对青藏大冰盖目前存在的一些“凝问”,“质凝”及“误解”的答复

西伯利亚含盐地位于西伯利亚地台。含钾盐系属下寒武统安加拉组，岩盐层总厚６００余米，钾盐层厚７０－１５０ｍ，共有钾石盐岩和钾石盐－光卤石岩６层。钾石盐层中ＫＣｌ含量达３５％－４５％，ＭｇＣｌ２和水下溶物含量均小于１％，含盐盆地四周以堡礁带和陆岛与广海相隔，含钾坳陷处于地台上坳陷最深部位。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷古新统—始新统蒸发岩地球化学特征及成钾分析——以KL4井为例

库车坳陷古新统—始新统发育巨厚的蒸发岩,尤其是盆地西部,出露多处盐矿点。本文主要研究了KL4钻孔古新统—始新统蒸发岩中钾盐矿物和含钾矿物特征,在此基础上分析了库车坳陷古新统—始新统蒸发岩地层中成钾趋势。研究发现,在含钾层段Ⅰ产出钾芒硝,层段Ⅱ产出原生钾石盐、钾石膏和含钾石盐石膏,说明古盐湖已经达到钾盐沉积阶段。钻孔化学组分分析结果显示,钻孔底部至顶部K~+浓度呈现不断富集的趋势,且最大值达到1.273%,结合离子含量、钾氯系数、镁氯系数、锂氯系数和锶钙系数等特征,进一步确定古盐湖演化过程中存在两次成钾浓缩趋势,认为含钾层段Ⅰ和Ⅱ具有成钾潜力,其中层段Ⅱ成钾潜力更大。     

涅帕含钾盆地资料简编

<正> 涅帕(Hena)含钾盆地位于西伯利亚地台南部,伊尔库茨克地区北部的涅帕河和下通古斯卡河流域。盆地内钾盐矿化面积达二万二千多平方公里,钾盐矿床面积约一万平方公里。含钾层产于下寒武统安加拉组下部,分数层产出,厚度可达几十米。钾盐矿体一般埋藏较浅。钾盐矿石矿物成分简单,主要为钾石盐,次为光卤石;氯化钾含量达25—55%,几乎不含不溶杂质。预测钾石盐矿石储量可能达七百亿吨,现在正继续勘     

云南思茅拗陷盐泉的多元统计分析兼论盐矿床的找矿方向

一、概况思茅拗陷是指由多个含盐盆地组成的思茅复式向斜,其东止于哀牢山断裂,西截至澜沧江花岗岩。区内在古生代的基底上沉积了一套厚达二万余米的中、新生代红色含盐(钾),含煤建造,其盐类矿产极为丰富。目前已知可能含盐地段有65个,其中大型钾盐矿床一个,钾矿化区三个,卤泉点300余处,石膏矿和矿点也很普遍。思茅拗陷中最重要的钾盐产地是勐野井矿区,属于江城含盐带,面积约10Km~2,盐岩矿体呈巨厚的大透镜体赋存于勐野井组地层中,石盐层NaCl含量为71.67%,分布面积约2.68Km~2。钾盐矿体富集于盐岩矿体中,呈多层薄透镜体夹于石盐层内。钾盐层中     

