94–9ka察尔汗盐湖的气候环境演化过程

本文依托柴达木盆地中东部察尔汗盐湖沉积中心102 m长钻孔(ISL1A)岩芯,应用AMS14C和不平衡U系测年方法建立了年龄-深度框架,对岩芯开展了元素地球化学分析,利用主成分分析提取影响察尔汗盐湖沉积物化学组成的2个主控因子:入湖径流量因子和湖泊蒸发量因子,结合孢粉、粒度、沉积物中石盐含量等环境代用指标,分析讨论察尔汗盐湖晚更新世湖泊波动与环境变化过程。结果表明:察尔汗古湖在晚更新世经历多次淡化期和咸化期,94–52 ka期间察尔汗古湖为微咸水-半咸水湖,湖泊入湖径流量较大,湖区植被为草原/荒漠草原植被;约52 ka各指标均反映了察尔汗古湖环境发生了显著变化,湖泊入湖径流量减小,蒸发量增加,湖泊由咸水湖退缩演化为盐湖,湖区植被由草原/荒漠草原演替为荒漠草原/荒漠。34–24 ka期间察尔汗盐湖入湖径流量增加,湖泊有所扩张,但湖水盐度较高;24–9 ka期间在冷干气候背景下,湖泊退缩演化为干盐湖。环境指标所指示的察尔汗盐湖波动演化过程得到了柴达木盆地及其周边地区其他环境变化记录的支持。     

达布逊湖湖水涨落与钾盐富集的关系

<正> 本世纪50年代,М.Г.瓦里亚什科提出的干盐湖学说一直得到广泛的承认。这一学说的基本观点就是:“干盐湖乃是任何自析盆地发展的一个必经阶段”;“层状钾盐形成于干盐湖阶段,差异性垂直构造运动形成的坳陷乃是沉积钾盐的必要条件”。瓦氏假设的钾盐形成方式是:差异性构造运动形成具有石盐岸的洼地,然后逐渐蒸发形成层状钾盐。但是正如袁见齐教授等人指出的那样:“我国察尔汗钾镁盐矿床的情况要比瓦氏假设的复杂得多,这里形成钾盐的地方并不是构造坳陷,而是与地表内陆河流有密切联系的卤水湖。这里的钾盐富集在离淡水源较近的达布逊湖及其附近的干盐滩下晶间卤水中。它与当今流行的泻湖沉积“泪滴式”分布模式呈现出相反的面貌。这些现象正好反映了我国此类钾盐矿床形成的特殊     

柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖相地层正构烷烃与河蚬化石记录的古生态环境

利用常规14C、加速器(AMS)方法对柴达木盆地察尔汗湖一典型古湖相沉积剖面系统测年,并对测年结果进行不同组分和不同实验室对比,确定该剖面发育于察尔汗古湖高湖面时期(39.7 ka B.P.～17.5 ka B.P.).通过对削面沉积物正构烷烃的系统分析,结果表明正构烷烃携带了重要的湖泊演化的环境和生物信息,其中nC2...     

中国察尔汗湖钾盐蒸发泵成因

<正> 问题的提出位于中国青海省柴达木盆地的察尔汗湖盐湖的钾矿是目前中国国内最大的钾矿资源基地。中国化工部和地质矿产部的地质学家一直在这一钾矿进行地质调查工作,并已经积累了大量的地质、水文和水化学资料。笔者试图利用已有的这些资料对察尔汗湖钾盐矿床的成因和经济潜力进行新的解释和评估。察尔汗湖的钾盐矿有以下三个不寻常的特点:     

青海省柴达木盆地一里坪和东、西台吉乃尔湖地质新认识

柴达木盆地中部的一里坪和东、西台吉乃尔湖,即三湖,在晚更新世晚期以前,与察尔汗同为一统一的淡水滨浅湖。此后发生强烈的新构造运动,导至湖水四次收缩,三湖与察尔汗湖逐渐分离,那棱格勒河水系产生四期冲积扇,三湖形成相应的扇前湖。从距今约15000年开始,三湖演变成盐湖,沉积了上、下盐层,其晶间卤水及湖表卤水富含锂和硼,储量巨大。盐类物质主要来自那棱格勒河上游昆南断裂两侧与新生代火山活动有关的温泉热水的补给。     

