煤岩组合体冲击破坏的声发射及微震效应规律试验研究

研究由顶板-煤体-底板所构成的煤岩组合体变形破裂声发射和微震的规律,对于研究冲击机制具有重要意义。利用SANS材料试验系统、Disp-24声发射监测系统和TDS-6微震信号采集系统,对单轴受压的不同煤岩组合试样进行声发射和微震试验,得到不同组合试样在受载破坏过程中的声发射和微震信号。试验研究表明：组合试样发生冲击破坏时的声发射和微震信号的强度随试样的单轴抗压强度、冲击倾向性以及其顶板与煤层的高度比值的增加而增强;微震信号的振幅可以反映组合煤岩体的冲击倾向性强弱;微震频谱幅度的分布随着抗压强度和冲击能指数的上升而向高频移动。上述结论对指导现场冲击矿压的监测预警以及评价有着重要意义。     

深埋隧洞即时型岩爆孕育过程的频谱演化特征

岩爆孕育过程中所记录的微震事件波形本身就包含着丰富的前兆信息。基于深埋隧洞微震波的衰减特征,修正了最大有效振幅,将相对有效振幅和最大有效频率作为频谱分析参数。TBM和钻爆法不同开挖方式下诱发的即时型岩爆孕育过程的频谱演化特征基本一致,有如下特征：（1）无岩爆发生时,每日最大释放能量微震事件频谱对应的相对有效振幅的量级为10-6 m/s及以下,而最大有效频率则多大于300 Hz;（2）中等岩爆发生前,相对有效振幅的量级维持在10-5 m/s,最大有效频率则介于200～300 Hz;（3）强烈岩爆发生前,微震事件对应相对有效振幅的量级增长并保持在10-4 m/s,最大有效频率则基本在200 Hz以下;（4）对于一个完整的即时型岩爆孕育过程,当岩爆发生时,相对有效振幅增至最大,同时最大有效频率降至最低。微震信号的频谱演化特征可为即时型岩爆发生时间及等级的预警提供参考和依据。     

真三轴加载条件下岩爆过程的声发射演化特征

利用真三轴岩爆试验系统,对花岗岩开展真三轴加载条件下岩爆过程的声发射试验,初步揭示了岩爆过程中的声发射时空演化特征：岩爆孕育前期,振铃撞击比较小,主频以低频为主,优势频段（基于小波分析能量占比最大频段）为小于125 kHz的低频段,声发射事件点由分散态趋于聚集态,新增事件由临空面向岩样内部方向转移;岩爆发生前夕,振铃撞击比大幅突增,低频、中频、高频信号大量涌现,主频带由离散形态转变为连续形态,250～500 kHz优势频段信号占比明显增加,声发射事件成核区在距临空面较远处成形,临空面附近区域事件点增多;岩爆发生阶段,声发射呈低频高幅特征,优势频段重新转入62.5～125.0 kHz,岩样临空面附近声发射活跃,岩样内部出现明显的声发射事件成核区,表明临空面附近出现了岩板劈裂现象,距临空面较远处出现了宏观剪切破坏现象。     

不同卸载速率下岩爆破坏特征试验分析

对北山花岗岩进行4种不同速率卸载的岩爆试验,收集试验后产生的碎屑,进行粒径分布和基本尺寸量测,得到碎屑尺度特征。利用声发射系统采集试验过程中声发射信号,采用典型的时频分析手段,提取每一个声发射波形信号的主频值,绘制整个试验全局主频分布图,找到花岗岩岩爆主频分布带。试验结果表明：随着卸载速率的降低,碎屑总数量,块状、板状碎屑所占百分比均呈下降趋势。而声发射分布带主要位于中低频带内,且随着卸载速率降低逐渐上移,由密集变离散。根据声发射参数RA和AF特征值分布情况,结合核心密度定义,揭示裂纹类型演化过程。发现在卸载岩爆过程中产生了大量张拉裂纹和一定量的剪切裂纹,随着卸载速率的降低,声发射信号量减少,预示着岩石内部裂纹数量明显减少。以上室内试验结果对于认识不同卸载速率下岩爆机制具有重要意义,同时为工程实际中通过调整开挖速率降低岩爆风险的可行性提供了室内试验支持。     

