ECDIS中海图数据更新机制与技术研究

针对目前船用ECDIS系统中海图现势性的问题,以国际标准为依托,结合我国的具体实际,对船用ECDIS中ENC数据的更新问题进行了研究,分析了ENC数据更新的优势,给出了具体的更新流程、方法手段,并通过实验证明了其合理性。     

基于Quickbird影像的数字线划图数据更新

伴随着我国国民经济建设的快速发展,有必要对现势性较差的1:1万数字线划图(DLG)数据进行更新.常用数据更新方法比较繁琐,成本比较高,制作的周期也较长.因此,对基于Quickbird影像对1:1万DLG数据更新的相关技术进行了探讨.     

大陆海岸线动态更新机制探讨

大陆海岸线的划定为海域管理提供具有法律地位的海陆边界,然而受自然因素和人为因素的双重影响,海岸线处于动态变化之中,其现势性影响其使用价值。文章提出利用地图格网统计法计算海岸线变化率并对大陆海岸线进行动态更新,从数据资料的获取、数据的质量评价和标准、数据更新的实施和发布等方面提出建立海岸线动态更新机制的建议。     

面向数据的全球地理底图编制及建库

以全球油气地质综合研究项目的地理底图编制和数据库建设为例,介绍了以数据为中心的地图编制方法,以及建库、成图的一体化流程。该流程使编图工作在有序的规范化进程中快速推进,同时保证地图的成图质量,并实现地图数据的可重利用。数据描述框架采用ESRI ArcGIS的地理数据库Geodatabase,基础地理数据采用美国军方的1∶100万全球地图数据库数据VMap0。     

国家基础地理信息系统简介

国家基础地理信息系统是我国最大的地理信息存储、数据管理、地图生产和数据应用系统之一 ,它以形成数字信息服务的产业化模式为目标 ,通过对基础地理信息数据进行采集、编辑处理和存储 ,建立空间性的国家基础地理信息数据库 ,开发相关的分析模型 ,拓展应用领域 ,建立网络体系 ,为国家经济和社会发展提供地理信息服务。国家基础地理信息数据库体系具有多尺度性 ,自 1∶40 0万至 1∶1万 ,共 5个尺度。 1∶40 0万、1∶1 0 0万和 1∶2 5万数据库从宏观角度全面反映我国自然地理条件和社会经济概况涉及的基础地理信息 ,适用于国家级和省级大型数…     

基于ArcEngine的数字高程模型更新方法研究

采用COM技术,以ARCENGINE所提供的类库和凸包算法,实现了数字高程模型(DEM)数据更新的边界检测和利用矢量地形数据采集更新数字高程模型数据的方法。保证了数字高程模型数据的精度,可以满足数字高程模型的现势性需求。     

陆海一体化基础地理信息产品研制关键技术

为提升陆海地理信息一体化应用能力,在深入分析陆海统筹测绘地理工作现状和新形势下陆海一体化规划、管理、保护等应用需求的基础上,提出以陆海一体化产品模型设计、陆海地理信息集成优化、重要要素信息更新、产品规范制图表达为主线的总体研究思路,研发了陆海地理信息一体化集成、面向工程的海洋要素综合采集、图库一体化制图表达等主体技术方法,用于研制三亚市海岸带陆海一体化基础地理信息产品。结果表明：该方法有效解决了陆海数据整合集成、更新优化、统一表达等关键技术难题,实现了陆海一体化地理信息产品快速研制和精确制图,研究成果能够在海岸带生态保护修复、国土空间规划、自然资源管理等方面发挥重要作用,并为陆海统筹地理信息资源建设及相关工作提供参考。     

长江口中华鲟自然保护区信息管理系统的设计与实现

为保护长江口中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)的洄游通道,养护水生生物资源的栖息环境,基于2013～2016年的采样调查数据和地理信息数据和管理部门的日常业务工作流程,采用VisualC#开发环境、ESRIArcEngine开发组件、SQLServer数据库技术,研发了长江口中华鲟自然保护区信息管理系统。本系统以电子海图的地理空间信息框架为基础,实现在线登录、实时调取、更新数据库、输出保护区内生物种群数量及地理空间分布等的可视化信息、统计分析生物多样性指数,绘制相关统计图等功能。应用实例表明:该系统能够统计、分析、查询和显示生物种群数量及其地理空间分布信息,提高保护区管理和规划工作的效率,并为长江口中华鲟的科学研究提供参考依据。     

航海通告自动获取系统的设计与实现

目前,从互联网获取航海通告数据是提高海图产品现势性、保障舰船航行安全的主要途径之一。基于对国内外网站特点、网页结构及网络爬虫技术、数据库技术的研究,提出了自动获取航海通告网页数据的总体方案;通过研发应用系统,实现了通告爬取、数据整理、数据库管理等主要功能。测试结果表明:较之传统工作方式,利用该系统获取的航海通告数据具有准确性、完整性、实时性和高效性,将为海图一体化生产体系提供更高质量的基础数据源支持。     

海洋环境监测数据处理技术流程与方法研究

为适应海洋环境保护的信息化建设,海洋生态环境监测数据采集完成后,需要开展监测数据的统一和规范化处理。文章以各地上报的海洋环境监测数据集为对象,提出了海洋环境监测数据的业务化处理技术流程,包括数据标准化处理、齐全性检验、站位基础信息质控、站位监测参数数据质控和数据输出等5个流程,规范了海洋环境监测数据的业务化处理流程,提高监测数据的处理效率和水平。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.