基于损伤塑性模型的地下洞室结构地震作用分析

基于损伤力学原理,通过引入损伤变量的方法,详细推导了ABAQUS中的损伤塑性本构模型,描述混凝土后继屈服阶段及其卸荷后的损伤机制和力学行为。此本构模型可考虑循环荷载条件下材料刚度退化和应变率的影响,适用于类似混凝土材料的脆性材料,如岩石等。以某水电站地下厂房洞室结构为例,进行二维动力时程非线性分析,考虑不同的刚度恢复权重因子和应变率相关性对结构损伤的影响。多个数值算例表明：洞室混凝土结构和其周围一定深度的围岩的损伤是一个渐进积累的过程;材料的率相关性效应并不是在地震动作用开始时就立即产生,而是在一段时间后,结构经历一定程度的损伤后才慢慢体现出来;此损伤塑性模型适合地震荷载等循环荷载作用下地下洞室结构的动力时程非线性分析,尤其是强震下采用此损伤塑性模型是合理和必要的。     

针对砂土应变软化强非线性问题的动态松弛有限元法研究

对于密实砂土峰值后应变软化特性引起的材料强非线性问题,利用常规有限元所采用的隐式算法很难求解,而动态松弛法在求解这类非线性问题方面却具有独特的优势。针对砂土应变软化强非线性问题,将动态松弛法与有限单元法相结合,提出了一种新的动态松弛有限元法。该方法根据动态松弛法的显式特性,由中心差分法导出了动态松弛有限元法的基本控制方程,并实现了对应力-应变空间中整个平衡路径的追踪。将动态松弛法嵌入到非线性有限元程序中,即可对砂土材料应变软化引起的强非线性问题进行有限元数值计算。该有限元程序中,应力更新采用回归映射算法。最后通过对砂土平面应变压缩试验进行有限元模拟,验证了动态松弛有限元法在求解材料强非线性问题方面的优越性。     

温度和应力下能源桩桩身加筋混凝土变形性质试验研究

能源桩是将地埋管换热器置于建筑桩基础中来实现地下换热的一种新型的地源热泵技术。然而,不同季节运行条件下,冷热变化导致的能源桩桩身混凝土的膨胀和收缩会影响能源桩的持续使用甚至危及建筑的安全。因此,寻找到一种温度和轴向应力作用下变形性能较好的桩身混凝土对能源桩技术安全使用和推广至关重要。探讨了桩身素混凝土和掺入不同含 量的钢纤维,聚丙烯纤维桩身加筋混凝土在温度和应力下的变形特性。导热系数测试表明,钢纤维的掺入能提高能源桩桩身混凝土的导热系数,聚丙烯纤维的掺入降低了能源桩桩身混凝土的导热系数。钢纤维掺入量为1.3%时,导热系数最大,为2.44 W/(m·K);热力学梯级加温试验表明,能源桩桩身混凝土掺入钢纤维,聚丙烯纤维均能有效减小应变,钢纤维最大应变减少量为62.43%,聚丙烯纤维最大应变减少量为61.11%;热力学全过程试验表明,钢纤维能有效减少制冷收缩应变,全过程中应变最小。综合对比3种能源桩桩身混凝土热物性参数及温度和应力作用下变形特性可知,钢纤维加筋混凝土更适合作为能源桩桩身材料。     

A Simplified Approach to Bridge Substructure Design

Strut-and-tie modeling is an analysis and design tool for reinforced concrete elements in which it may be assumed that internal stresses are transferred through a truss mechanism. The tensile ties and compressive struts serve as truss members connected by nodal zones. The internal truss idealized by the strut-and-tie model implicitly account for the distribution of both flexure and shear. In 1998, the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Specifications (1998) incorporated the strut-and-tie modeling procedure for the analysis and design of deep reinforced concrete members where sectional design approaches are not valid. In most instances, hammerhead piers can be defined as deep reinforced concrete members and therefore, should be designed using the strut-and-tie modeling approach. However, most bridge designers have not embraced the strut-and-tie model due to the unfamiliarity with the design procedure, the inability to check the truss model??s validity (without laboratory tests or a finite element model), and the time it takes to complete the strut-and-tie model analysis and design. Therefore, with the formulation of a well-defined strut-and-tie modeling procedure, practicing engineers will become more comfortable with the design method and employ the method more often and more consistently. This paper presents a uniform design procedure for employing strut-and-tie modeling for hammerhead piers that can be readily utilized by practicing engineers. Additionally, a comparison between the strut-and-tie method and standard sectional design practices will be performed for a typical hammerhead pier.     

