的R值均大于其R₀值。     

首都圈地区地震视应力的计算及空间分布

本文计算了首都圈地区2003年9月到2007年12月117个M_L>2.5地震的视应力, 计算视应力的两个参数地震矩(M₀)和地震辐射能量(E_s)都是通过分析地震波形得到。 首先用多重窗FFT获得观测谱, 在扣除仪器响应后对其进行几何扩散和非弹性衰减校正。 几何扩散使用Gail提出的三分段几何模型, 非弹性衰减用随频率变化的Q值来表征。 之后通过遗传算法找到一组Brune圆盘模型下的低频水平(Ω₀)和拐角频率(f_c), 使得它们的理论震源谱和校正过的观测谱残差最小。 通过Ω₀可以得到M₀, 通过对校正过的观测谱求积分再加上有限仪器响应带宽补偿可以得到E_s, 最后就能通过M₀和E_s获得视应力。 计算结果与先前的一些研究比较符合: 视应力随地震矩不存在系统变化; f_c随着M₀变化和定标率M₀∝f^-3_c符合较好; M₀和M_L的关系与定标率lg(M₀)=1.20M_L+10.0符合较好。 最后给出了视应力的空间分布, 结果显示视应力在邢台、 唐山和晋冀蒙交界处的空间分布有不同的特征。 还显示在2006年7月发生M5.1地震的文安北东方向有一个较大的视应力值, 唐山地区视应力从南西到北东方向大体是增加的。     

利用高频GPS资料研究2016年新西兰凯库拉地震的地表形变及预警震级

2016年11月13日,新西兰凯库拉地区发生了M_W7.8级地震.本文利用1 Hz高频GPS观测数据,基于GAMIT track解算模块,采用主分量分析（PCA）空间滤波方法获取了地震地表形变.同时从trackRTr模拟实时解算的动态位移中,提取P波5秒峰值位移（P_d）和地面峰值位移（PGD）,并根据震级统计回归模型计算预警震级.结果表明：测站的动态形变时间长达2 min,距震源最近的HANM和KAIK站出现二次剧烈形变,震源北部测站的形变幅度大于南部,而高频GPS静态同震形变场表现出先逆冲后走滑的震源机制特征.不同GPS台站的P_d预警震级相差较大,最大震级差为M_W2.5.综合考虑预警震级发布的时效性和可靠性,采用顾及空间分布的四台站PGD联合预警方法,其预警震级在震后23 s达到初始稳定（M_W7.56）,在震后110 s达到最终稳定（M_W7.78）,该震级与USGS矩张量反演震级（M_W7.8）基本一致.     

TRANSFORMATION OF RESISTIVITY SOUNDING MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED IN ONE ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION TO ANOTHER CONFIGURATION BY MEANS OF DIGITAL LINEAR FILTERING*

The technique of digital linear filtering is used for transformation of apparent resistivity data from one electrode configuration into another. Usually filter spectra are determined via the discrete Fourier transforms of input and output functions: the filter characteristic is the quotient of the spectra of the output function and input function. In this paper, the transformation of the apparent resistivities is presented for four electrode configurations (Wenner, the two-electrode, Schlumberger, and dipole configurations). In our method, there is no need to use the discrete Fourier transform of the input and output functions in order to determine the filter spectrum for converting apparent resistivity in one electrode configuration to any other configuration. Sine responses for determination of the derivative of apparent resistivities are given in analytical form. If the filter spectrum for converting the apparent resistivity to the resistivity transform for one electrode configuration is known, the filter spectra for transforming the apparent resistivity to the resistivity transform for any electrode configurations can be calculated by using newly derived expressions.     

THE DETERMINATION OF FILTER COEFFICIENTS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF STANDARD CURVES FOR DIPOLE RESISTIVITY SOUNDING OVER LAYERED EARTH BY LINEAR DIGITAL FILTERING *

The technique of linear digital filtering developed for the computation of standard curves for conventional resistivity and electromagnetic depth soundings is applied to the determination of filter coefficients for the computation of dipole curves from the resistivity transform function by convolution. In designing the filter function from which the coefficients are derived, a sampling interval shorter than the one used in the earlier work on resistivity sounding is found to be necessary. The performance of the filter sets is tested and found to be highly accurate. The method is also simple and very fast in application.     

