Paleoceanographic events of the southern Okinawa Trough during last 20 000 years

Presentaddress:NanjingInstituteofGeologyandPaleontology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Nanjing210008,ChinaINTRODUCTloNTheOkinawaTrough(NNE-SSW),thedeeperwaterbasinoftheEastChinaSea,liesbe-tween24'~3O"N,122"~13o'E(seeFig.l).Itssouthernpartiswideranddeeperthanthenorthernpart,withthemaximumwaterdepthof2719metersinthesouthwest.ThemostimPOrtanthydrographiccharacteristicinthisareaistheKuroshiocurrentwhichflowsalongthewestbankoftheokinawaTrough-(about2oo~5oometersindepth).Itinnu-encesthedep…     

700年以来冲绳海槽南部黏土矿物来源及其对沉积环境的响应

本文对冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站700年以来的黏土矿物组成及结晶学特征进行了研究和分析,并对该区的物质来源以及黏土矿物所记录的东亚季风的演化历史进行了探讨。研究发现冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站黏土矿物组合总体是以伊利石（59%~77%,平均含量69%）和绿泥石（11%~17%,平均含量14%）为主,蒙脱石（5%~23%,平均含量12%）和高岭石含量（2%~6%,平均含量4%）则相对较低。通过黏土矿物研究对物源进行分析,发现冲绳海槽南部研究站位的黏土矿物中,伊利石、绿泥石以及高岭石主要来自于台湾岛上的河流,尤其是兰阳溪,蒙脱石则主要是来自于长江和东海大陆架的悬浮再沉积。蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值可以用来大致反映长江和东海大陆架与台湾岛对研究区物质输入的相对贡献。其相对贡献量的变化很好地记录了小冰期（1405 A.D.—1850 A.D.）东亚夏季风的减弱和台湾岛东北部-冲绳海槽南部地区相对湿润的气候特征。而该比值所指示的现代暖期（1960 A.D.）夏季风强度的减弱则可能主要是受到人类活动的影响。     

冲绳海槽南部表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫及其地质意义

对冲绳海槽南部53个表层沉积样品中大于0.154mm的浮游有孔虫进行系统鉴定和定量统计,并采用Q型因子分析,求得浮游有孔虫各属种和组合的分布特征:N.Dutertei－p.Obliquiloculata组合主要分布在离大陆和台湾岛较近的地方,而G.Glutinata－G.Ruber组合则主要分布在冲绳海槽的中央及靠琉球岛的一侧,且发现浮游有孔虫丰度、属种组合和碎壳率等的分布和变化主要受控于水深、碳酸盐溶跃层、温跃层以及水团等各类环境因子.     

700年以来冲绳海槽西南部粘土矿物来源及其对沉积环境的响应

利用X射线衍射（XRD）技术对冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站700年以来的黏土矿物组成以及结晶学特征进行了研究和分析,并对该区的沉积特征、物质来源以及黏土矿物所记录的东亚季风的演化历史进行了探讨。研究发现冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站黏土矿物组合总体是以伊利石（59–77 %,平均含量69 %）和绿泥石（11–17 %,平均含量14 %）为主,而蒙脱石（5–23 %,平均含量12 %）和高岭石含量（2–6 %,平均含量4 %）则相对较低。通过黏土矿物研究对物源进行分析,发现冲绳海槽南部研究站位的黏土矿物中,蒙脱石主要是来自于长江或者东海大陆架的再沉积。伊利石,绿泥石以及高岭石主要来自于台湾河流,尤其是兰阳溪。蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值的大小可以用来指示东亚夏季风的强弱变化。1320 AD以来的黏土矿物组合的变化较好地记录了部分中世纪暖期后期、小冰期以及现代暖期3个时期在百年时间尺度上的气候波动。该指标显示,相对于中世纪暖期后期,东亚季风强度在小冰期（1405–1850 AD）和在现代暖期（1955 AD）均存在明显的减弱,指示该时期台湾东北部-冲绳海槽南部地区处于相对湿润强降雨的气候环境。     

