拉萨地块吉朗榴辉岩的岩石学研究及其对古特提斯洋壳俯冲折返过程的限定

拉萨地块东部松多(超)高压榴辉岩记录了古特提斯洋俯冲及折返过程。松多榴辉岩带已发现松多、新达多、白朗和吉朗4个榴辉岩出露区,它们的峰期温压条件及变质p-T轨迹的研究对揭示拉萨地块古特提斯时期的俯冲及折返过程有重要意义。松多榴辉岩带东段吉朗榴辉岩的主要矿物为石榴子石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、角闪石、金红石、绿帘石、石英以及退变形成的后成合晶结构(透辉石+角闪石+斜长石)和少量的黑云母。石榴子石具有含丰富矿物包裹体的"脏"核和极少包裹体的"净"边,具有典型的进变质成分环带特征,从核部到边部镁铝榴石组分升高,锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石组分降低。石榴子石边部发育窄的角闪石+斜长石(An=28)组成的冠状体,表明石榴子石边部发生了后期角闪岩相退变质作用。通过变质相平衡模拟计算得到石榴子石以及多硅白云母记录的峰期温压条件为563℃、2. 4 GPa。结合岩相学特征,确定吉朗榴辉岩经历了4期变质演化阶段:(1)进变质阶段以石榴子石核部及其包裹体为代表性矿物组合;(2)峰期变质阶段矿物组合为石榴子石边部、绿辉石、多硅白云母、蓝闪石、硬柱石、金红石和石英;(3)早期退变质阶段以硬柱石分解产生绿帘石为特征;(4)晚期退变质阶段以绿辉石发育后成合晶和石榴子石生长冠状体为特征。认为吉朗榴辉岩为典型的低温高压榴辉岩,经历了顺时针p-T演化轨迹,折返过程为近等温降压过程。与松多带内其他(超)高压岩石相比,吉朗榴辉岩峰期温压条件较低,其围岩为变石英岩,区别于区内其他(超)高压榴辉岩的石榴子石白云母片岩及蛇纹岩围岩。推测吉朗榴辉岩来自于俯冲带浅部,由俯冲隧道中低密度沉积物裹挟折返。     

古亚洲洋与古特提斯洋关系初探

从板块构造研究中国古生代洋陆关系和构造-岩浆-成矿作用,离不开对古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的关系判断,特别是对于中国西北部的研究,两个古生代大洋形成演化和关系是理清重要地质构造和成矿事件的关键。本文认为早古生代的原特提斯洋与古亚洲洋应连为一体,合称古亚洲-原特提斯洋,简称古亚洲洋。古亚洲洋是发育于早古生代劳亚大陆与冈瓦纳大陆之间的大洋,金川超大型铜镍矿床的形成是元古宙罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木陆块作为古亚洲洋南岸的一个陆块,早古生代的昆仑洋、祁连洋和秦岭洋只是古亚洲洋的分支或次生洋盆,这些次生洋盆于志留纪末闭合,古亚洲洋主洋则直到晚古生代泥盆纪末才闭合。石炭纪天山及邻区是古亚洲洋闭合后板块构造后碰撞机制与地幔柱作用提供热动力的两种地球动力学机制并存的构造背景,为大规模壳幔混合（染）岩浆作用和成矿爆发提供了可能。古特提斯洋是古亚洲洋在晚古生代的发展和继承,东昆仑夏日哈木超大型铜镍矿床的产生是冈瓦纳大陆北侧志留纪末破裂三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木和华北等泛华夏陆块群构成了古特提斯洋北岸陆缘,石炭纪大洋形成,西昆仑玛尔坎苏大型优质锰矿可能就形成于大洋北侧被动大陆边缘的浅海或陆表海,成矿物质则很可能来自于同时代的大洋中脊。德尔尼大型铜钴矿为晚石炭世大洋中脊塞浦路斯型块状硫化物矿床。而铜峪沟大型铜矿和大场大型金矿等则分别为古特提斯洋消减俯冲岛弧岩浆作用矽卡岩-斑岩矿床和浅成低温热液矿床。中三叠世末古特提斯洋闭合。

