我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变

中国北方农牧交错带在１０～８．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．经历了三次阶段性增暖后进入全新世暖期。８．５～８．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．和４～３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．暖期的开始与结束事件中降水变化落后于温度变化３００～５００ａ；暖期盛期时的年均温较现代高２～３℃，降水多１００ｍｍ左右；暖期中存在多次短期寒冷事件，年均温最冷时较现代低３℃以上。３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以来冷干趋势之上叠加着大致由３００ａ稳定与５００ａ波动构成的约８００ａ的周期性变化。全新世暖期原始农业文化的阶段性发展与暖期内环境波动相对应；暖期结束时发生了由农业向牧业文化转换的事件；暖期以后的冷干期为农牧交错文化时期，农业经济随冷干程度的变化而兴衰     

我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变

中国北方农牧交错带在１０－８．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．经历了三次阶段性增暖后进入全新世暖期。８．５－８．０ｋａＢ，Ｐ．和４．－３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．暖期的开始与结束事件中降水变化落后于温度变化３００－５００ａ；暖期盛期时的年均温较现代高２－３℃，降水多１００ｍｍ左右；暖期中存在多次短期寒冷事件，年均温最冷时较现代低３℃以上。３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．，以来冷干趋势之上叠加着大致由３００ａ稳定与５００ａ波动构成约８００ａ     

黄河源区全新世以来的古气候演化

综合分析钻孔剖面的孢粉及易溶盐等气候代用指标，揭示了黄河源区全新世以来的古气候演变规律。全新世古气候划分为３期：（１）１０．４－７．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．为升为升温期；（２）７．５－３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．为大暖期；（３）３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．至现今为降温期。各期的界限是剧烈的升温或降温事件，气候波动具有千年尺度的振荡规律。     

青藏高原晚新生代磁性地层研究

本文较详细的论述了青藏高原晚新生代晚期的２０多个地层剖面或钻孔的磁性地层极性期,得出了一批地层年代数据。如昆仑山口羌塘组为３．１ＭａＢＰ－０．６５ＭａＢＰ,在该组中发现的三趾马化石为２．０８ＭａＢＰ,定日县贡巴组为２．３ＭａＢＰ－１．９ＭａＢＰ;札达盆地札达组和香孜组为６．１５ＭａＢＰ－３．４ＭａＢＰ,３．４ＭａＢＰ－１．２５ＭａＢＰ;理塘甲洼组为１．２４ＭａＢＰ－０．４３ＭａＢＰ,还得出吉隆三跖     

东海E1孔晚更新世以来的地层、生物与环境

东海E1孔水深100m，是迄今东海陆架水深最深、采样最密、研究最详细的钻孔。依据有孔虫动物群的研究和碳同位素测年，可将E1孔的地层分成3段：S1—S3(0．00～3．34m)为全新统；S4—S24(3．34～53．43m)为晚更新统；S25(53．43～55．63m)为中更新统。有孔虫以浮游种类为主，属热带至亚热带动物群。研究发现本区自晚更新世以来有3次高海面期：第一次高海面期与长江三角洲平原的镇江海进、华北平原的天津海进和华南的长乐海进相当，属全新世，为外浅海环境；第二次高海面期与长江三角洲平原的隔湖海进、华北平原的沧州海进、和华南的福州海进相当，属晚更新世晚期，为外浅海环境；第三次高海面期与长江三角洲的江阴海进、华北平原的白洋淀海进相当，属晚更新世早期，为中至外浅海环境。在最晚中更新世低海面期本区曾暴露成陆。     

珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的沉积－古地理

本文将珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的演化分为前三角洲（约４００００—３２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．）、老三角洲（３２５００—７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．）和新三角洲（７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．—现在）三个阶段，并在此基础上探讨珠江三角洲沉积－古地理的变迁。研究结果表明，在前三角洲阶段，珠江三角洲为内陆环境，五条大河在中山三角一带汇合，然后向南东入海。磨刀门西江水道形成于第二阶段的３００００—２００００。Ｂ．Ｐ．；狮子洋、珠江和银洲湖等水道则是全新世才发展起来的。三角洲发生过两次海侵。第一次大约开始于３２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．，第二次大约开始于７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．。两次海侵形成了新、老两套三角洲沉积。     