冲绳海槽南段基底组成探讨

本文根据反射地震、折射地震、磁力等资料,结合周边地质,探讨冲绳海槽南段基底组成。在海槽周边的东海陆架盆地、台湾褶皱带和琉球岛弧褶皱带,均出露不同程度变质的晚古生代、中生代和早第三纪地层。多道反射地震表明,海槽南段沉积盖层由上第三系和第四系组成,声学基底由下第三系及更老地层构成。邻近海槽的折射地震揭示,除第四系-中新统速度层之外,还存在纵波速度分别为4．7～5．3km／s和6．3km／s的下第三系和中生界速度层。磁异常分析和正反演拟合计算结果表明,海槽磁性基底主要由变质岩系构成,次为燕山期中酸性岩浆岩和喜山期中基性岩浆岩,磁性基底大部分相当声学基底。综合分析表明,海槽南段基底主要由不同程度变质的下第三系、中生界和上古生界构成;在海槽某些构造部位,已有喜山期基性岩浆岩形成。     

Winter-to-winter recurrence of sea surface temperature, salinity and mixed layer depth anomalies

The mean seasonal cycle of mixed layer depth (MLD) in the extratropical oceans has the potential to influence temperature, salinity and mixed layer depth anomalies from one winter to the next. Temperature and salinity anomalies that form at the surface and spread throughout the deep winter mixed layer are sequestered beneath the mixed layer when it shoals in spring, and are then re-entrained into the surface layer in the subsequent fall and winter. Here we document this ‘re-emergence mechanism’ in the North Pacific Ocean using observed SSTs, subsurface temperature fields from a data assimilation system, and coupled atmosphere–ocean model simulations. Observations indicate that the dominant large-scale SST anomaly pattern that forms in the North Pacific during winter recurs in the following winter. The model simulation with mixed layer ocean physics reproduced the winter-to-winter recurrence, while model simulations with observed SSTs specified in the tropical Pacific and a 50 m slab in the North Pacific did not. This difference between the model results indicates that the winter-to-winter SST correlations are the result of the re-emergence mechanism, and not of similar atmospheric forcing of the ocean in consecutive winters. The model experiments also indicate that SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño are not essential for re-emergence to occur.The recurrence of observed SST and simulated SST and SSS anomalies are found in several regions in the central North Pacific, and are quite strong in the northern (>50°N) part of the basin. The winter-to-winter autocorrelation of SSS anomalies exceed those of SST, since only the latter are strongly damped by surface fluxes. The re-emergence mechanism also has a modest influence on MLD through changes in the vertical stratification in the seasonal thermocline.     

Gas hydrate associated with mud diapirs in southern Okinawa Trough

Many mud diapirs have been recognized in southern Okinawa Trough by a multi-channel seismic surveying on R/V KEXUE I in 2001. Gas hydrates have been identified, by the seismic reflection characteristics, the velocity analysis and the impedance inversion. Geothermal heat flow around the central of the mud diapir has been determined theoretically by the Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Comparing the BSR derived and the measured heat flow values, we infer that the BSR immediately at the top of the mud diapirs indicate the base of the saturated gas hydrate formation zone (BSGHFZ), but not, as we ordinarily know, the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ), which could be explained by the abnormal regional background heat flow and free gas flux associated with mud diapirs. As a result, it helps us to better understand the generation mechanism of the gas hydrates associated with mud diapirs and to predict the gas hydrate potential in the southern Okinawa Trough.     

南沙海槽南部海区表层沉积物的碳酸盐沉积特征

南海的深海碳酸盐沉积及溶解作用包含极其丰富的信息,既由于陆源物质供应而关系到陆地风化作用速度及气候问题,又通过海水生产力和碱度涉及大气CO₂含量的变化[1～2].南沙海槽位于加里曼丹岛西北部大陆坡与南沙台阶之间,构造上处在南沙海槽北断裂和南沙海槽南断裂之间的断堑带,南沙台阶有众多的海山、礁盘与槽谷,东南坡直下南沙海槽,其坡度变化为5°47'-2°23'-1°57'[3].研究区为7°Ｎ以南至曾母暗沙浅滩、112°E以东至加里曼丹岛西北大陆坡的海区,本文称之为南沙海槽南部海区.     