国内外古陆表海盆成钾条件对比——兼论华北成钾的可能性

克拉通古陆表海盆中的固体钾盐矿床占居全球钾盐资源总量的90%以上,其中最典型的2个巨型钾盐矿床是加拿大萨斯喀彻温和俄罗斯涅帕。为探究华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆的成钾可能性,对比分析了国内外同类型盆地的成钾条件,结果表明:萨斯喀彻温泥盆纪钾盐矿床的形成主要表现为巨量海水在稳定克拉通预备盆地的持续蒸发浓缩,进而迁移至相对活动的亚稳定构造区汇聚成钾盐矿床,其上覆盖着红层沉积,其成钾模式概括为"泪滴式";俄罗斯涅帕寒武纪钾盐矿床的形成过程总体表现为半封闭巨型蒸发台盆接受巨量海水的多次补给并持续蒸发浓缩,富钾卤水最终汇聚于受同沉积断裂控制的深坳中,形成巨型钾盐矿床,钾盐层系上覆为膏岩或灰岩等淡化沉积层,其钾盐成矿模式概括为"牛眼式"。华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆与形成上述2大典型钾盐矿床的盆地具有十分相似的构造古地理和古气候环境条件,且在华北西部的陕北盐盆已钻获厚1.22 m的钾石盐矿层和厚达64.7 m的钾石盐高矿化段,根据盆地特殊地质条件,建立了陕北奥陶纪盐盆的"复底锅"成钾模型。笔者认为,华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆完全可能形成一定规模的海相固体钾盐矿床,并对其中最有希望的陕北盐盆的钾盐资源潜力和找钾前景进行了分析讨论。     

油气钻探岩屑在库车坳陷深部找钾的重要作用 ——以羊塔4井为例①

钾盐一直被列为我国重点找矿矿种,成盐盆地油气钻探完好地保存了大量的深部盐岩岩屑,对其进行研究是了解深部盐岩含钾性的重要途径,既经济又快捷.盐岩岩屑研究需要进行观察-描述-采集-实验-测试一套工作手段,通过对库车坳陷羊塔4井盐岩岩屑的复查、系统采样和多种测试手段分析,首次在塔里木盆地发现钾石盐,并推断库车拗陷羊塔4井深部存在古代钾盐矿层.证明油气钻探岩屑的复查在成盐盆地深部找钾非常重要且效果明显.     

新疆罗布泊钾盐矿床成因类型探讨

钾盐矿床产于蒸发岩建造中,是含盐盆地发育过程最后阶段的产物.据已往成果及盐类矿物提供的新资料认为罗布泊以卤水钾矿为主,已查明钙芒稍储钾潜卤水承压卤水钾矿床为一种新类型钾盐矿.此外,深层碎屑岩储钾卤水钾矿层及光卤石——泻利盐沉积和杂卤石沉积交代型固体钾盐矿均是有待进一步查证的稀有类型钾矿.深入研究罗布泊钾盐矿床成因,将有...     

美国新墨西哥州钾盐矿床及其开发

新墨西哥州卡尔斯巴德 (Carlsbad)钾盐矿床是美国最早发现的古钾盐矿床 ,该矿床一直是美国钾盐的主要供给地。含钾蒸发岩系产出于得克萨斯州西部、新墨西哥州东南部Delaware盆地上二叠统海相地层中。含钾蒸发岩系可分为 4个建造。由下向上分别为 :①Castile建造 ,由石盐岩和其夹层硬石膏岩或石灰岩构成 ;②Salado建造 ,由钾盐、石盐岩、含泥石盐岩、硬石膏岩、杂卤石岩、白云岩、泥岩构成 ;③Rustler建造。由石盐岩、石膏岩、硬石膏岩、硅质岩、白云岩及石灰岩构成 ;④DeweyLake红层建造 ,由红色泥岩和砂岩构成。其中 ,Salado建造 ,厚 6 70m ,含 12个矿带 ,面积为 492 0km2 ,钾盐矿体主要由钾石盐和无水钾镁矾以及石盐等矿物所组成。次生的钾盐矿物有 :钾盐镁矾和钾镁矾等     