渭南黄土剖面十五万年以来的主要地层界线和气候事件──年代学方面的证据

本文在渭南黄土剖面所测得的年龄结果和时间标尺研究的基础上，结合粒度、磁化率等气候曲线的分析，对该剖面十五万年以来一些主要地层界线和气候事件的年龄进行了初步讨论，结果如下：１）Ｓ１／Ｌ２界线位于剖面１１８０ｃｍ处，从时间标尺上可知其年龄为１２８８００ａＢ．ｐ．，同末次间冰期起始的年龄相一致；２）Ｌ１／Ｓ１的地层界线年龄为７４２２０ａＢ．Ｐ．，同ＳＰＥＣＭＡＰ曲线中末次间冰期的结束年龄相吻合；３）渭南剖面所指示的末次盛冰期约在２００００～１８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．之间；４）在２００００～１８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．之间的末次盛冰期，有一段不足１０００ａ的快速堆积期，其堆积速率是中国黄土平均堆积速率的１０倍以上。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡11.25万年来气候演变初探

布兰斯菲尔德海峡ＰＣ１０岩心代表了１１２．５ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．以来的沉积记录。通过硅藻、氧同位素和磁组构参数的定量分析,表明沉积记录对气候变化的反应十分敏感。岩心包含了氧同位素１￣５期,古气候演变史大致可分为１２个带：末次间冰期的暖高峰期（１１２．５￣１０６．４ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．）、第一冷期（１０６．４￣１０１ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．）第一暖期（１０１￣９２ｋａ．Ｂ．Ｐ．）、第二冷期（９２￣８４ｋａ．Ｂ．Ｐ．）、第     

内蒙古伊克昭盟盐湖晚第四纪氧联同位素记录及古气候研究

根据内蒙古伊克昭盟５个盐湖中６个钻孔岩心的３４０件氧碳稳定同位素样品测试数据，分析了该区的古气候变化特征。氧碳同位素记录的研究表明，盐湖水体的δ１３Ｏ变化主要是受湖水的蒸发作用和淡化过程所控制，而δ１３Ｃ值的波动主要受湖泊水体中ＴＤＩＣ变化以及湖泊水体与大气间碳交换的制约。盐湖的水体环境在过去２３ｋａ之中经历了１７次明显的波动变化，揭示了晚更新世冷湿—早全新世暖湿—中晚全新世暖（偏冷）干的晚第四纪气俟变化规律及３个重要的气侯事件（１０．８０～１０．５０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．新仙女木事件，７．５０～５．００ｋｋＢ．Ｐ．重要降温事件和７．３７～６．３５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．大暖期高湖面事件），并预测未来全球长周期（１０００ａ以上）气候演变趋势─—渐冷。     

南海北部末次冰消期及快速气候回返事件

对南海北部陆坡Ｖ３６－０６－３柱状样上部进行高分辨率地层学研究、浮游有孔虫和稳定同位素分析，并运用转换函数法和加权平均法求取约１５０００—７０００ａＢ．Ｐ．的末次冰消期中古环境参数的变化。结果发现约１０５００—７９００ａＢ．Ｐ．期间有一次强烈的古气候回返事件，与新仙女木期相对应，但持续时间较长。在此期间，冬季平均表层水温下降２．７℃，溶解氧与磷酸盐磷含量增高，古盐度与碳酸盐溶解度略有上升，黑潮水的影响大为降低，推测系海面上升过程中爪哇海海水进入南海所致。     

地质学的发展轨迹和思维方式的转换过程

地质学的发展分为三个阶段，即启蒙阶段、分析阶段和综合阶段，三个阶段的地质学各具特色，总体显示地质学从分析到综合的发展轨迹。地质学的三个发展阶段，形成了人们不同的思维方式，思维方式的转换逐步与地球的客观实际相一致。当前，地质学正处于综合阶段，科学的思维方式促成了新学说和理论的产生和发展，但是，过去阶段的思维方式具有遗传性质，它对新的学说和理论具有阻碍作用。     