     

论从俯冲增生杂岩带重建洋板块地层主要类型与序列：以青藏特提斯二叠系为例

洋板块地层学是对具洋壳的盆地(大洋盆地、弧后和弧间盆地)在各种构造环境中形成的火成-沉积原生建造序列重建的地层学分支学科。洋板块地层(简称OPS)是指洋壳从洋中脊一直到海沟俯冲带之间形成的火成岩基底序列,以及沉淀在洋底基底序列之上的沉积岩和火山岩的盖层序列。OPS生成后在洋盆关闭历程中被传送进入海沟。在海沟中,部分被俯冲消减进入地幔,部分通过刮削拼贴、底劈拼贴和构造折返等方式堆积在海沟与弧前之间,形成俯冲增生杂岩(楔)带(简称SAC)。因此,如何从SAC中重建OPS序列是当前国际地学研究热点。OPS序列重建的关键是从SAC中划分出属于不同构造环境的亚类,在精细划分亚类的基础上,按不同的亚类分别进行OPS序列重建。本文以青藏特提斯二叠纪OPS为例,提出并论述了从SAC中划分OPS亚类的方案和各亚类的OPS序列模型。     

班公湖-怒江结合带东段早石炭世洋壳残片及其古特提斯意义

班公湖-怒江结合带东段是破译班公湖-怒江特提斯洋早期演化的重要窗口。在对八宿县怒江大桥-邦达地区嘉玉桥岩群详细野外观察基础上,对赋存其中的玄武岩岩块及其围岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年,并对玄武岩进行了全岩地球化学研究。嘉玉桥岩群具有构造混杂岩的特征,基质主要为板岩、千枚状板岩、薄层状结晶灰岩,岩块主要为玄武岩、结晶灰岩、大理岩。玄武岩岩块锆石的外部形态、内部结构及均一的年龄结果显示其为基性岩浆结晶锆石。基性锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄的加权平均值为338±2Ma,代表玄武岩形成时代。玄武岩的围岩中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄范围为3157~500Ma,最年轻一组年龄为513~500Ma,限定其原始沉积时代不早于该年龄范围。玄武岩轻稀土元素亏损,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf无异常,ε_Nd（t）值为+7.4~+8.5,这些地球化学特征与N-MORB型玄武岩一致。受海水蚀变影响,Rb、Ba、U、Sr元素和⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr（i）同位素有不同程度的富集。玄武岩岩块是由亏损地幔中尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩部分熔融形成,代表洋壳残片。八宿县怒江大桥-邦达地区嘉玉桥岩群是一套俯冲增生杂岩,其基质岩石和岩块主要形成于早石炭世,构造就位时间有待进一步限定。班公湖-怒江结合带存在较多前侏罗纪的化石和同位素年龄信息,本研究揭示班公湖-怒江洋在338±2Ma已经具有成熟的洋壳,指示班公湖-怒江特提斯洋打开时间应早于早石炭世（338±2Ma）。

     

青藏高原松多中三叠世洋壳的识别及其对松多古特提斯洋演化的制约

松多绿片岩分布于拉萨地块中部的松多地区,因对其时代及构造属性研究程度一直较低,严重制约了对松多古特提斯洋演化的认识.在详细野外地质调查基础上,对松多附近的绿片岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测试,以及锆石Hf同位素分析,并开展了岩石学和全岩地球化学研究.在松多绿片岩中获得锆石U-Pb年龄约为232 Ma,为中三叠世,代表了绿片岩的原岩成岩时代.其锆石ε_Hf(t)平均为3.6,显示弱亏损地幔的特征.岩石学和地球化学研究揭示,绿片岩原岩具有拉斑质基性岩特征,在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线和原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图中均为平坦型,与N-MORB相似.在各类判别图解上,也都落入N-MORB区域,表明松多绿片岩原岩可能为松多古特提斯洋壳残片.松多中三叠世绿片岩的识别,说明松多古特提斯洋可能在中三叠世时还存在洋盆.      