塔里木盆地西部古盐矿点卤水水化学特征与找钾研究

在塔里木盆地发展地史上,白垩纪—第三纪时曾有过多次大的海浸,带来了丰富的盐类物质成分,又由于干旱封闭的气候环境,其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的盐岩,因此一直被列为我国有利的找钾远景区。在对塔里木盆地西部晚白垩—第三纪地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了一些卤水样品的水化学组成,通过K+含量及一些水化学系数变化特征的研究,查明了卤水的成因类型属石盐岩淋滤水,K+含量较低,没有出现显著水化学系数异常;但相比之下,塔里木盆地西南喀什坳陷构造区Br含量值明显高于库车坳陷,Br×103/Cl值等具找钾意义的水化学系数比其他地区高1～2个数量级,推测淋滤的盐层当时的成盐古卤水浓缩程度较高,Br出现相对的富积,有一定的找钾远景;另外,对比海水蒸发实验结果,发现卤水的化学成分明显不同于经典的海相成盐淋滤卤水,指示海相标志的Br、B等含量较低,反映了该区成盐环境是在海陆相互作用的复杂条件下形成的,今后的找钾工作不能局限于经典的海相成盐理论,应该结合岩盐及含盐系地层地球化学、盆地构造变形历史及构造分异特征的综合分析研究,寻找新的找钾指标,以期在喀什坳陷等更深一级次级盆地发现可能的钾盐矿床。     

库车坳陷羊塔4井岩屑钾盐矿化层特征及资源量预测

通过库车坳陷羊塔4井盐岩岩屑含钾异常特征,参照钾盐矿一般工业指标,拟定了该井岩屑代表的矿化和工业矿层指标,然后对古近系库姆格列木群(E1-2k)含钾盐层进行划分,共划分三个矿化段和四个钾盐矿层.矿化段累计厚度为50m,矿石KCl平均含量7.11%.预测钾石盐矿石远景资源量7.22亿t.羊塔4井钾盐矿层的发现,使塔里木盆地找钾工作取得突破性进展.     

Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates

The dissolution of H₂O and CO₂ in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H₂O and CO₂ are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH^? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H₂O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O ₂ ^2? ... H₂. Because the O ₂ ^2? moiety is small (O^?-O^? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H₂ may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O ₂ ^2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O ₂ ^2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O^? state and an unbound O^? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O^? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO₂ molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO ₂ ^2? and O ₂ ^2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO ₂ ^2? moiety (C-O^? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO ₂ ^2? moiety into CO^? and O^?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH^? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

煤中气孔和镶嵌结构及其在煤变质研究中的意义

河南省禹县、新密和荥巩煤田山西组Ⅱ₁煤的贫煤和无烟煤中,气孔发育。气孔形态有椭圆状（图版1）、圆状及不规则状（图版2）,有的几个气孔连在一起呈大的朵状气孔(图版3)。此外,在荥巩煤田西部无烟煤中还发育有镀嵌结构(图版4)。      

Re-Os and Pd-Ag systematics in Group IIIAB irons and in pallasites

Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ¹⁸⁷Re = 1.66 × 10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show ¹⁰⁷Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live ¹⁰⁷Pd (t_1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the ¹⁰⁷Pd-¹⁰⁷Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients.     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.     

Amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle

Stabilities of amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic compositions have been considered in the model system CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+SiO₂+H₂O. From topological arguments two petrogenetic grids have been constructed. Although available experimental data in CMASH are compatible with the grid in which amphibole reacts out before chlorite in model ultramafic compositions for the pressure range 6 to 15 kbar, naturally observed mineral assemblages and some experimental data in more complex systems favour the other grid in which chlorite reacts out before amphibole at all pressures. This discrepancy between natural and model systems is due to differential movement of the dehydration equilibria of the two hydrates reflecting the variation of activity of H₂O or of components other than CMASH.     

Water-extractable and exchangeable phosphate in Martian and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and in planetary soil analogs