深部三维圆形洞室岩爆过程的模拟试验

为了模拟深部圆形洞室三维受力情况下岩爆的发生过程,以具有极强岩爆倾向性的花岗岩作为试验材料,利用自行研制的TRW?3000岩石真三轴电液伺服诱变试验机,对含直径50 mm贯穿圆形孔洞的100 mm×100 mm×100 mm立方体花岗岩试样进行了三向不等压加载试验。试验首先模拟1 000 m深度的初始应力环境,以垂直于洞室轴向的水平方向作为最小主应力方向,通过增加竖直方向应力模拟应力调整过程诱发岩爆情况,并借助三维加载岩样内部结构破坏实时视频监控系统监控洞壁破坏情况。试验结果表明,岩爆过程可以划分为平静阶段、颗粒弹射阶段、岩片剥落和爆裂阶段,洞壁两侧中间部位应力集中系数最高,最先产生破坏,然后沿径向向深部发展,最终形成两个对称型的V型槽。圆形洞室洞壁两侧破坏的3个典型受力节点,符合深部工程中统计得到的无支护圆形巷道的远场应力状态与破坏模式之间的关系,达到了模拟的效果。利用现有的4种岩爆判据进行了分析,判别结果与试验过程中拍摄到的洞壁破坏情况基本一致。洞壁的破坏伴随着声发射计数增加和能量升高,岩爆越剧烈,声发射越活跃。     

流固耦合作用下页岩破裂过程的数值模拟

为探究流固耦合作用下页岩的破裂过程和声发射特征,利用RFPA2D-Flow数值软件分别对黔北地区牛蹄塘组不同层理倾角页岩进行流固耦合数值模拟。研究表明:由于层理结构的影响,页岩抗压强度和弹性模量均表现出明显的各向异性。页岩的破裂过程可分为弹性、屈服和破坏3个阶段,随着层理倾角的变化,页岩最终表现出3种破坏模式,分别为斜I型、V型和火焰型。层理倾角不同的页岩,其破裂过程中的声发射信号演化规律不同。对低层理倾角（0°、15°、30°）的试样,累计AE曲线表现为“平缓—线性—台阶—平缓”的变化规律;高层理倾角（60°、75°、90°）试样的累计AE曲线呈现“平缓—线性—陡增”的变化规律;当α=45°时,累计AE曲线表现为“平缓—线性—激增—平缓—激增”的变化规律,且其AE计数出现两个峰值。      

基于AE时间序列的岩爆预测模型

根据现场岩爆监测中声发射（AE）时间序列的特点,采用小波神经网络与突变理论,建立了一种新的岩爆预测模型。该模型首先针对监测到的声发射建立小波神经网络模型,对声发射时间序列进行了拟合与预测;再运用突变理论对预测的声发射建立了岩爆突变预测模型。通过实例分析表明,声发射的预测精度较高,岩爆预测结果与现场情况一致,证明了该模型工程实用性较强。     

Influence of Unloading Rate on the Strainburst Characteristics of Beishan Granite Under True-Triaxial Unloading Conditions