A DIGITAL LINEAR FILTER FOR RESISTIVITY SOUNDING WITH A GENERALIZED ELECTRODE ARRAY*

This paper presents a digital linear filter which maps composite resistivity transforms to apparent resistivities for any four—electrode array over a horizontally layered earth. A filter is provided for each of three sampling rates; the choice of filter will depend on resistivity contrasts and computational facilities. Two methods of filter design are compared. The Wiener-Hopf least-squares method is preferable for low sampling rate filters. The Fourier transform method is more successful in producing a filter with a high sampling rate which can handle resistivity contrasts of 100 000: 1.     

Computation of apparent resistivity profiles from VLF-EM data using linear filtering1

A simple filter is developed which transforms VLF-EM real magnetic field transfer functions into apparent resistivities. It is based on the relationship between the horizontal derivative of the surface electric field and the vertical magnetic field at the surface of a two-dimensional earth model. The performance of this simple autoregressive filter is tested for modelled and real survey data. The technique yields profiles of apparent resistivity very similar, both in magnitude and in wavelength, to those which would have been obtained using VLF-EM resistivity measurements or d.c. resistivity profiling. This low-pass filter has the advantage of reducing high-wavenumber noise in the data; therefore only the major features of the VLF-EM profile are displayed.     

THE USE OF FILTERED BESSEL FUNCTIONS IN DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF GEOELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS *

We start from the Hankel transform of Stefanescu's integral written in the convolutionintegral form suggested by Ghosh (1971). In this way it is possible to obtain the kernel function by the linear electric filter theory. Ghosh worked out the sets of filter coefficients in frequency domain and showed the very low content of high frequencies of apparent resistivity curves. Vertical soundings in the field measure a series of apparent resistivity values at a constant increment Δx of the logarithm of electrode spacing. Without loss of information we obtain the filter coefficient series by digital convolution of the Bessel function of exponential argument with sine function of the appropriate argument. With a series of forty-one values we obtain the kernel functions from the resistivity curves to an accuracy of better than 0.5%. With the digital method it is possible to calculate easily the filter coefficients for any electrode arrangement and any cut-off frequency.     

过套管地层电阻率曲线环境影响校正方法研究

过套管电阻率测井是在金属套管井中测量地层电阻率的一种电法测井技术,其测量结果受套管、层厚/围岩、水泥环等井眼环境因素的影响,所以在进行过套管电阻率测井资料解释时必须进行测井环境影响因素校正.本文在论述过套管电阻率测井原理的基础上,针对大庆油田引进的俄罗斯过套管电阻率测井仪器ECOS,分别考察了层厚/围岩、水泥环对测量结果的响应规律,利用正演模拟方法研制完成了层厚/围岩影响校正图版以及水泥环影响校正图版.在计算机上实现了层厚/围岩、水泥环影响校正的算法,并利用模型算例和测井实例验证了本文方法的合理性.该方法能够减少水泥环的影响,提高层厚小于1.0 m薄层电阻率的测量精度,为过套管电阻率测井资料正确解释提供了保障.     

THE USE OF TWO-ELECTRODE AND SCHLUMBERGER FILTERS FOR COMPUTING RESISTIVITY AND EM SOUNDING CURVES*

Different sets of filter coefficients for the linear filter technique for the computations of resistivity and EM sounding curves are evaluated for several electrode and coil configurations. Instead of this procedure, the two-electrode filter can be used for computations of Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole—dipole apparent resistivity model curves by defining convolutional expressions which contain the new input functions in terms of the resistivity transform function. Similarly, the Schlumberger filter performs the computations of dipole—dipole apparent resistivity model curves. The Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole—dipole filter functions are defined in terms of the two-electrode filter using the new convolutional expressions. A relationship between the Schlumberger and dipole—dipole filter functions is given. The above arguments are adopted for the computations of EM sounding curves. It is shown that the EM filter for the horizontal coplanar loop system (which is identical to the two-electrode filter) performs the computations of the mutual coupling ratios for perpendicular, vertical coplanar, and vertical coaxial loop systems. In the same way, the Schlumberger filter can be used to compute vertical coaxial sounding curves. The corresponding input functions are defined in terms of the EM kernel for all convolutional expressions presented. After these considerations, integral expressions of the mutual coupling ratios involving zero-order Bessel function are derived. The mutual coupling ratio for the vertical coaxial loop system is given in the same form as the mutual coupling ratio for the vertical coplanar loop system.     

