能源开发区生态补偿方式对农户生计影响研究——以榆林市为例

生态补偿是协调生态环境与经济发展的重要手段,研究生态补偿方式对农户生计的影响有助于客观评价生态补偿效果。该文运用Logistic回归模型和多元线性回归模型,基于农户生计视角,选择榆林市为研究区域,定量分析了农户生计资本及生计策略现状,并探讨了不同生态补偿方式对农户生计的影响作用。结果表明:榆林市农户生计资本整体水平较高,但不同能源开发类型区存在一定差异性,煤炭资源开发区农户人力资本、金融资本和社会资本水平均高于油气资源开发区相应资本水平;资金补偿、物质补偿、政策补偿这3种生态补偿方式对农户生计资本影响均为正向,t检验结果显示在5%水平上显著;生态补偿方式的交互作用对农户生计策略正向影响作用显著,农户也容易接受生态补偿组合方式。针对不同类型能源开发区,应选择适当的组合补偿方式,通过多样化手段提升农户生计资本水平,建立能源开发区生态补偿长效机制。     

帮扶措施对山区脱贫农户生计策略选择的影响——以陇南山区为例

帮扶措施不仅是构建稳定脱贫长效机制的关键举措,更是推进脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的客观要求。论文构建了帮扶措施对农户生计策略选择的影响分析框架,利用入户调查数据,在辨明帮扶措施及生计策略选择特征的基础上,探讨了影响陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的关键因素。结果表明：① 陇南山区有59.84%的脱贫户享受了多元帮扶措施,其中,享受最多的多元帮扶措施为产业扶贫+生态补偿扶贫,享受最多的单一帮扶措施为生态补偿扶贫;② 陇南山区脱贫户的生计策略以务工主导型为主,呈农业特色化、非农化和多样化的特点;③ 陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的路径依赖性整体呈中等水平,其中,川坝河谷区农户、老年农户和低生计资本禀赋的农户生计策略选择的路径依赖性较强,且帮扶措施对其有调节作用;④ 社会资本、人力资本、金融资本和区位条件对农户的生计策略选择有显著影响;产业扶贫和电商扶贫对农户的特色务农型生计策略选择有正向影响,生态补偿扶贫和就业扶贫对农户的非农化生计策略选择有正向影响。最后,提出了优化农户生计策略的政策建议。     

黄土高原农户可持续生计评估及未来生计策略——基于陕西延安市和宁夏固原市1076 户农户调查

农户可持续生计问题是黄土高原自实施生态退耕政策以来备受关注的关键科学问题之一。通过构建可持续生计效益评价模型, 对农户可持续生计效益进行了分级评价, 并分析了不同类型农户的可持续生计效益差异。结果表明:① 具有较高可持续生计效益指数的农户生计收入构成趋向于多元化, 不同生计策略收入所占比重也趋向平均化, 而生计效益指数较低的农户主要依赖于外出打工、卖粮菜等个别生计策略;② 各类型农户的人均生计效益指数和人均年收入排序呈现出:发展果园型>做小生意型>外出打工型>大棚种植型>舍饲养殖型。基于可持续生计效益评价并结合主体功能区战略, 提出4 种黄土高原未来生计策略:① 推进人口城镇化, 有序引导生态脆弱地区人口外迁;② 促进农地流转, 扩大农业生产规模;③ 拓展生计策略, 增强收入来源多样性;④ 加强技术培训, 提高农户非农生计可持续性。     

生态补偿对农户生计的影响——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

生态补偿项目对农户生计的影响关系到项目可持续性及社会公平性,近年来已成为生态补偿领域的研究热点。本文通过调查退牧还草工程前后甘南黄河水源补给区农户生计资本及生计方式的变化,分析了生态补偿项目对农户生计的影响,提出应建立多样化、差别化的补偿方式,提高项目区农户的生计能力,确保生计安全。研究发现:①生态补偿后农户生计总资本显著增加,除自然资本下降外,其余各类生计资本均增加,但纯牧区、半农半牧区、农区农户的生计资本变幅不同;②生态补偿后农户生计方式发生显著变化,从事非农活动的农户比例增加,生计多样化指数增加,其中农区农户的非农化程度及生计多样化指数的增幅均高于纯牧区与半农半牧区。     