Rockburst is a sudden and violent failure of rocks and it often occurs in hard rocks in highly stressed ground. Strainburst is classified as one type of rockburst and it often occurs in rocks near or at the excavation boundary. Deep insight into the strainburst phenomenon is essential for safe underground construction at depth. In this paper, an experimental laboratory study on the strainburst behavior of Beishan granite is presented. Based on in-situ stress measurement data from the Beishan area in China, a series of tests under different unloading rates were performed to investigate the strainburst process using a true-triaxial strainburst test system which was equipped with an acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system. In addition, a high-speed video camera was used to record and visualize the initiation and ejection of rock fragments as well as the sudden dynamic failure (strainburst) of the test samples. AE characteristics associated with the cumulative energy and frequency–amplitude distributions were analyzed. Characteristics of the microscopic structure of a fragment generated from one test were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The experimental results indicate that the degree of violence during failure and the associated AE energy release in the strainburst process are dependent on the unloading rate. When the unloading rate is high, the rock is prone to strainburst. On the other hand, as the unloading rate decreases, the failure mode changes from strainburst to spalling. In addition, the cumulative AE energy is not sensitive to unloading rates greater than 0.05 MPa/s. When the unloading rate is less than 0.05 MPa/s, the cumulative AE energy shows a marked decreasing trend during rock failure.     

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”     

基于微观尺度的页岩损伤破裂数值试验

为正确认识下寒武统页岩微观尺度破裂特征及声发射信号演化规律,基于数字图像处理技术对含石英充填的页岩进行非均匀性表征,采用岩石真实破裂分析系统RFPA2D-DIP建立数值模型,模拟页岩在不同围压作用下的破坏过程。试验结果表明:在微观尺度结构下,页岩破裂模式大致可归纳为3种形式,分别为倒V形（0、2 MPa）、V形（6 MPa）和倒Z形（10 MPa）。由于石英矿物颗粒分布不规律且具有非均匀性,导致应力分布对页岩微观结构产生显著差异。单轴时,累计声发射（简称AE）表现为“平缓-线性-平缓-稳定”模式;围压为2 MPa时,累计AE表现为“平缓-非线性-激增-平缓-稳定”模式;围压为6、10 MPa时,累计AE表现为“平缓-非线性-稳定”模式。页岩的破裂模式和微观结构破坏规律为页岩气的压裂开采提供重要的理论指导。      

掘进巷道煤体瓦斯特征与震波频率特性研究

通过多次在突出煤层掘进巷道迎头进行震波探测试验,并使用频谱分析和时频分析技术得到各巷道的单道震波信号的频率参数,对比分析各条巷道对应的瓦斯检验参数,建立起煤体瓦斯绝对涌出量与震波频率参数的关系：震波能量主要集中在两个独立的频率域内,高频区和低频区分别对应了震波的主频和次主频;随着煤体瓦斯含量的增大,震波的主频和次主频相应降低,且次主频对瓦斯含量的变化更为灵敏。利用震波频率参数预测掘进巷道迎头附近瓦斯含量,可为瓦斯突出危险性预测提供一种新的参数。     

含瓦斯煤岩卸围压声发射特性及能量特征分析

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置配合声发射监测系统对不同围压作用下含瓦斯煤岩进行了卸围压试验,试验结果表明:不同围压作用下含瓦斯煤岩声发射事件率、累积振铃计数与应力曲线具有较好的对应关系,振幅总体分布在[42,60]dB之间,随着振幅的增加,声发射事件率呈现出递减的趋势;含瓦斯煤岩失稳破坏时声发射事件率与围压呈线性关系,而声发射累积振铃计数与围压呈指数函数关系;不同围压下含瓦斯煤岩卸围压实验中轴向应力加载阶段和围压卸载阶段能量特征是不同的,随着围压的增大,煤岩加载阶段吸收的能量明显增大,卸载阶段释放的能量也相应的增大,加载阶段和卸载阶段能量变化与初始围压均呈对数关系。      

Debris flows triggered from non-stationary glacier lake outbursts: the case of the Teztor Lake complex (Northern Tian Shan,Kyrgyzstan)