柴达木察尔汗盐湖贝壳堤剖面介形类组合及其环境意义

柴达木盆地察尔汗贝壳堤剖面记录了约39.7～17.514CkaB.P.期间古湖泊高湖面扩张、收缩的演化历史。剖面中丰富的介形类,皆为我国东部山间盆地～平原区系与西部高原区系常见种。依据青海地区现代介形类分布调查,可知研究剖面高湖面发育期为淡水湖,其中高分异度介形类组合代表近静水的浅湖环境,单种或近单种土星介大量出现层位指示缓流水环境,大量原生双壳类共生可能指示静水、较深水环境。据地层中介形类分布,自下而上划分为7个组合-沉积环境带,分别为:①少量湖沼种出现（积水洼地形成带）——湖泊前期,②单种缓流水种连续出现（湖泊初始形成带）——高湖面初始形成期,③高分异度组合、介形类富集（浅水大湖带）——高湖面水深加大期,④中分异度组合、介形类少量出现（深湖带）——高湖面最盛期,⑤中分异度组合、介形类少量出现、双壳类连续富集（湖泊变浅带）——高湖面略下降期,⑥缓流水介形类繁盛、双壳类多少不等（湖泊水位下降带）——古湖泊退缩期和⑦介形类稀少带——古湖泊快速消亡期。贝壳堤剖面所见双壳类在现代介形类调查区域没有发现,它们在地层中的出现,进一步指示大体相当MIS3阶段时期柴达木盆地比现代更温暖的气候背景,降水条件好于现代。     

干盐湖阶段的沉积特征兼论钾盐矿层的形成

盐盆地演化到析钾阶段时,广袤的干盐滩与若干卤水湖并存。这种特殊的地质地埋背景称为“干盐湖”。察尔汉盆地是现代干盐湖的一个典型实例。由于选择性溶解作用使钾富集在水位最低的卤水湖内,并在干盐滩与卤水湖之间的平坦湖滨地带形成钾盐层。成钾机理与现代海滨萨布哈类似,但钾-镁盐类来源于干盐滩内的孔隙(晶间)卤水。     

察尔汗干盐湖中卤水湖的现代钾盐沉积

<正> 目前,察尔汉盐湖(图1)已发展到干盐湖阶段——干盐滩与卤水湖并存。在广阔的干盐滩上分布着九个大小不等的卤水湖,它们现今正在广泛地进行着盐类物质沉积。盐湖水的补给南部来源于格尔木东,西河等地表迳流,北部、东北部有地下潜水补给。一九八四年,我们仅对察尔汉盐湖区的达布逊湖、协作湖、团结湖及对北部、东北部的盐溶洞和区内其他地区进行了考察。认为:(1)不但在达布逊湖北岸、东北岸湖滨地带,而且在达布逊湖南岸、协作湖、团结湖都有现代钾石盐和光卤石沉积分布:(2)盐湖北部     

柴达木盆地察尔汗干盐湖钾镁盐的沉积

察尔汗钾镁盐沉积矿床自下而上分为S_1、S_2、S_3盐层。在上部盐层(S_3)形成过程中出现了四次咸化和三次淡化。咸化过程中以蒸发析盐作用为主,淡化过程中以掺杂、机械碎屑沉积及溶解作用为主。钾盐主要有三种形成方式:(1)与1盐滩共存的湖泊湖滨地带析出层状钾镁盐,湖水周期性地升降和风力作用促进了这一过程;(2)晶间卤水的进一步浓缩析出浸染状钾镁盐;(3)干盐滩的溶解改造形成一个新生湖,在其干化的最后阶段,析出似层状钾镁盐。     

陆相盆地浅水背景河湖交互特征及其模式

通过对现代鄱阳湖盆中沉积体系发育与湖盆季节性湖岸线迁移变化耦合关系研究,结合对新近纪馆陶组时期渤海湾盆地渤东地区沉积岩性、沉积序列及沉积构造等解剖,提出陆相湖盆浅水背景河湖交互沉积模式.基于对浅水湖盆鄱阳湖随季节更替引起的湖平面变化分析,识别出洪-平-枯水线,划分河控主体区(A区)、河湖交互区(B区)和湖泊主体区(C区...     