冲绳海槽2万年以来沉积物中生物标志化合物与古温度,古环境的研究

应用生物标志化合物长链烯酮不饱和比值 Uk37估算冲绳海槽 2万年以来古海水表层温度 ,其波动范围在 1 5.9～ 2 6.2℃之间 ,平均为 2 2 .9℃。并与常用的浮游有孔虫转换函数测算的表层海水温度进行对照 ,结果与冬季表层水温 ( 2 2 .0℃ )相近 ,Uk37值指示的古海水温度与季节有关 ,主要反映在冬季。在沉积物中还检出了另一类生物标志化合物甾、萜类等 ,对它们的组成进行了地球化学研究 ,结果表明 :冲绳海槽沉积物中有机质具有多源性特点 ,由陆源碎屑、生物碎屑和火山碎屑共同组成 ;该海域沉积有机质的成熟度不高 ,沉积环境具有强的还原性。     

冲绳海槽南部海底热液活动区地形地貌特征及成因分析

为了进一步理解构造地质过程对弧后盆地热液活动及成矿作用的影响和控制,以实测和收集的多波束资料为基础,对冲绳海槽南部多个海底热液活动区的地形地貌特征进行了精细刻画。结合前人研究成果,从构造地质学的角度分析了热液区地形地貌的成因机制。结果表明,冲绳海槽南部热液区均为海底火山成因地貌,不同热液区的海底地貌分属于不同类型岩浆作用的产物：D海丘受岛弧和弧后盆地岩浆作用的双重影响,A海丘群由岛弧为主的多源岩浆作用产生,C海丘和B海丘群属于琉球火山岛弧,雨花海丘形成于造山期后地壳伸展导致的岩浆上涌。冲绳海槽中央地堑与琉球火山岛弧的交汇处有利于形成大规模岩浆和地热活动。琉球火山岛弧的岩浆活动存在时空迁移,与海槽构造演化过程中由分散式裂陷向中心式裂陷的转换有关。唐印热液区的存在表明台湾北火山带在槽底北缘及陆坡区仍具有较强的岩浆和地热活动性,是未来冲绳海槽南部海底热液调查的重要靶区之一。     

Methane in Izena Cauldron,Okinawa Trough

Methane in the deep water of Izena Cauldron (maximum depth: ca. 1650 m) at the east side of mid-Okinawa Trough was studied by casting a CTD system with 12 Niskin bottles for water sampling at 11 stations inside and outside the cauldron. The water contained much methane up to 706 nmoles/l. The depths of maximum concentration varied widely from station to station, indicating the existence of a considerable number of vents emitting methane and heat. The waters containing less methane formed a straight line in theT-S diagram, while those containing more methane were more largely deviated from the line. The temperature anomaly was virtually proportional to the methane concentration, suggesting that the oxidation rate of methane inside the cauldron is negligibly small and methane can be used as a tracer of the cauldron water. The relation and the estimated vertical diffusivity gave the following fluxes. The emissions of methane and heat out of the bottom below 1450 m turn out to be 1400 moles/day and 7×10¹⁰ cal/day, respectively. The total emission rates inside the cauldron are presumed to be about twice the above values. The turnover time of methane has been estimated to be 240 days, which is also that of heat generated from the bottom and probably that of the bottom water.     