新特提斯洋晚侏罗世岩浆作用: 藏南白朗地体辉绿岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学证据

藏南雅鲁藏布江缝合带代表印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞界线,带中洋岛型基性岩构造归属还存在争议。雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段白朗地体为近北东—南西向展布的构造岩片,由放射虫硅质岩、硅质泥岩、泥页岩、凝灰岩、微晶灰岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩、辉长岩组成。辉绿岩和辉长岩呈岩脉或岩床侵入沉积地层中。测年结果显示,这些辉绿岩形成于晚侏罗世,锆石206Pb/238U年龄为150.3 ±0.8 Ma（n=39,MSWD=1.8）。地球化学特征表明,岩石富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素（Rb、Sr、Pb）和高场强元素（Th、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti）,源区具有明显的石榴子石印记,是没有经历陆壳混染的洋岛型辉绿岩。这些特征与雅鲁藏布江缝合带晚侏罗世—早白垩世洋岛型基性岩相似。由此认为,这些洋岛型基性岩可能起源于新特提斯洋板内环境,代表了海山的残迹。结合区域地质资料,提出侏罗纪新特提斯洋地幔柱活动可能驱使大洋岩石圈向北俯冲到拉萨地体之下,并形成安第斯型大陆边缘,至早白垩世,先期俯冲的新特提斯大洋岩石圈与上覆板片解耦并向南后撤,诱发冈底斯弧前伸展形成现今保存在缝合带中的蛇绿岩。     

“三江”古特提斯地幔热柱——洋中脊玄武岩证据

“三江”特提斯巨型造山带由４条板块缝合带和夹于其间的微陆块和弧地体构成。在古特提斯洋闭合而成的澜沧江和金沙江缝合带内，均发育典型的蛇绿岩－蛇绿混杂岩和洋岛玄武岩（ＯＩＢ）组合。ＯＩＢ集中产出于大洋的特定区段（２２０－２４０Ｎ──澜沧江洋；２４０－２７０Ｎ──金沙江洋），形成于洋壳（ＭＯＲＢ）顶部，并被浅水碳酸盐岩覆盖，ＯＩＢ主要岩石类型为苦橄玄武岩、夏威夷岩和钾质粗面玄武岩，三者具特定的空间配置与时间演变规律。根据三江地区ＯＩＢ时空展布规律、岩石组合特点、岩石地球化学特征、源岩化学估算及热幔柱实验成果，提出早古生代时期的澜沧江洋和金沙江洋岩石围下方分别出现地幔热拉，其直径约２００－２５０ｋｍ，具特定的不同于周围地幔的热－化学结构。地幔热柱的尾柱区高热物质熔融，产生苦橄质或苦橄玄武质熔浆，地幔热拉上涌，其冠形头部与周围地幔“混杂”而具化学分带，该区物质熔融，产生富Ｎａ和富Ｋ质ＯＩＢ。     