察尔汗盐湖固体钾盐溶解对溶剂注入速率响应机制研究

察尔汗盐湖浅部储卤层赋存有储量可观的固体钾盐资源, 目前正处于溶解液化开采阶段。储卤层中固体钾盐矿物溶解及储卤层结构变化特征受到溶剂注入速率控制, 但其控制机制尚不明确。本文以察尔汗盐湖浅部储卤层典型钻孔岩芯为研究对象, 通过开展室内岩芯柱渗流模拟实验, 研究岩芯在三种流速条件下储卤层渗透系数和固体钾盐矿物溶出的变化规律。结果表明: (1)随着注入溶剂速率的增大, 岩芯渗透系数呈现逐渐增大的趋势, 渗出液中钾离子浓度呈现持续减小的趋势, 但在流速改变的时间节点处, 岩芯渗透系数和其对应溶出液中钾离子浓度均出现异常增加现象。矿物的溶解引起储层孔隙度增加, 而溶剂流速的改变会导致松散盐类矿物颗粒重组。(2)储卤层岩芯固体钾盐矿物溶解受到溶剂注入速率的影响明显。注入速率增加引起矿物颗粒重组以及滞留孔隙高浓度水体释放是造成渗出液中K+浓度短暂性升高的主要原因。本次实验研究对于研究区低品位固体钾盐的水溶开采具有一定理论指导意义。     

Boron isotope geochemistry of Bangor Co Salt Lake (central Tibet): implications for boron origin and uneven mixing of lake water

Boron is an essential, widely used, micronutrient element and is abundant in salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The origin and distribution of boron brine deposits on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important foundation for B resource formation, evolution, and enrichment, which have long been the subject of debate. The boron isotope system is a sensitive geochemical tracer, making it useful for effectively and precisely tracking a wide range of geological processes and sources. This study investigates the major cations, [B], and δ¹¹B values of samples (lake brine, river waters, and cold spring water) from the Bangor Co Lake which is a typical salt lake rich in boron in Tibet, China. There are magnitude-scale differences in [B] among different sample types: river samples < cold spring water < < brine lakes. [B] values vary from 0.73 to ~ 1113 mg/L. Similar to [B], the δ¹¹B values of the samples exhibit magnitude-scale variations as [B], ranging from − 7.35‰ to + 7.66‰. There are also magnitude-scale differences in δ¹¹B among different sample types. The δ¹¹B values of cold spring water are relatively low, and the values range from − 1.26‰ to -7.75‰. However, the river water samples and saline lakes have higher values, from 0.38‰ to 4.62‰, and the δ¹¹B values of river water samples are basically in the distribution range of those of Bangor Co Lake. This indicates that the sources of boron in Bangor Co Lake are mainly the recharge water with higher δ¹¹B values and spring water with lower δ¹¹B values, and the boron sources and the uneven mixing of lake water are two reasons that account for the large change in the δ¹¹B value of Bangor Co Lake.

     

新疆罗布泊盐湖氢氧锶硫同位素地球化学及钾矿成矿物质来源

罗布泊罗北凹地第四系上部盐层中蕴藏丰富的卤水,卤水中则富含钾（ＫＣｌ平均品位为１．４０％）。文章通过对罗布泊卤水氢、氧、锶及硫同位素等分析及与塔里木盆地（河流）、柴达木盆地等地区对比研究,确定了罗布泊富钾卤水源于地表水,可能主要是塔里木盆地南北缘河流水;卤水中的硫钾等物质组分主要来源于南天山、塔里木盆地西北、西南部中新生代石膏钙芒硝石盐矿床或地层及其古代地层卤水。由于第四纪期间塔里木盆地西部抬升。     

Characterizing Major Controls on Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Chemical Composition of Surface and Pore Brine of Maharlu Lake,Southern Iran