冲绳海槽南部流纹岩中角闪石的化学特征及其对岩石成因的指示

为了揭示冲绳海槽西南端流纹岩成因,利用电子探针和LA-ICP-MS对该流纹岩中角闪石进行了主量和微量元素测定。所有角闪石主量元素成分变化范围小,晶体化学特征主要表现为:Ca_B>1.60,Ca_A=0,（Na+K）_A<0.33,Na_B介于0.23~0.39之间,均为钙质镁闪石。微量元素以富集Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni和REE,亏损Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、Th、U和Pb为特征,这些元素的富集与亏损与复杂的类质同象作用有关。由角闪石温压计得出其结晶时的温度范围为775~839℃,压力为0.12 GPa,大致相当于4 km的深度。角闪石的成因矿物学研究显示该流纹岩中角闪石为壳-幔混合成因,进一步表明冲绳海槽南部流纹岩由幔源玄武质岩浆与壳源长英质岩浆混合形成的中基性岩浆在浅层岩浆房中结晶分异而形成,且壳幔混合源很可能是冲绳海槽西南端火山岩岩浆的主要来源。     

Aluminum in the East China Sea and Okinawa Trough, marginal sea areas of the Western North Pacific

The distribution of aluminum (Al) in seawater has been investigated in the continental slope and the Okinawa Trough areas of the East China Sea, which is one of the marginal seas in the western North Pacific Ocean. Aluminum concentration in waters over the slope and the Trough ranged from 5.6 to 25 nmol/kg in the surface layer (0–100 m), and had a minima of 1.1 nmol/kg between 400 and 500 m depth and ranged from 1.3 to 9.7 nmol/kg in the deep or bottom waters. Aluminum values were higher than in the surface waters of the central North Pacific, while minimum values were similar to levels in the intermediate or deep waters of the central North Pacific, except for the bottom water over the slope. This suggests that the high Al concentration in the surface reflects the large atmospheric input of Asian dust around the western side of the North Pacific region. On the continental slope, Al concentrations in the upper 500 m depth decreased slopeward. This horizontal gradient of Al can be explained from the combination of dilution by upwelling of Al-poor water originated from the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) which intrudes into the mid-depth of the Okinawa Trough and the scavenging of Al by biogenic particles in the continental slope zone.     

The sedimentation rates in the Okinawa Trough during the Late Quaternary

On the basis of accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon （AMS ^14C） dating, sedimentation rates of 11 cores collected from the northern to southern Okinawa Trough are discussed. The sedimentation rates in the Okinawa Trough roughly range from 11 to 39cm/ka, and the average is 23.0cm/ka. China＇s continental matter is the main sediment source of the middle Okinawa Trough and has important contribution to the northern and southern Okinawa Trough. The sedimentation rates during the marine oxygen isotope （MIS） 2 are uniformly higher than those during MIS 1 in the northern and middle Okinawa Trough while they are on the contrary in the southern Okinawa Trough. Sedimentation rates in the Okinawa Trough can be one of the proxies of sediment source and an indicator of cooling events.     

Back-arc rifting in the Okinawa Trough

Geological and geophysical data reveal that the Okinawa Trough shows incipient continental rifting, and crustal separation started from about 2 Ma. The early extensional movements in the trough are probably of Miocene age. In addition to the Miocene phase, two main periods of extension are recognized: a Pleistocene phase between 1.9 and 0.5 Ma and the present day phase. During the stage short central rifts (Central Grabens) were formed. The opening however, may have occurred only in the southern part of the trough basin having an average half spreading rate of 2 cm yr^?1 since Early Pleistocene time, producing its present width of several tens of kilometres. These activities were well represented by igneous intrusions, sedimentary facies and sedimentary structures in and around the Okinawa Trough. The width of the zone affected by back-arc extension (defined as Greater Okinawa Trough) is larger than the present Okinawa Trough, whose width is 200–250 km. The present form of the Greater Okinawa Trough started to form at the same time as that of the Okinawa Trough.     