江西银山铜铅锌金银矿床成矿流体及成矿机制研究

银山铜铅锌金银矿床住于江西省德兴市乐德成矿带中段，是我国南方规模巨大的铜铅锌金银矿化集中区。区内构造复杂、岩浆活动频繁，具有独特的成矿环境和有利的区域成矿背景。本文主要研究了银山矿床成矿流体种类、成矿温度、流体盐度、成矿物质来源和成矿机理。根据包裹体均一温度、盐度、成分和氢氧同位素等资料，推断本区成矿流体早期以岩浆热液为主，与铜金矿化关系密切。岩浆热液演化过程中与富含有机质的大气降水不断混合，由于有机质的作用，带来了从围岩中活化、萃取的有用元素，晚期铅锌银矿化与富含有机质的热液流体关系密切。研究表明流体的沸腾对矿质沉淀意义有限．而多种流体的混合在成矿过程中起了重要作用．其中有机流体在成矿中的作用不容忽视。     

The hunt for Precambrian fossils: An abbreviated genealogy of the science

In 1859, in his great work On the Origin of Species, Darwin repeatedly raised what he regarded to be the most serious problem facing his theory of evolution – the lack of fossils predating the rise of shelly invertebrates that marks the beginning of the Cambrian Period of geological time (550 Ma), an “inexplicable” absence that could be “truly urged as a valid argument” against his all-embracing synthesis. This missing early fossil record posed a major dilemma, for Darwin's theory demanded firm linkage from the less advanced to the more evolved, from primitive microbes to protozoans to the rich faunas of the basal Phanerozoic for which no fossil evidence was known. For more than 100 years, the history of Precambrian life stood out as one of the greatest unsolved problems in natural science. In recent decades, however, understanding of life's early evolution has changed markedly as the documented fossil record has been extended seven-fold to some 3500 Ma, an age more than three-quarters that of the planet. This long-sought solution to Darwin's dilemma was set in motion by a small vanguard of workers who blazed the trail in the 1950s and 1960s, just as their course was charted by a few prescient pioneers of the previous century. All workers today, including the 28 participants in the recently held World Summit on Ancient Microscopic Fossils, have roots that can be traced to the pathfinders of a half-century ago.     

Distribution of crinoidal remains in the Upper Cretaceous of the U.S.S.R.

A list of all Upper Cretaceous sea-lilies known from the U.S.S.R. is given. Their stratigraphic and geographic distributions are discussed. Three paleogeographic subprovinces, the south-eastern, the northern and the south-western, can be distinguished in the Mediterranean paleobiogeographic province of the U.S.S.R. based on the development and distribution of the Upper Cretaceous crinoids.     

Changes of the Hailuogou Glacier, Mt. Gongga,China, against the Background of Global Warming in the Last Several Decades

Great change, associated with global warming, has occurred at the Hailuogou (海螺沟)has retreated 1 822 m in the past 106 years, with an annual mean retreat of 17.2 m, and the front elevation has risen by 300 m since 1823. Comparison of glacier variations and temperature fluctuations in China and the Northern Hemisphere, over the last 100 years, indicates that glacier retreat stages occurred during the warm phase, and vice versa. Mass balance records during 1959/60--2003/04 have shown that the glacier has suffered a constant mass loss of snow and ice. The accumulated mass balance, -10.83 m water equivalent, indicates an annual mean value of -0.24 m water equivalent. The correlation between the mass balance and temperature is significant, which also indicates that climate warming is the crucial cause of glacier loss.Local hydrological and climatic data demonstrate that runoff from the glacier has been increasing both seasonally and annually.The correlation analysis and trend analysis indicate that ice and snow melted water is the main cause of an increase in the runoff. As the climate has become warmer, changes in the glacier surface morphology have obviously occurred. These include a decrease in glacier thickness, enlargement of glacial caves, and reduction of the size of clefts on the glacier surface. The ablation period has lengthened and the ablation area has expanded. A variety of factors thus provide evidence that the Hailuogou glacier has suffered a rapid loss of snow and ice as a result of climatic warming.     