Maharlu Lake with Na–Cl water type is the terminal point of a closed basin in southern Iran. A total of 10 water samples from two rivers discharging to the lake and 78 water samples of surface and pore brine of Maharlu Lake have been collected from different depths (surface, 20, 50 and 100 cm) of four sampling stations along the lake during a period of lake water-level fluctuation (November 2014–July 2015). To investigate chemical interaction between lake surface water and shallow pore water and to understand the major factors governing chemical composition of Maharlu brine, concentrations of major and minor (boron, bromide and lithium) solutes, pH and total dissolved solids have been measured in collected water samples. Saturation indices of evaporite minerals in collected water samples have been also calculated. The chemical behavior of dissolved solutes and evaporative evolution of the lake brine during a hydrological period have been simulated using PHREEQC. The results of our investigations indicated that chemical composition of lake surface water and pore brine of Maharlu Lake are mainly connected with lake water-level fluctuations and distance from input rivers (and depth), respectively. Hydrochemical investigations and statistical analysis showed that the brines chemistry of Maharlu is mainly controlled by three processes: brine evaporative evolution, dissolution–precipitation and diagenetic evolution of secondary carbonates.     

Controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by bed‐material load along the Sacramento River,California

Differences in the nature and quantity of sediment filling oxbow lakes have significant implications for the evolution of meandering rivers and the development of floodplains, influencing rates of meander migration and the valley width over which migration takes place. In an effort to identify the controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by coarse bed material, this study examined the sedimentary records stored within oxbow lakes of the Sacramento River of California, USA, and found that the volume of gravel in storage correlated negatively with the diversion angle separating flow between the river channel and the entrance into each lake. A method was devised for estimating the original channel bathymetry of the studied lakes and for modelling the hydraulic and sediment‐transport effects of the diversion angle within channels recently abandoned by meander cut‐off. The diversion angle determines the width of a flow separation within the abandoned‐channel entrance, reducing the discharge diverted from the river channel and thus limiting the ability of the abandoned channel to transport bed material. Aggradation rates are faster within entrances to abandoned channels with high diversion angles, resulting in the rapid isolation of lakes that store only a small volume of coarse‐grained sediment. Aggradation rates are slower within channel entrances where diversion angles are low, resulting in the slow transitioning of such channels into oxbow lakes with a larger and more extensive accumulation of coarse‐grained sediment. These findings compare well with observations in other natural settings and the mechanism which is described for the control of the diversion may explain why some oxbow lakes remain as open‐water environments for centuries, whereas others are filled completely within decades of cut‐off.     

The origin and significance of groundwater-seepage gypsum from Bristol Dry Lake, California, USA

Gypsum and anhydrite fabrics observed in trenches and deep (500 m) cores from Bristol Dry Lake, California, USA, exhibit a vertical alignment of crystals similar to the fabric seen in bottom-nucleated brine pond gypsum. However, geochemical and sedimentological evidence indicate that the gypsum formed in Bristol Dry Lake precipitated displacively within the sediment where groundwater saturated with respect to gypsum recharges around the playa margin (groundwater-seepage gypsum). Evidence for displacive growth of gypsum is: (i) the geometry of the deposit, (ii) stable isotopic data and the water chemistry of the brine, and (iii) inclusions of matrix which follow twin planes and completely surround crystals as they grow. The bulk of the gypsum precipitated in the playa occurs around the edges of the playa in the playamargin facies and completely rings the lake. Sulphate concentrations in the groundwater increase toward the gypsum zone in the playa margin. Basinward of this zone, sulphate concentrations decrease sharply to trace element levels in the basin centre brine. Authigenic gypsum is rare in the centre of the playa. Stable (δ¹⁸O values measured for gypsum waters of crystallization (GWC) are similar to the values calculated for groundwater in the playa margin and alluvial fan sediments (?– 6%0), whereas measured brine δ¹⁸O values range from + 0·5 to + 3·7%0. Deuterium values measured for groundwater are ?– 70%0, GWC are ?– 60 to – 65%0 and brine values are ?– 57%0. The geometry of the deposit and the chemical data suggest that the water precipitating the gypsum is more closely associated with the groundwater than the brine. However, some mixing between groundwater and brine is likely. Within 100 m of the surface, the gypsum dehydrates to anhydrite, although the same vertically aligned fabric is retained through the diagenetic process. The similarity of displacive vertically aligned gypsum and anhydrite fabrics seen in Bristol Dry Lake to subaqueously deposited gypsum in modern brine ponds indicates that the criteria used to define subaqueous fabrics must be better constrained.     