Mineralogy,geochemistry, and sulfur isotope characteristics of sediment-hosted hydrothermal sulfide minerals from the southern Okinawa Trough

Studies of the mineralogy and sulfur isotope composition of sediment-hosted hydrothermal sulfide minerals in cores are important for understanding the seafloor mineralization environment and material source and reconstructing the hydrothermal history. However, the source of ore-forming materials and the history of hydrothermal activity in the southern Okinawa Trough (SOT) remain unclear. Here, the mineralogy and sulfur isotope characteristics of sulfides from gravity core HOBAB4-S2, collected between the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field (HF) and the Tangyin HF, was investigated. Enrichments in Zn (up to 321×10?6), Cu (up to 73.7×10?6), and Pb (up to 160×10?6) and the presence of pyrite, galena, pyrrhotite and minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite provide evidence for the input of hydrothermal materials into the sediments. The pyrite morphologies include disseminated cubic, pentagonal dodecahedron, and framboidal forms. Except for minor framboidal pyrite, euhedral pyrite from core HOBAB4-S2 is mainly of hydrothermal origin with Co/Ni ratios >1 and S/Fe atomic ratios <2 in the Cu-Zn-Pb-rich layers. The occurrences of hexagonal pyrrhotite, high-Co (up to 0.17%) pyrite and high-Fe sphalerite indicate that the hydrothermal precipitates formed at medium-high temperatures and low-sulfur fugacity (fS₂) environments. The δ34S values of sulfides (0.21‰–3.45‰) with low- fS₂ mineral assemblages (e.g., pyrrhotite ± high-Fe sphalerite) in the core are significantly lower than those of magmatic rocks and seawater, indicating possible incorporation of previously formed biogenic sulfur in the sediment. Combined with the age model of the core, it is suggested that hydrothermal activity likely began in the Tangyin HF before AD 1445–1483 and that at least three active episodes may have occurred since then.     

冲绳海槽中、南部热液活动区金属硫化物的地球化学特征

对新近(2014年)采自冲绳海槽南部Yonaguni Knoll IV热液活动区和中部伊平屋热液活动区的金属硫化物样品分别进行了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析,旨在通过对比分析两个热液活动区金属硫化物的元素地球化学特征,探讨两个不同热液活动区成矿元素的富集规律、热液成矿的作用过程及其区域差异。研究结果表明:在冲绳海槽中部和南部热液区分布有两种金属硫化物,分别为富Fe-Zn型硫化物和Ba-Zn-Pb型硫化物(+硫酸盐);相较于大洋中脊和其它弧后盆地的热液硫化物,研究区硫化物中Pb的含量明显较高,而Cu和Fe的含量相对较低,这与冲绳海槽存在较厚的沉积盖层有关;无论是常量元素、微量元素、还是稀土元素(REE),其含量和相关的特征值都变化较大,表明研究区热液硫化物形成于不同的热液成矿阶段;富Fe-Zn型硫化物是在高温热液活动阶段形成的,而Ba-Zn-Pb型硫化物(+硫酸盐)则形成于热液喷出海底与海水混合的过程中,成矿温度较低;即使在同一热液活动区,成矿环境也有较大变化,主要表现在成矿温度的波动上;研究区热液硫化物中REE的配分模式特征表明硫化物中REE的物源相同,但经历的过程(REE的迁移和富集)有所不同,反映了热液硫化物形成于不同的热液成矿阶段;热液成矿作用存在区域性差异,海槽南部的成矿温度较中部低,成矿物质来源方面,南部热液区硫化物的Pb含量较中部高,表明其成矿物质可能部分来源于沉积物。     

Benthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.     

冲绳海槽南部表层沉积中底栖有孔虫分布:水团和食物供应的共同制约

底栖有孔虫是海洋古环境记录的一项重要指标。研究现代海底沉积物中底栖有孔虫分布与现代海洋环境之间的关系,对于我们研究和认识过去的古海洋环境变迁有着重要的意义。     

NotesBenthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out. The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth. Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough. From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough, benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages: (1) Continental shelf break assemblage, dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus, corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (2) upper continental slope assemblage, dominated by Cassidulina carinata , Globocassidulina subglobosa, corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (3) intermediate continental slope assemblage, dominated by Uvigerina hispi-da, corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline; (4) lower continental slope- trough b