二维最佳线性数字滤波器的设计原理

针对如何在干扰场的背景上区分出低缓异常,以及在位场的向下延拓一类计算中如何限制因误差的高频放大所导至的解的不稳定性等问题,本文探讨了在“最小二乘”意义下的最佳线性数字滤波器的设计原理,并将它转化为下述数学问题,即在L₂线性赋范函数空间中如何选取最佳滤波函数的问题。在空间域中直接解这个问题是十分复杂和困难的,我们发现在波数域中用变分法中的等周问题的解法直接选取最佳线性滤波器的传输函数（或波数响应）,则在数学方法上既简单又严格。这样选取的最佳线性滤波器的传输函数L（f,k）其表达式也很简单,即L（f,k）=|S_i（f,k）|²/{|S_i（f,k）|²+λ|N_i（f,k）|²}。式中,|S_i（f,k）|²及|N_i（f,k）|²分别代表滤波器输入端讯号和干扰的能谱（或功率谱）,f、k分别代表x、y方向上的波数,λ为大于零的常数。 对上述两类问题以及相关的两种最佳线性滤波器而言,L（f,k）的表达式是相同的,而区别仅在于其参变量λ的选取条件不同而已。 有了最佳线性滤波器的传输函数L（f,k）的理论公式,就可以在最小二乘的意义下分析和评价国内外所发表的解决上述两类问题的各种线性滤波方法,并能指出在不同的讯号与干扰条件下,在理论上线性滤波可能达到的最佳效果,从而为设计二维线性数字滤波器时,提供一个理论上的准则。 对位     

盐水泥浆条件下定向井双侧向测井环境校正方法研究

在定向井中,双侧向测井数据由于受井眼、围岩、井斜、径向侵入等环境因素的影响,难以准确地估算储层的电阻率和更准确地识别储层流体.本文拟提出图版法和反演法相结合的思路来研究地层视电阻率的校正问题.首先,针对研究区的测井环境和钻井液电阻率,计算了不同尺寸井眼的双侧向测井响应,绘制了井眼校正图版;然后,针对斜度井地层模型,采用三维有限元方法计算了不同井斜、不同厚度地层的测井响应,构建了井斜-围岩/层厚图版,利用该图版实现了井眼校正和井斜-围岩/层厚的电阻率快速校正.最后,针对钻井液侵入的影响,采用反演方法计算了侵入半径和地层真电阻率,最终实现了双侧向测井的环境校正.利用上述理论与方法对海洋中定向井的双侧向测井资料进行了环境校正,提高了储层流体定性识别和定量评价的精度.     

EQUIVALENCE IN ELECTROMAGNETIC (FREQUENCY) SOUNDING*

An analysis of the equivalence phenomenon, analogous to that encountered in resistivity sounding, has been made for electromagnetic (frequency) sounding with the following systems: horizontal coplanar coils, perpendicular coils, vertical coplanar coils, and vertical coaxial coils. Cases analyzed are three-layer H and K type resistivity distributions. The theoretical responses for the EM sounding systems have been computed by the digital linear filter method using short filters. An analysis has been made of the resolution by the four EM systems considered f the equivalence effect. It is concluded that from the equivalence point of view electromagnetic (frequency) sounding has relatively better resolution compared to resistivity sounding for the H type three-layer cases. For the K type three-layer cases electromagnetic (frequency) sounding provides a serious problem in resolution similar to that encountered in resistivity sounding. Empirical relationships have been established for the H and K type cases respectively in order to numerically quantify the equivalence involved in electromagnetic (frequency) sounding.