One of the most far-reaching glacier-related hazards in the Tian Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan is glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and related debris flows. An improved understanding of the formation and evolution of glacial lakes and debris flow susceptibility is therefore essential to assess and mitigate potential hazards and risks. Non-stationary glacier lakes may fill periodically and quickly; the potential for them to outburst increases as water volume may change dramatically over very short periods of time. After the outburst or drainage of a lake, the entire process may start again, and thus these non-stationary lakes are of particular importance in the region. In this work, the Teztor lake complex, located in Northern Kyrgyzstan, was selected for the analysis of outburst mechanisms of non-stationary glacial lakes, their formation, as well as the triggering of flows and development of debris flows and floods downstream of the lakes. The different Teztor lakes are filled with water periodically, and according to field observations, they tend to outburst every 9–10 years on average. The most important event in the area dates back to 1953, and another important event occurred on July 31, 2012. Other smaller outbursts have been recorded as well. Our study shows that the recent GLOF in 2012 was caused by a combination of intense precipitation during the days preceding the event and a rapid rise in air temperatures. Analyses of features in the entrainment and depositional zones point to a total debris flow volume of about 200,000 m³, with discharge ranging from 145 to 340 m³ s^?1 and flow velocities between 5 and 7 m s^?1. Results of this study are key for a better design of sound river corridor planning and for the assessment and mitigation of potential GLOF hazards and risks in the region.     

锦屏大理岩真三轴岩爆试验的渐进破坏过程研究

为了查明高储能岩体快速卸荷变形破坏机制,设计了锦屏大理岩岩爆试验,对岩爆试件的宏观破坏特征、声发射过程等进行研究。根据以往真三轴岩爆试验特征进行了全程和非全程试验,记录其过程及声发射特征。对比分析两者的宏观破坏特征,解释了岩爆试验的渐进破坏过程。试验结果表明：在大理岩岩爆试验中,岩石试件的宏观破坏是由表及里的;张性裂纹的出现要早于剪切裂纹,剪切裂纹搭接相邻的张性裂纹（或临空面）形成圈闭,圈闭内的岩石碎块出现剥离或以一定初速度弹射;剪切面上岩粉的存在意味着剪切裂纹萌生扩展过程伴随着大量弹性应变能的释放;与其他的岩爆分类和机制相比,岩爆渐进破坏观点能够较好地解释岩爆机制。     

冲击矿压的声发射监测技术研究

煤岩体的破坏伴随着声发射现象,通过分析煤岩体损伤破坏与声发射之间的耦合关系,论述了利用声发射评价冲击矿压危险的可行性,提出了冲击矿压危险性评价的声发射指标的表达方式、临界指标的确定以及危险等级的划分。实验室测试了某冲击矿压矿井煤样破坏过程的声发射特征,为现场应用提供参照。最后分析了波兰ARES声发射系统在冲击矿压矿井中的应用效果与存在的问题     

Porosity prediction of lower cretaceous unconventional resource play,south Indus Basin,Pakistan, using the seismic spectral decomposition technique

Incised-valley shale systems are renowned as the fruitful exploration domains. However, the stratigraphic heterogeneity is significant, and thus, identifying the porous compartments within the thin-bedded and fractured shale system is one of the unconventional stratigraphic challenges. We present an innovative scheme for the exploration of the porous unconventional resources within the south Indus basin, Pakistan. The continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) exclusively detects the porous shales within the complete fractured system as compared to the full spectrum seismic data interpretation tool. The seismic amplitude, instantaneous frequency, and reflection strength tools show some tuning effects due to lithology and fluids. However, the tuning block of 28 Hz envelope sub-bands in conjunction with instantaneous phase tool accurately mark out the shale-plugged pinch out reservoirs. The synthetic wedge model based on the conventional seismic wavelet resolves the shale bed (incised-valley shale-filled lens) of about 23 m thickness, but shows limited imaging capability due to frequency band limitation for the porous shale locale. The acoustic impedance based on instantaneous spectral porosity modeling using the tuning volume of 28 Hz CWT has spectacularly resolved the thin-beds (gas shows) within the porosity range of 20 to 30%, which may have implications for future exploration of unconventional stratigraphic plays.     