Aqueous extraction contributes to the formation and weathering of planetary materials and renders electrolytes such as phosphate available for biology. In this context, the solubility of phosphate is measured in planetary materials, represented by the Mars meteorites Nakhla, Dar al Gani 476 (DaG 476), Elephant Morraine 79001 (EETA 79001), and terrestrial analogs, and in the Murchison CM2 and Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrites. The Mars meteorites contain high levels of phosphate that is readily extracted by water, up to 15 mg kg⁻¹ in Nakhla and DaG 476 and 38 mg kg⁻¹ in EETA 79001, while the terrestrial analogs and the carbonaceous chondrites contain 0.5 to 6 mg kg⁻¹. Correspondingly, high phosphate concentrations of 4 to >28 mg L⁻¹ are obtained in extracts of the Mars meteorites at high solid/solution ratios, exceeding the concentrations of 0.4 to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ in the extracts of the terrestrial analogs. A wide range of planetary conditions, including N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres, solid/solution ratios of 0.01 to 1.0 kg L⁻¹, extraction times of 1 to 21 d, and temperatures of 20 to 121°C affect the amounts of extractable phosphate by factors of only 2 to 5 in most materials. Phosphate-fixing capacity and exchangeable phosphate are assessed by the isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK) method, which quantifies the amount of P isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E_1min) and between 1 min and 3 months (E_1min-3m) and the amount of P that cannot be exchanged within 3 months (E_>3m). The IEK results show that the DaG 476 Mars meteorite and terrestrial analogs have low P-fixing capacities, while the carbonaceous chondrites have high P-fixing capacities. Aqueous processing under early planetary CO₂ atmospheres has large effects on the available phosphate. For example, the fraction of total P that is exchangeable in 3 months increases from 1.6 to 11%, 13 to 51.6%, and 43.9 to 90.4% in the DaG 476 Mars meteorite, Allende, and Murchison, respectively. The results show that solutions with high phosphate concentrations can form in the pores of planetary lava ash and basalts and in carbonaceous asteroids and meteorites. These solutions can help prebiotic synthesis and early microbial nutrition. The Martian and carbonaceous chondrite materials contain sufficient phosphate for space-based agriculture.     

Orogenesis in time and space in Mexico

The evolution of the border region of part or all of a craton, on the basis of geological data gathered from Mexico, may best be described in terms of geotectonic cycles. These consist, in chronological order, of (1) an orthogeosynclinal phase (eu- and miogeosynclines) with or without initial magmatic activity, (2) an anatexitic phase consisting of batholith emplacement with attendant regional metamorphism in the eugeosyncline and deposition of a clastic or flysch wedge over the miogeosyncline, (3) an orogenic phase consisting principally of the folding and thrusting of the sediments of the miogeosyncline together with the clastic or flysch wedge against the foreland, and (4) a taphrogenic or block-faulting phase accompanied by (a) accumulation of post-orogenic debris or molasse, (b) subsequent magmatic activity consisting largely of igneous extrusions with fewer intrusions, and (c) final magmatic activity consisting of igneous extrusions. A region that has gone through the above phases of a geotectonic cycle may be termed a structural belt. In the post-Precambrian geologic history of Mexico, three geotectonic cycles are recognized: one occurred along the Pacific border of Mexico between Cambrian and middle Jurassic (?) time (Jaliscoan geotectonic cycle), the second occurred along the present Gulf of Mexico border of the country at the same time (Huastecan geotectonic cycle), and the third occurred over the entire country from the United States border to the Guatemalan border between Late Jurassic and Pliocene time (Mexican geotectonic cycle). The early Mesozoic clastic rocks in northwestern Mexico may signify a fourth geotectonic cycle in that region. In the three recognized geotectonic cycles, however, the geologic record shows only two orogenic phases, one of which occurred in late Paleozoic time in an arcuate belt along the eastern side of Mexico (Coahuilan orogeny), and the other in early Tertiary time in a belt traversing central Mexico from the United States border to the Guatemalan border (Hidalgoan orogeny).     

银川平原地下水资源开发与植被变化

植被状况的变化是反映区域性生态环境状况的重要指标。地下水是影响植被变化的主要因素。宁夏地处干旱半干旱地带,是全国生态系统最脆弱的省区之一。2000年后,随着宁夏黄河引水量的减小,水资源的不合理应用使银川平原的生态植被出现了退化的趋势。本文利用MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,对银川平原2000~2004年间的植被变化趋势进行了研究。在此基础上,对引用黄河水量及多年地下水位的变化对植被的影响进行了分析,并对适宜于植被发育的地下水位埋深进行了探讨。