海南洋壳型高温榴辉岩: 基本特征及待解问题

榴辉岩常产于汇聚板块的边界,是鉴别古板块缝合带的重要标志之一。最近,这种特征的变质岩石在海南岛北部被第四系严重覆盖的木栏头地区被发现,其基本特征总结如下：（1）榴辉岩孤立地出露于潮滩鼻潮间-潮下带,主体露岩区域分布的总面积约1.8km²,由片麻理构成的优势构造走向为北东至近东西;（2）榴辉岩经历了顺时针变质演化,从绿帘角闪岩相（620~680℃、0.87~1.11GPa）、榴辉岩相/榴辉岩-高压麻粒岩过渡相（820~860℃、1.70~1.82GPa）、角闪岩相（700~730℃、0.71~0.85GPa）到绿片岩相;（3）榴辉岩的主体（占分析样品总数的65%）具有正常洋中脊玄武岩（N-MORB）属性,少数具有富集洋中脊玄武岩（E-MORB）和火山弧玄武岩（VAB）属性,初始Sr-Nd同位素成分表明他们来自于亏损的软流圈地幔;（4）榴辉岩原岩形成于355Ma之前,进变质和峰期-退变质的时代分别约为340~330Ma和310~300Ma,冷却至金红石U-Pb体系封闭温度的时代为292±6Ma。所以,海南榴辉岩主要是大洋（少数岛弧）玄武岩在石炭纪经高温高压变质作用的产物。由这种特殊的洋壳型高温榴辉岩自身及其引申出的科学问题包括：（1）海南榴辉岩是单体榴辉岩还是榴辉岩集合体?如果是单体,那将是国内出露规模最大的榴辉岩体;（2）海南榴辉岩到底是榴辉岩相岩石还是榴辉岩-高压麻粒岩过渡相岩石?榴辉岩相峰期变质的压力到底有多高?遍布的深熔作用是发生在温压峰期还是在减压过程中的温度峰期?（3）原岩形成于洋盆还是弧后盆地?其与同时代的金沙江-哀牢山-马江洋和邦溪-晨星弧后盆地具有怎样的联系?（4）榴辉岩起因于大洋热俯冲/增生还是大陆俯冲/碰撞环境?以其为代表的古板块缝合带（可称木栏头或潮滩鼻缝合带）向哪里延伸?（5）东、西古特提斯构造域的早期演化有无相似之处?海南陆块或其北部或西部地体是否在石炭纪就已与华南陆块碰撞对接在一起?显然,海南榴辉岩对重构全球古特提斯构造带的早期演化具有重要的科学意义,值得进一步深入研究。

     

冈瓦纳大陆北缘早期的洋壳信息──来自青藏高原羌塘中部早古生代蛇绿岩的依据

普遍认为冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解发生在泥盆纪,形成了古特提斯洋并持续演化到晚三叠世.最近在羌塘中部的桃形湖一果干加年山-带发现了完整的蛇绿岩组合,蛇绿岩中的堆晶辉长岩具有洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学特征,在堆晶辉长岩中获得467-431Ma的锆石SHRIMP U-pb年龄,这是龙木错-双湖缝合带首次发现早古生代蛇绿岩,应记录了冈瓦纳北缘早期的洋壳演化信息,冈瓦纳大陆北缘的裂解可能发生于早古生代.     

青藏高原构造演化及隆升的简要评述

根据近年古生物区系、岩相古地理、地质构造以及古地磁等的研究,特别是晚古生代－白垩纪古生物区系、分异度指数特征以及古地磁数据等,笔者认为,从晚古生代－白垩纪印度板块和青藏高原之间不存在至今还流传引用的浩瀚深邃宽达６０００－７０００ｋｍ、     

下地壳流变层对青藏高原及其周边大尺度地貌的制约

以下地壳流变层的变形为切入点,结合青藏高原的构造演化、区域走滑断裂的发育性质和高原南部地区的地球物理资料,介绍了下地壳流变层物质向东和北东流动的特性,探讨了青藏高原及其周边地区地貌形态形成的深部地质过程和下地壳流变层在这一过程中的制约作用,并对塔里木地块、鄂尔多斯地块、四川地块的旋转和柴达木盆地自新生代以来迅速抬升的现象做出了新的解释.     

Temporal-Spatial Structure of Intraplate Uplift in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The intraplate uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau took place on the basis of breakup and assembly of the Precambrian supercontinent, and southward ocean-continent transition of the Proto-, Paleo-, Meso-and Neo-Tethys during the Caledonian, Indosinian, Yanshanian and Early Himalayan movements. The intraplate tectonic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau underwent the early stage of intraplate orogeny characterized by migrational tectonic uplift, horizontal movement and geological processes during 180-7 Ma, and the late stage of isostatic mountain building characterized by pulsative rapid uplift, vertical movement and geographical processes since 3.6 Ma. The spatial-temporal evolution of the intraplate orogeny within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau shows a regular transition from the northern part through the central part to the southern part during 180-120 Ma, 65-35 Ma, and 25-7 Ma respectively, with extensive intraplate faulting, folding, block movement, magmatism and metallogenesis. Simultaneous intraplate orogeny and basin formation resulted from crustal rheological stratification and basin-orogen coupling that was induced by lateral viscous flow in the lower crust. This continental dynamic process was controlled by lateral flow of hot and soft materials within the lower crust because of slab dehydration and melted mantle upwelling above the subducted plates during the southward Tethyan ocean-continent transition processes or asthenosphere diapirism. Intraplate orogeny and basin formation were irrelevant to plate collision. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a whole was actually formed by the isostatic mountain building processes since 3.6 Ma that were characterized by crust-scale vertical movement, and integral rapid uplift of the plateau, accompanied by isostatic subsidence of peripheral basins and depressions, and great changes in topography and environment. A series of pulsative mountain building events, associated with gravity equilibrium and isostatic adjustment of crustal materials, at 3.6 Ma, 2.5 Ma, 1.8-1.2 Ma, 0.9-0.8 Ma and 0.15-0.12 Ma led to the formation of a composite orogenic belt by unifying the originally relatively independent Himalayas, Gangdisê, Tanghla, Longmenshan, Kunlun, Altyn Tagh, and Qilian mountains, and the formation of the complete Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with a unified mountain root after Miocene uplift of the plateau as a whole.     