Geochemistry of the Samarka terrane cherts (Sikhote-Alin) and the size of the accreted paleo-oceanic plate

We have studied the geochemistry of Late Triassic cherts from tectonic sedimentary complexes of different structural levels of the Samarka terrane. The results show that the contents and distribution patterns of major rock-forming oxides, trace elements, and REE in the cherts of the upper and lower structural levels are somewhat different, which is due to different facies environments of chert accumulation. In particular, the contents of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and K₂O gradually decrease and the contents of Fe₂O₃ and MnO increase downsection. The contents of Zr, Rb, Hf, Th, and Cr, which were supplied into the bottom sediments with a terrigenous suspension of heavy-mineral fragments, are twice to ten-fold lower than their average contents in the upper crust. In contrast, the contents of Pb, Cu, and Ni, which got into the sediments mostly with metalliferous hydrothermal solutions, are rather high and even exceed their average contents in the middle and upper crust. That is, the contents of the first-group trace elements gradually decrease and the contents of the second-group trace elements increase from upper to lower structural level. The calculated negative Ce anomaly gradually decreases from lower (0.75) to upper (0.88) structural level. The geochemical parameters altogether indicate that the cherts accumulated in the same pelagic depositional environment but in its different parts. The Katen complex composing the lower structural level is the most remote from the continental margin, and the Amba-Matay complex forming the upper structural level is the most proximal. Based on the geochemical and biostratigraphic data and on the time of accretion of paleo-oceanic fragments, we have established the location of each complex within the not yet subducted oceanic plate and estimated the extensionof this plate. Throughout the Jurassic, about 6000 km of the oceanic lithosphere was subducted beneath the eastern margin of the Paleo-Asian continent and partly accreted to it.     

黄河河曲段冰塞水位的分析计算

本文根据黄河河曲段６年的实测资料，分析了该冰塞河段冰期水位的变化规律，讨论了该河段冰塞水位的变化与冰塞演变的相互关系。建立了冰塞水位变化的参数关系式，基于原型的观测研究，对试验室模拟冰塞的水位进行了分析研究，研究表明：试验室模拟冰塞水位的变化规律与天然河道中冰塞水位的变化规律相同。由此，可以进行冰塞水位的计算及其预报。     

黔西南水银洞层控超大型卡林型金矿床成矿模式及成矿预测研究

贵州省贞丰县水银洞金矿是一个近年来发现的、具较高品位、资源量已达超大型的层控卡林型金矿床。矿床受灰家堡背斜核部构造和有利岩性组合控制。金矿床具有低温成矿特征,出现去碳酸盐化、硅化、黄铁矿化和粘土化等围岩蚀变,特征的 Au-As-Hg-Tl 元素组合。成矿流体具有低温低盐度和较高压力和富挥发份的特点,均一温度在 220 ℃±,盐度在6±Wt% NaCl,压力为1.6±0.4Kbars。成矿物质主要来自深部。高压和富挥发份促使成矿流体从深部迁移至控矿背斜核部,并由于构造作用挥发份的快速逃逸,压力骤降,促使流体快速卸载,金快速沉淀,形成水银洞超大型层控卡林型金矿床。根据找矿标志及成矿和找矿模型,进行了成矿预测研究并取得很好效果,使水银洞金矿新增储量数十吨,并且预示该类型金矿找矿远景巨大,已经成为黔西南第一个超大型层控卡林型金矿床。     

Sulfur isotope study of Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Japanese Islands Arc

The sulfide and sulfate contents and their δ³⁴S values were determined in Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Japanese Islands Arc. The total sulfur contents are much lower (less than 40 ppm) and the δ³⁴S values are higher (+4.4 ± 2.1) than those of ocean-floor basalts (800 ± 100 ppm and +0.8 ± 0.5, respectively; Moore and Fabbi, 1971; Sakaiet al., 1982). Lateral variations of both sulfur content and δ³⁴S values were observed in the four volcanic belts in Japan. In the Northeast Japan belt, the sulfur content (30 ± 10 ppm) of the rocks in the inner zone (the Japan Sea side) is 3 to 5 times that in the outer zone (the Pacific side), although the δ³⁴S values of the two zones are almost the same (+4.3 ± 1.0). The δ³⁴S values for the two belts in West Japan are on the average 2%. higher than those of East Japan.This study suggests that the primary magmas that formed the island arc volcanic rocks are initially depleted in sulfur (<120 ppm) and enriched in ³⁴S ($\text{δ}{}^{34}\text{S: +5 ～ +7}$) compared to ocean-floor tholeiitic basalts which formed at mantle under oceanic region. This indicates that the upper-mantle is heterogeneous in sulfur content and isotope composition.