Mediterranean Sea and anthropogenic influences on ambient vibration amplitudes in the low-frequency and high-frequency domains in the Algiers region

Ambient vibrations have been continuously recorded at Dar El Beida, about 20 km from Algiers (Algeria). This data set allows determining that, in the low-frequency domain (<1 Hz), ambient vibration sources are mainly linked to Mediterranean Sea effects, while in the high-frequency domain, they are closely related to anthropogenic activity. Climatic conditions have an influence on the ambient vibration spectral amplitudes in the low-frequency domain, which is not the case in the high-frequency domain. The limit between the low-frequency and high-frequency domain, based on natural versus anthropogenic activity, is not clear cut and lies between 1.25 and 1.50 Hz. Variations of H/V peak amplitudes in the low-frequency domain are clearly linked to the climatic conditions. In the high-frequency domain, H/V peaks are not related to climatic conditions and cannot be clearly related to anthropogenic source changes.     

不同饱水度花岗岩的真三轴岩爆试验研究

利用真三轴岩爆试验系统,开展了不同饱水度红色粗晶花岗岩的岩爆试验,分析了不同饱水度下岩爆破坏岩样的强度与变形特征、破坏与弹射特征、声发射特性等,探讨了岩石饱水度与岩爆弹射动能的定量关系以及水对岩爆的影响机制。研究结果表明：（1）当岩样的相对饱水度超过0.3,其峰值应力和屈服应力较天然状态的明显降低;（2）岩样饱水度的增加使得岩爆过程中小颗粒弹射减少、小岩片剥落增多、岩板外鼓现象减弱,且岩爆坑体积减小、岩爆碎块的粒径分布由连续分布变为不连续分布;（3）随饱水度的增加,岩爆发生前夕声发射撞击数显著下降的平静期的总历时呈缩短趋势,岩爆发生时刻的声发射撞击数呈增大趋势,且累积绝对能量呈减小趋势、能量释放速度呈放缓趋势,表明岩样塑性破坏特性有所增强;（4）岩爆弹射动能随饱水度的增大而显著减小,二者呈单调线性的负相关关系,水对岩石的作用主要是软化和水楔作用,水的黏性也会对碎块弹射产生影响。     

Metasomatic origin of garnet xenocrysts from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe,Arkhangelsk region,NW Russia

This paper presents new major and trace element data from 150 garnet xenocrysts from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe located in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP). Based on the concentrations of Cr₂O₃, CaO, TiO₂ and rare earth elements (REE) the garnets were divided into seven groups: (1) lherzolitic “depleted” garnets (“Lz 1”), (2) lherzolitic garnets with normal REE patterns (“Lz 2”), (3) lherzolitic garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 3”), (4) lherzolitic garnets with strongly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 4”), (5) harzburgitic garnets with sinusoidal REE patterns (“Hz”), (6) wehrlitic garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“W”), (7) garnets of megacryst paragenesis with normal REE patterns (“Meg”). Detailed mineralogical and geochemical garnet studies and modeling results suggest several stages of mantle metasomatism influenced by carbonatite and silicate melts. Carbonatitic metasomatism at the first stage resulted in refertilization of the lithospheric mantle, which is evidenced by a nearly vertical CaO-Cr₂O₃ trend from harzburgitic (“Hz”) to lherzolitic (“Lz 4”) garnet composition. Harzburgitic garnets (“Hz”) have probably been formed by interactions between carbonatite melts and exsolved garnets in high-degree melt extraction residues. At the second stage of metasomatism, garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 3”, “W”) were affected by a silicate melt possessing a REE composition similar to that of ADP alkaline mica-poor picrites. At the last stage, the garnets interacted with basaltic melts, which resulted in the decrease CaO-Cr₂O₃ trend of “Lz 2” garnet composition. Cr-poor garnets of megacryst paragenesis (“Meg”) could crystallize directly from the silicate melt which has a REE composition close to that of ADP alkaline mica-poor picrites. P-T estimates of the garnet xenocrysts indicate that the interval of ～60–110 km of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib pipe was predominantly affected by the silicate melts, whereas the lithospheric mantle deeper than 150 km was influenced by the carbonatite melts.