钢纤维煤矸石混凝土抗冻性能及损伤模型研究

为研究钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的抗冻性能,以冻融循环次数和钢纤维掺量为主要变量,通过快速冻融试验,研究不同掺量的钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的表观形貌、质量损失、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度的变化规律;并依据钢纤维煤矸石混凝土动弹性模量的变化,定义钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的损伤变量,建立冻融环境下钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的损伤模型。研究结果表明：在冻融环境作用下掺入适量的钢纤维能够降低煤矸石混凝土的质量损失和减缓相对动弹性模量的下降,提高煤矸石混凝土的抗冻性能;依据损伤变量提出的损伤模型与试验数据符合较好,可以为冻融环境下钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的耐久性研究提供理论参考。     

A numerical investigation of the incremental behavior of crushable granular soils

The mechanical behavior of granular materials is characterized by strong nonlinearity and irreversibility. These properties have been differently described by a variety of constitutive models. To test any constitutive model, experimental data relative to the nature of the incremental stress–strain response of the material is desirable. However, this type of laboratory data is scarce because of being expensive and difficult to obtain. The discrete element method has been used several times as an alternative to obtain incremental responses of granular materials. Crushable grains add one extra source of irreversibility to granular materials. Crushability has been variously incorporated into different constitutive models. Again, it will be helpful to obtain incremental responses of crushable granular materials to test these models, but the experimental difficulties are increased. Making use of a recently introduced crushing model for discrete element simulation, this paper presents a new procedure to obtain incremental responses in discrete analogs of granular crushable materials. The parallel probe approach, previously used for uncrushable discrete analogs, is here extended to account for the presence of crushable grains. The contribution of grain crushing to the incremental irreversible strain is identified and separately measured. Robustness of the proposed method is examined in detail, paying particular attention to aspects such as dynamic instability or crushing localization. The proposed procedure is later applied to map incremental responses of a discrete analog of Fontainebleau sand on the triaxial plane. The effect of stress ratio and granular state on plastic flow characteristics is highlighted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝三维地震反应分析

基于沥青混凝土的动力三轴试验资料,建立了相应的动力计算模型。采用三维有效应力动力分析方法,结合即将开工的某沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝,利用TSDA程序计算分析了坝体的加速度、动应力反应和大坝的地震永久变形,并对坝基细砂层在地震过程中的液化问题进行了研究,认为沥青混凝土心墙具有良好的抗震性能,大坝在地震过程中是安全的;坝基砂Ⅲ层可能发生液化,需要进行加固处理,分析结论可供同类工程建设参考。     

边坡稳定的非线性有限元分析

基于有限元强度折减法,进行了边坡的弹塑性材料非线性及大变形几何非线性分析,并考虑了边坡的三维变形情况。在有限元分析中采用的是莫尔-库仑理想弹塑性模型,大变形分析采用的是更新的拉格朗日法。均质边坡的算例分析表明,有限元法与简化的毕肖普法的安全系数计算结果具有相同的规律,即安全系数都随着黏聚力及内摩擦角的增加而增加,随着重度的增加而减小,但是,各种有限元法的计算结果都比相应的毕肖普法的解要大,亦即毕肖普法偏于安全。各种方法对应的安全系数由大到小的顺序依次是：三维小变形有限元分析、二维大变形有限元分析、二维小变形有限元分析,简化的毕肖普法,前二者能更好地反映实际的边坡变形情况,二者的安全系数值也十分接近,因而是较好的方法。     

绩黄高速公路拱桥结构非线性分析

文章以绩黄高速公路某大桥为例,分析了几何非线性和材料非线性等因素对大跨度钢管混凝土桁式拱桥结构非线性的影响,结果表明对跨径大于300m、宽跨比接近1／20的钢管混凝土桁式拱桥,几何非线性和材抖非线性的影响均较大,在设计和施工时应注意,供同行参考。     