基于生计资本的农户可持续生计研究——以滇琼天然橡胶主产区为例

运用海南和云南橡胶主产区615个种植户的调查数据,测算了农户生计资本水平,设计了生计活动多样性指数和家庭收入多元化指数,通过多元线性回归模型和中介效应模型,探讨了生计资本配置对农户可持续生计的影响机制。研究发现：1）农户生计资本积累有助于丰富农户家庭生计活动和收入来源结构,尤其是金融资本积累有助于提升农户生计活动多样性水平;不同生计资本结构对农户生计结果的影响存在地域性差异;自然资本禀赋对海南产区的收入多元化水平有显著推动作用,但在云南产区却可能存在“诅咒”效应。2）地域差异、生产决策和农户特性对可持续生计有重要影响。村庄所处的海拔高、距县城距离远对农户开展多样化生计构成挑战;割胶生产规律固化虽然可能会削弱农户其他生产经营活动,但由于其劳动力调整灵活性强,可更好地稳定家庭收入;土地细碎化具有多元化生计的效果,但不一定有收入效应;虽然贫困户身份可帮助农户获得相关政策的支持,但增强生计能力才是实现可持续生计的关键所在。3）生计资本对生计活动和家庭收入的影响存在中介效应。生计资本对生计多样性的促进作用,有52.70%是通过提高生计资本统筹能力实现的,家庭就业策略优化有助于增强生计资本对收入多...     

农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析——以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例

从农户可持续生计框架出发,以河西走廊六县为调研对象,建立了农户生计指标体系并对其进行评估,从而揭示了当地农户生计资本与生计策略之间的影响关系。结果表明:(1)无论是项目组还是对照组,农户的5种生计资本整体比较稀缺,其中自然资本和金融资本极度匮乏,而人力资本、社会资本和物质资本相对较丰富,因此农户生计资本单一且配置极不合理,从而导致农户脆弱性程度高。(2)自然资本、人力资本和物质资本对农户生计策略的影响比较显著,其中自然资本和物质资本丰富的农户往往倾向于选择农业生产,而人力资本丰富的农户往往倾向于选择非农产业。(3)经定量评估对照组农户的农业兼业化程度要比项目组农户高。基于此,政府可以采取诸多措施来改善农户的生计现状,从而提升农户的生计水平,进一步转变当地农业的发展模式,缓解生态压力。     

尼泊尔中部山区麦拉姆齐流域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究

生计资本与生计策略关系的研究是理解和发展农村可持续生计最重要的途径。本文以尼泊尔中部山区麦拉姆齐流域为例,采用PRA法进行实地调研,定量分析了该流域农户的生计资本状况,生计资本对生计策略的影响及不同生计策略对生计资本因子的敏感性特征。研究表明:(1)农户生计资本指数低,各类资本差异明显,且资本的转化能力弱。物质资本得分最高,其次为人力资本、社会资本、金融资本,自然资本最低。(2)以非农为主型生计策略农户的资本总指数最高,生计策略也相对最优;非农型资本总指数次之,但生计风险相对较高;农为主型资本总指数低于前二者,但生计脆弱性相对较低;纯农型资本总指数最低,生计策略组合单一,生计风险相对最高。(3)生计资本及其组合差异是影响农户生计策略选择的重要原因,改善生计资本的配置能够推动农户生计策略的调整和优化。不同生计策略对资本因子的敏感性亦有所差异,提高人力资本和金融资本的投入,对于尼泊尔山区农户积极参与和发展非农生计活动,合理调整和优化生计策略,减小生计风险具有重要意义。     

中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向

开展农户可持续生计研究,对于解决农村贫困问题,促进农村社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义。在查阅大量相关文献的基础上,本文首先阐述了可持续生计的概念,并对国外农户可持续生计研究概况进行了简介;然后从生计资产(资本)研究、生计脆弱性分析、生计策略研究、政策、机构和过程对农户生计影响研究、农户生计与生态环境的相互关系研究等5 个方面对近年来国内农户生计的主要研究进展进行了归纳总结。最后,提出了中国农户可持续生计研究的主要趋向:跨学科综合性、系统性研究,新技术方法的综合与动态研究,农户可持续生计与贫困问题研究,城乡转型期农户可持续生计研究,重点区域的农户可持续生计研究。     