罗布泊盐湖富钾卤水成因再探讨——碎屑层卤水蒸发实验分析

罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝岩孔隙中蕴藏有超大型规模的卤水钾矿,富钾卤水成因一直备受关注。罗北凹地从统一的罗布泊大湖区中分隔出来后,成盐过程中其湖水仍以南部大湖的补给为主,罗北凹地卤水化学演化与"大耳朵"湖水密切相关。"大耳朵"湖区含石膏碎屑层普遍储藏有卤水,应该是罗北凹地盐湖的"源卤水",钾离子(ρ(K~+)为3.12 g/L左右)已初步富集,平均矿化度为198.83 g/L。为了查明该卤水的化学演化趋势及析盐序列,笔者于2009年、2010年两次采集了大量卤水样品,分别进行室内等温蒸发和自然蒸发实验。蒸发实验结果表明:随着卤水浓缩首先析出(硬)石膏,随后析出大量石盐,最后出现少量钾石盐和光卤石,与EQL/EVP卤水蒸发模型模拟结果相似。将碎屑层卤水蒸发过程中化学组成变化与罗北凹地卤水进行对比,结果显示罗布泊古湖水蒸发至石膏沉积之后,在罗北凹地水化学组成明显发生变化,没有大量石盐沉积,而以钙芒硝沉积为主。推测应是受到深部"富钙水"的持续补给,而"大耳朵"湖起到"预备盆地"的作用,罗布泊古湖水经"大耳朵"湖蒸发浓缩后,钾离子得到初步富集,在流入罗北凹地后与深部"富钙"水混合,强烈蒸发浓缩,大量钙芒硝矿物析出,最后形成富钾卤水。     

Sedimentology of a saline playa in the northern Great Plains, Canada

Ceylon Lake, a small salt playa located in southern Saskatchewan, is typical of many shallow ephemeral lacustrine basins found in the northern Great Plains of western Canada. The present-day brine, dominated by magnesium, sodium, and sulphate ions, shows wide variation in composition and concentration on both a temporal and a spatial basis. The modern sediments overall exhibit relatively simple facies relationships. An outer ring of coarse grained shoreline and colluvial clastics surrounds mixed fine grained clastics and salts and, in the centre of the basin, salt pan evaporites composed mainly of mirabilite, thenardite, and bloedite. Coring of the late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary fill shows that the lake has evolved from a relatively dilute, deep water, clastic dominated basin through a shallower, brackish water, carbonate-clastic phase, and finally into the present salt dominated playa. The thick sequence of evaporites preserved in the basin suggests evolution of the brine from a Na-rich solution to a mixed Mg-Na system. The most important post-depositional processes affecting Ceylon Lake sediments are mud diapirism and salt karsting.     

青藏高原末次冰期盛冰阶的时限与干盐湖地质事件

本文根据高原盐湖原生石盐矿物包裹体流质的氢、氧稳定同位素分析以及包裹体流质的Ｎａ^＋、Ｍｇ^2＋测定讨论了青藏高原北部近五万年来的气候环境演变，论述了末次冰期盛冰阶在高原地区的时限问题，初步确定盛冰阶的时限为２１０００－１５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，该期的平均温度比现今低约６－７℃。由于高寒的气候环境，促使高原盐湖补给水锐减，在其盛冰阶的晚期普遍形成干盐湖地质事件，这从各不同时间形成的原生石盐包裹体的流质中ｖｇ^2＋／Ｎａ^＋值的分布得到充分的证实。     

Geochemistry of Great Salt Lake,Utah I: Hydrochemistry since 1850

The hydrochemistry of Great Salt Lake, Utah, has been defined for the historic period, 1850 through 1982, from published data combined with new observations. The water balance depends largely on river inflow, atmospheric precipitation onto the lake surface and evaporation. Input of the major solutes can best be accounted for by mixing dilute calcium-bicarbonate type river waters with NaCl-dominated hydrothermal springs.Prior to 1930, lake concentrations fluctuated inversely with lake volume in response to small climatic variations. Since then, salt precipitation and dissolution have significantly modified lake brine compositions and have led to density stratification and the formation of brine pockets of differing composition. Brine mixing has become an important component of brine evolution. We have used calculated evaporation curves with mineral precipitation and dissolution to clarify these processes.Pore fluids represent important storage for solutes. Solute profiles can be modeled by simple one-dimensional diffusion calculations. Short-term historic variations in lake composition affect shallow pore fluids in the upper 2 metres of sediment.