矿化富集动力学模型及其在矿产预测中的应用

文中研究了地壳中元素迁移聚集和成矿过程的混沌动力学机制 ,揭示了地质环境中非线性过程的相互作用是造成地壳的元素含量与矿化不均匀分布的原因 ,并由此导致元素含量、矿床储量及其空间分布的分形结构。Logistic映射为研究上述行为和过程提供了一个较好的数学模型。参数 μ ,即成矿潜能 ,可将区域划分为非成矿区和成矿区。以新疆某地金矿床为例 ,用实际数据来估计模型 (4 )中的参数 μ值 ,其预测结果与用其他方法 (例如特征分析 )的预测结果大体一致。从而为预测金矿床提供另一新的途径。     

大比尺钢衬钢筋混凝土马蹄形压力管道改性试验研究

为从根本上解决常规钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道因运行期的裂缝过宽而带来的结构耐久性问题,采取将常规混凝土改性为高性能的钢纤维混凝土或钢纤维自应力混凝土的方法。以某水电站全背坝面管为原型,以1：10缩尺制作了钢衬钢筋钢纤维混凝土压力管道模型和钢衬钢筋钢纤维自应力混凝土压力管道模型。试验结果表明,改性为钢纤维混凝土的压力管道表现出很好的限裂能力,其初裂荷载有一定的提高,管道裂缝宽度显著下降;改性为钢纤维自应力混凝土的压力管道表现出很好的抗裂能力,管道的初裂荷载有了大幅度的提高,钢材的性能也得到了较充分的利用。模型试验的结果显示了改性钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道良好的应用前景。     

龙首二级面板堆石坝三维真非线性地震反应分析和评价

基于土石料三维粘弹塑性动力本构模型,并采用新型三维各向异性有厚度薄单元来模拟面板和堆石的接触面特性,建立了高面板堆石坝地震反应分析的三维真非线性动力分析方法.利用坝料动力特性的大型三轴试验成果,分析计算了龙首二级(西流水)面板堆石坝的地震反应,主要包括加速度反应、堆石体应力反应及坝体单元抗震安全系数、面板应力反应和变形及接缝位移、高趾墙动力反应等.为大坝的抗震设计提供了有力的技术依据.     

钢纤维混凝土隧道衬砌力学行为模型试验研究

文章通过相似模型试验,研究了钢纤维混凝土材料应用于隧道支护结构的力学行为。试验通过千斤顶逐级加载的方式,得到支护结构整个力学行为过程中与围岩之间的接触压力、变形发展规律及其裂后承载能力。通过与传统素混凝土支护结构相比,钢纤维混凝土具有良好的承载和变形能力,是一种理想的柔性支护材料。     

强夯动力性能的显式非线性数值分析

充分考虑碰撞中出现的材料非线性、几何非线性、接触非线性、运动非线性以及它们之间相互耦合的特性,利用显式瞬态非线性有限元分析技术分析了强夯对地基土的冲击碰撞过程,得到了夯锤与土体之间的撞击力时间历程、土体位移、应力的时间历程,并得到了落距、夯锤重量、夯锤底面积与强夯加固深度之间的相互关系,分析结果表明：土体位移滞后于土体应力,再现了夯锤与土体碰撞的整个过程,反映了强夯过程中的一般现象和基本规律。     

双参数黏弹性地基上连续配筋混凝土路面振动参数分析

以连续配筋混凝土路面（CRCP）近年来应用比较广泛的路面结构形式为研究对象,采用考虑地基压缩系数和水平剪切系数的双参数地基模型,建立了考虑地基土体滞回阻尼的黏弹性地基上CRCP的振动微分方程,运用三角级数和Fourier变换得到了简谐、矩形均布荷载作用下路面竖向位移的解答,并利用Fourier逆变换得到了数值结果,较为全面的分析了荷载速度、频率、路面配筋率、板厚以及地基参数对板的动力响应的影响。研究结果可为路面动力响应分析及连续配筋混凝土路面的质量评价提供参考。     

三峡链子崖危岩体非线性动力响应分析

采用非线性有限元法研究岩质边坡的动力响应问题，模拟了软弱夹层的材料非线性及断层或裂缝的接触问题，假定岩块弹性体，推导了非线性动力响应迭代格式并编制了适于岩质边坡动力响应分析的三维非线性有限元程序，利用该程序对三峡链子崖危岩体进行了动力响应分析，得出了一些有价值的结论，计算结果与模型试验结果基本相符，证明本文数值计算的正确性。     