基于生计视角的异质性农户转户退耕决策研究

对重庆市贫困与生态脆弱区的云阳县、石柱土家族自治县376 户农户调研基础上, 将农户划为纯农户、农业主导户、非农主导户和弃农农户, 基于生计视角对农户转户退耕决策进行了解释。结果表明:①重庆市农户兼业普遍, 兼业是农户重要的生计策略;从纯农户到弃农农户, 农户生计资产依次递增, 尤其是人力资产、金融资产和社会资产。②随着兼业程度提高, 农户生计策略逐渐多元化。纯农户生计高度依赖土地;农业主导户开始选择非农兼业;非农主导户生计多样化指数最高;弃农农户生计已经转移到非农产业。③生计是影响农户转户退耕决策的关键因素:纯农户生计资产匮乏, 决策受政策导向明显;作为理性经济人, 对土地经济收益的依赖使农业主导户转户退耕意愿不明显, 对政策响应平淡;非农主导户将权衡转户退耕的补偿与损失, 政策响应模糊;弃农农户资产丰富, 对转户退耕决策响应积极。基于户籍制度改革和可持续生计视角, 本文提出了理性政府行为的3 大对策, 即:建立转户退耕的社保及补偿、激励机制;基于农户生计视角, 实施各种工程措施及惠民政策, 促进农户生计策略多元化;针对不同区位的农户实施差别化的政策。     

生态治理下石羊河流域农户生计转型路径、效应及机理

农户生计研究为微观尺度管窥西北干旱地区复杂人地关系提供了新视角。基于社会-生态系统理论和可持续生计分析框架,选取石羊河流域样带为实地调查对象,运用双重差分模型、生态足迹和多项Logistic回归模型等方法,刻画生态治理下农户生计转型路径,评估转型结果（社会-生态效应）,探究转型机理。研究结论显示：(1)石羊河流域农户生计转型存在2条路径：Ⅰ型生计转型路径和Ⅱ型生计转型路径,前者主要是由传统农业主导型生计发散向传统非农型、新型农业型和非农主导型生计,后者主要是从传统非农型生计转向非农主导型生计;(2)生计转型增加了农户经济收入,降低了生态足迹,却促使流域社会结构趋于不稳定;(3)地理区位、自然资本、金融资本、物质资本和认知能力是影响农户Ⅰ型生计转型的主要因素,人力资本、自然资本、金融资本和认知能力是影响农户Ⅱ型生计转型的主要因素;(4)地理环境和政策变迁是农户生计转型的前提与起因,并从宏观尺度影响生计转型过程,而理性选择则成为农户生计转型的微观动因。生计转型结果（社会-生态效应）为政策制定者和农户提供反馈,并影响农户后续生计选择和区域发展的管理决策。     

The Impacts of Relocation on the Livelihoods among Different Agro-pastoralist Groups in an Immigrated Village in Tibet

China has achieved a comprehensive victory in poverty eradication. Relocation has been the major measure of the poverty alleviation strategy, and 10 million poor people have successfully been relocated in the ‘Thirteenth Five-Year’ period (from 2016 to 2020). This paper established an integrated evaluation index system for the livelihoods of relocated groups and the sustainability of the village, based on the framework of United Nation 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and using the data from questionnaire surveys in Bailang Village, Tibet. The indicator system quantitatively analyzed the changes in the livelihoods of different agro-pastoralist groups before and after relocation from the three aspects of living standards, livelihood assets, and livelihood strategies. The results showed that relocation led to the improvement of the livelihoods of immigrated households. As the duration after relocation increases, the living standards rise steadily, especially in poverty eradication (SDG1), which increased nearly 100%. Relocation affects the livelihood strategies of the relocated groups, in that the original pure farmers chose more diverse livelihood strategies and the non-farm employment ratio (SDG8) of the village increased. The total SDG score increased from the perspective of the sustainable development of the village. The data also showed that relocation had limited impacts on the livelihoods of the aborigines. The results implied that the relocation policy for poverty alleviation has been implemented successfully in this area. This research could support policy optimization for improving the sustainability of the village and the livelihoods of the immigrants.     

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化(英文)

Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue.This paper examines livelihood assets,livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau.The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy.From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region,livelihood diversification level is reduced,and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease.Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation,mainly shown in human assets and natural assets.Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets,mainly shown in natural assets,human assets and social assets.Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets,mainly raising livestock and digging herbs,and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business.Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region.Therefore,aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.     