全球洋岛玄武岩氦同位素组成的地幔动力学意义

洋岛玄武岩 (OIB)氦同位素组成 (3 He 4 He)在地理分布上具有非均匀性特征。3 He 4 He值为 5～ 6Ra 的OIB主要分布在南半球 ,而分布于冰岛和夏威夷 (包括Loihi)等地的OIB3 He 4 He值为 10～ 35Ra。低3 He 4 He值OIB具有富集大离子亲石元素U、Th的源区 ,由于U、Th衰变释放的4He同位素的积累导致其3 He 4 He值降低。该源区的形成是俯冲作用导致深海沉积物与地幔混合 ,其地理分布受Pangea大陆周边的古俯冲带制约。高3 He 4 He值OIB的源区则是亏损U、Th的地幔胞 (mantleblob) ,该地幔胞是由极度亏损U、Th的再循环洋壳或大陆下地壳与未排气的地幔胞混合形成的。经过 1～ 2Ga的演化形成即相对亏损4He同位素而3 He 4 He值高的源区。同时 ,这种地幔胞富集难融组分 ,所以较洋中脊玄武岩 (MORB)的源区更为稳定 ,即高3 He 4 He值源区的部分熔融需要更高的地幔温度。超级地幔柱上升可以导致地幔升温和高3 He 4 He值源区的熔融。3 He 4 He值OIB地理分布的非均匀性反映出全球地幔对流系统复杂的半球非对称性格局。     

Deep Tectonophysical Process of the Uplift of the Northern Qinghai--Tibet Plateau--Evidence from the Integrated Geological--Geophysical Profile from Golmud to the Tanggula Mountains, Qinghai Province, China

The tectonic activities occurring since the Cenozoic in the northern part of theQinghai-Tibet Plateau (the region from the East Kunlun Mountains to the Tanggula Mountains)were probably caused by the intense intraplate deformation propagation after the collision be-tween the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Their main expressions include the substantial up-lifting of the plateau, alternation of horizontal extension and compression under the verticalgreatest principal stress σ_1, occurrence of rift-type volcanic activity, formation of thebasin-range system, and successive eastward extrusion of blocks resulting from large-scalestrike-slip faulting. Geophysical exploration and experiments have revealed that there exist close-ly alternating horizontal high-velocity and low-velocity layers as well as lithospheric faults of aleft-lateral strike-slip sense in the lower part of the lithosphere (the lower crust and lithosphericmantle, 60-120 km deep). Based on an integrated study of the geological-geophysical data avail-able, the authors have proposed a model of deep-seated mantle diapir and the associatedtectonophysical process as the dynamic source for the uplift of the northern part of theQinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Sedimentary Evolution of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic and its Response to the Uplift of the Plateau