Seismic response analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil segmental retaining walls by finite element method

The paper presents the results of a finite element analysis of the dynamic response of a geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall that is constructed with dry-stacked modular concrete blocks as the facia system. In the finite element model, the cyclic shear behavior of the backfill soil is described by a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship with Masing hysteretic unload-reload behavior. The reinforcement material is modelled using a similar hysteretic model which takes into account the measured response of cyclic load-extension tests performed on unconfined geogrid specimens in the laboratory. Interface shear between wall components is simulated using slip elements. The results of finite element analyses giving the seismic response of a typical geogrid reinforced segmental retaining wall subjected to prescribed acceleration records are presented. The results of analyses highlight the influence of dynamic loading on: (1) wall displacement; (2) cumulative interface shear force and displacement between facing units; (3) tensile forces developed in the reinforcement and; (4) acceleration response over the height of the wall. A number of implications to the design of these structures are identified based on the results of these simulations.     

Vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismically triggered slow-moving earth slides

The objective of this paper is to develop an efficient analytical method for assessing the vulnerability of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismically induced slow-moving earth slides. Vulnerability is defined in terms of probabilistic fragility curves, which describe the probability of exceeding a certain limit state of the building, on a given slope, versus the Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration (PHGA) at the assumed “seismic bedrock”, allowing for the quantification of various sources of uncertainty. The proposed method is based on a two-step, uncoupled approach. In the first step, the differential permanent landslide displacements at the building’s foundation level are estimated using a dynamic non-linear finite difference slope model. In the second step, the calculated differential permanent displacements are statically imposed at the foundation level to assess the building’s response to differing permanent seismic ground displacements using a finite element code. Structural limit states are defined in terms of threshold values of strains for the reinforced concrete structural components. The method is applied to typical low-rise reinforced concrete frame buildings on shallow foundations with varying strength and stiffness characteristics (isolated footings and continuous slab foundation), standing near the crest of a relatively slow-moving earth slide. Two different slope models are selected representing a cohesive and a purely frictional soil material. The paper describes the method and the derived fragility curves for the selected building and slope typologies that could be used in quantitative risk assessment studies at site-specific and local scales.     

移动荷载下高铁路基段振动加速度频谱衰减特性

采用精细化和多尺度建模技术,建立了设计速度为350 km/h的双线高速铁路轨道-路基-地基非线性耦合系统的真三维动力分析模型,将地基土和路基填筑材料的非线性纳入分析模型中,采用三维黏弹性静-动力统一人工边界技术对地基无限域进行模拟,采用动接触算法模拟底座板底面和基床表层表面之间的相互作用,考虑移动荷载作用前路基-地基中客观的静应力状态对后续动力计算的影响,依托大规模并行计算技术和单元生死技术,模拟了地基的初始应力场生成、路基结构和轨道系统的施工过程,在此基础上模拟了与8辆编组的某型动车组轮对空间位置相对应的、作用于钢轨顶部的压力荷载的移动过程。基于分析结果,归纳了移动荷载作用下高速铁路轨道-路基-地基系统中振动加速度频谱的衰减特性。     

ADINA有限元软件中材料本构的二次开发

美国ADINA R&D公司开发的软件产品ADINA经过20多年的商业开发,目前已成为全球最重要的非线性求解软件,尤其对结构非线性、流-固耦合等复杂问题的求解具有强大优势,被认为是非线性有限元发展方向的先导。然而,任何商业化的有限元软件都不可能满足客户的所有要求,例如,ADINA软件中没有岩土工程领域常用的Duncan-Chang模型。以土工数值分析中广泛应用的Duncan-Chang E-B模型为例,介绍在ADINA软件中进行材料本构二次开发的方法,给出了开发过程,通过对3个常规三轴压缩模型的数值模拟验证程序的可靠性。结果表明,基于ADINA开发的材料本构模型具有计算速度快、精度高和前后处理快捷方便的优点。另外,验证结果也表明该软件具有超强的非线性求解能力和可靠的求解结果。