生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响——渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析

耕地比较效益低下引致耕地保护经济补偿成为破解耕地保护问题的客观选择,而影响经济补偿成败的关键因素之一在于补偿模式设计是否符合农户诉求,因此定量刻画农户生计资产差异对其补偿模式选择的影响便是补偿模式设计的核心.运用参与式农村评价法(PRA)对渝西方山丘陵3 个样点村392 户农户进行了实地调查,构建了农户生计资产六边形计量分析框架,运用灰色关联分析模型和Probit 回归分析法对农户生计资产差异与补偿模式选择意愿间耦合关系的存在性和影响度进行了分析,并设计了差别化耕地保护经济补偿模式.研究结果表明：① 农户生计资产存在属性差异和空间分异.农户生计总资产呈现由自给型纯农户到非农户递增的总体趋势,空间上存在海拔越高生计资产越低的趋势.② 农户对耕地保护经济补偿模式的选择意愿存在随农户生计资产差异由“成都模式”向“佛山模式”过渡的趋势,不同地带农户模式选择意愿存在空间分异.③ 农户生计资产差异与耕地保护补偿模式选择间存在耦合关系,自然资产与农户模式选择意愿呈负相关,社会资产对农户的模式选择影响最小,金融资产对农户模式选择的影响较弱,人力资产和物质资产对农户决策均产生较显著影响,心理资产对农户的决策影响最为显著.④ 根据农户生计资产缺乏情况为7 种类型农户设计了概念性的补偿模式体系,并就补偿方法、补偿依据、补偿标准和补偿资金来源问题进行了探讨.     

Heavy burdens: Gendered livelihood strategies of porters in Accra,Ghana

Urban poverty is invariably linked to sociospatial dimensions of livelihood strategies. Gendered social relations, for example, have been seen to impact the ability of females to access resources, to gain assets, and to engage in viable income‐generating activities. Focussing on the livelihood strategies of the urban poor as they intersect with neoliberal economic reforms in contemporary Ghana, this paper draws on a field‐based survey of porters in Accra, mostly migrants from rural agricultural northern Ghana, whose primary livelihoods derive from transporting goods for clients in congested market areas of the urban industrial south. The paper highlights the gendered aspects of porters' livelihood experiences such as differences in migration patterns, reliance on physical labour and living conditions, which relatively few analyses have examined, especially as these relate to wider socioeconomic processes. The study illustrates how this perspective is important to understand the intersection of livelihood strategies, gender and national economic reforms in promoting both rural and urban development.     

生计多样化背景下种植业非点源污染负荷演变

依托三峡库区典型村农户访谈数据,基于收益最大目标决策框架,设定农村转型发展中3种农户生计类型情景：农业主导生计、兼业转向生计和非农主导生计,解析种植业产污负荷随主导生计非农转向的演变特征,探讨主导生计类型转向的动力机制。结果表明：① 样区耕地经营现状呈自耕、流转与撂荒并存的多元化发展格局,且表现出“入”小于“出”的特征,不同农户家庭类型间实际人均耕种规模为“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”>“劳动力家庭”;② 种植业单位面积产污负荷中,“半劳动力家庭”最高,“劳动力家庭”次之,“无劳动力家庭”最低,“劳动力家庭”内部又随劳动力人数增加呈先增再减趋势;③ 样区农户生计类型由农业主导向非农主导转型过程中,种植业产污负荷最大减幅达72.01%,兼业转向生计情景下削减幅度为19.61%~29.85%,非农主导生计情景下减幅为35.20%~72.01%,但TN、TP的减量特征并不一致;④ 劳动力配置与生计来源“非农化”促使农户主导生计类型向非农转化,生计非农演变的潜在农户收入/福祉权衡亦驱使生计决策转向非农化,不同农户家庭类型对生计转向的敏感程度表现为“劳动力家庭”>“半劳动力家庭”>“无劳动力家庭”;⑤ 在新型城镇化快速推进和创新新型工业体系构建过程中,山区农户生计类型进一步向非农转变,而这一过程又将促使种植业产生的污染负荷量进一步减少,要大幅削减种植业产污负荷,就必须制定有助于山区农户生计非农化的调控对策。     

Climate variability and rural livelihoods: assessing the impact of seasonal climate forecasts in Lesotho

Climate variability acutely affects rural livelihoods and agricultural productivity, yet it is just one of many stresses that vulnerable rural households have to cope with. A livelihood approach is used to assess the potential role that seasonal climate forecasts might play in increasing adaptive capacity in response to climate variability, using Lesotho as a case study. An examination of the assets and strategies that rural households employ enables a holistic assessment of the impact seasonal forecasts could have on rural livelihoods. This research thereby bridges macro-level variability with local-level impacts and adaptation to provide insight into the dynamics of forecast use and impact among vulnerable groups.