We have studied the evolution of the tectonic lithofacies paleogeography of Paleocene–Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau by compiling data regarding the type, tectonic setting, and lithostratigraphic sequence of 98 remnant basins in the plateau area. Our results can be summarized as follows. (1) The Paleocene to Eocene is characterized by uplift and erosion in the Songpan–Garzê and Gangdisê belts, depression (lakes and pluvial plains) in eastern Tarim, Qaidam, Qiangtang, and Hoh Xil, and the Neo-Tethys Sea in the western and southern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. (2) The Oligocene is characterized by uplift in the Gangdisê–Himalaya and Karakorum regions (marked by the absence of sedimentation), fluvial transport (originating eastward and flowing westward) in the Brahmaputra region (marked by the deposition of Dazhuka conglomerate), uplift and erosion in western Kunlun and Songpan–Garzê, and depression (lakes) in the Tarim, Qaidam, Qiangtang, and Hoh Xil. The Oligocene is further characterized by depressional littoral and neritic basins in southwestern Tarim, with marine facies deposition ceasing at the end of the Oligocene. (3) For the Miocene, a widespread regional unconformity (ca. 23 Ma) in and adjacent to the plateau indicates comprehensive uplift of the plateau. This period is characterized by depressions (lakes) in the Tarim, Qaidam, Xining–Nanzhou, Qiangtang, and Hoh Xil. Lacustrine facies deposition expanded to peak in and adjacent to the plateau ca. 18–13 Ma, and north–south fault basins formed in southern Tibet ca. 13–10 Ma. All of these features indicate that the plateau uplifted to its peak and began to collapse. (4) Uplift and erosion occurred during the Pliocene in most parts of the plateau, except in the Hoh Xil–Qiangtang, Tarim, and Qaidam.     

对青藏高原隆升研究的几点思考

青藏高原的隆升机制和隆升历史,需多学科参与.其研究思想和研究方法有几点值得思考:①磨拉石与高原(地面)隆升有没有必然的关系;②生物尤其是古植物对青藏高原隆升最具灵敏性,能够指示青藏高原多阶段隆升的一系列信息,应该是今后研究的重点;③不可忽视加大对高原腹地的沉积盆地研究;④多学科的相互交叉、相互渗透已成为研究青藏高原隆升的必然趋势,并以青藏高原北缘新生代生物、沉积学、岩石学成果为例.这些研究不仅可以极大丰富青藏高原隆升的内容,而且可以相互验证,提供更多相关联的直接证据.     

Petrology and Geochemistry of Eclogite Xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau: Implications for the Evolution of Subducted Oceanic Crust

Eclogite xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau, interpreted asfragments of the subducted Farallon plate, are used to constrainthe trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositionsof oceanic crust subducted into the upper mantle. The xenolithsconsist of almandine-rich garnet, Na-clinopyroxene, lawsoniteand zoisite with minor amounts of phengite, rutile, pyrite andzircon. They have essentially basaltic bulk-rock major elementcompositions; their Na₂O contents are significantly elevated,but K₂O contents are similar to those of unaltered mid-oceanridge basalt (MORB). These alkali element characteristics areexplained by spilitization or albitization processes on thesea floor and during subduction-zone metasomatism in the fore-arcregion. The whole-rock trace element abundances of the xenolithsare variable relative to sea-floor-altered MORB, except forthe restricted Zr/Hf ratios (36·9–37·6).Whole-rock mass balances for two Colorado Plateau eclogite xenolithsare examined for 22 trace elements, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Y, rareearth elements, Pb, Th and U. Mass balance considerations andmineralogical observations indicate that the whole-rock chemistriesof the xenoliths were modified by near-surface processes afteremplacement and limited interaction with their host rock, aserpentinized ultramafic microbreccia. To avoid these secondaryeffects, the Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of mineralsseparated from the xenoliths were measured, yielding 0·70453–0·70590for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, –3·1 to 0·5 for Nd and 18·928–19·063for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. These isotopic compositions are distinctlymore radiogenic for Sr and Pb and less radiogenic for Nd thanthose of altered MORB. Our results suggest that the MORB-likeprotolith of the xenoliths was metasomatized by a fluid equilibratedwith sediment in the fore-arc region of a subduction zone andthat this metasomatic fluid produced continental crust-likeisotopic compositions of the xenoliths. KEY WORDS: Colorado Plateau; eclogite xenolith; geochemistry; subducted oceanic crust