Mesozoic structural architecture of the Lang Shan, North-Central China: Intraplate contraction, extension, and synorogenic sedimentation

The Lang Shan, North-Central China, has experienced a complex Mesozoic to recent history of intraplate deformation and sedimentation. Well-exposed cross-cutting relationships document Jurassic right-lateral strike-slip faulting (transtension) followed by several tens of kilometers of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous north-northwest–south-southeast crustal shortening and development of an associated foreland basin. Since the Early Cretaceous, the south-central Lang Shan has undergone two phases of extension. The first, which occurred along north–south oriented structures, may represent collapse of an overthickened crust. The youngest deformation is represented by the active Cenozoic mountain-front normal fault system. This compound history may be the result of the complicated far-field effects of plate interactions combined with structural inheritance in a region adjacent to a rigid and undeformed crustal block, the Ordos block.     

Petrography and Geochemistry of the Upper Triassic Sandstones from the Western Ordos Basin,NW China: Provenance and Tectonic Implications

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Triassic sandstones in the western Ordos Basin were studied to provide insight into weathering characteristics, provenance, and tectonic implications. Petrographic features show that the sandstones are characterized by low-medium compositional maturity and textural maturity. The CIA and CIW values reveal weak and moderate weathering history in the source area. The geochemical characteristics together with palaeocurrent data show that the northwestern sediments were mainly derived from the Alxa Block with a typical recycled nature, while the provenance of the western and southwestern sediments were mainly from the Qinling-Qilian Orogenic Belt. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams signify that the parent rocks of sandstones in the western and southern Ordos Basin were mainly developed from continental island arc, which is closely related to the evolution of the Qinling-Qilian Orogenic Belt. However, the sandstones in the northwestern Ordos Basin show complex features, which may be resulted from a typical recycling process. Overall evidence from petrography, geochemistry and sedimentology, together with previous researches suggest the Kongtongshan and Helanshan areas were the southwestern and northwestern boundary of the Ordos Basin, respectively, and there was no clear boundary between the Hexi Corridor Belt and Ordos Basin, where a large, uniform sediment dispersal system developed during the Late Triassic.     

鄂尔多斯地块西南缘古元古代辉绿岩年代学、地球化学及构造意义

在鄂尔多斯地块西南缘的六盘山断裂带内出露铁马河辉绿岩。铁马河辉绿岩相对贫CaO、MgO和K_2O;富集FeOT、TiO_2和Na_2O。轻稀土相对富集,重稀土平坦,不显示Eu异常,稀土配分曲线显示右倾型;高场强元素无异常,大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba相对富集,显示富集地幔源的地球化学特征。对辉绿岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得上交点年龄2018±16Ma,说明岩体形成于古元古代。样品具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值(07003～07064)和正的εNd(t)值(+514～+433),Nd同位素一阶段模式年龄(约20Ga)与LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄基本一致,暗示其来源于软流圈地幔的部分熔融。结合区域地质资料的研究表明,华北克拉通西部地块(鄂尔多斯地块)在20Ga期间的伸展背景与东部陆块一致,暗示整个华北克拉通在20Ga左右存在广泛的裂解事件。     

Detrital-zircon geochronology of the Jurassic coal-bearing strata in the western Ordos Basin,North China: Evidences for multi-cycle sedimentation

The western Ordos Basin(WOB), situated in a tectonic transition zone in the North China Craton, acts as an excellent example for studying the Mesozoic intraplate sedimentation and deformation in Asia. In this study, U-Pb ages for 1203 detrital zircons of 14 sandstone samples collected from 11 sections are presented to unravel the sediment source locations and paleogeographic environments of the Early-Middle Jurassic coal-bearing Yan'an Formation in the WOB. Data show that there are five prominent age groups in the detrital zircons of the Yan'an Formation, peaking at ca. 282 Ma, 426 Ma, 924 Ma, 1847 Ma, and2468 Ma. Samples from the northern, middle, and southern parts of the WOB contain these five age categories in various proportions. In the northern region, the Yan'an Formation exclusively contains Early Permian detrital zircons with a single age group peaking at 282 Ma, matching well with the crystallizing ages of the widespread Early Permian granites in the Yinshan Belt to the north and the Alxa Block to the northwest. While in the southern region, the Yan'an Formation mainly contains three groups of detrital zircons, with age peaks at 213 Ma, 426 Ma, and 924 Ma. These zircon ages resemble those of the igneous rocks in the Qilian-Qinling Orogenic Belt to the south-southwest. Samples in the middle region, characterized by a mixture age spectrum with peaks at 282 Ma, 426 Ma, 924 Ma, 1847 Ma and 2468 Ma, are previously thought to have mixed derivations from surrounding ranges. However, by referring to the detrital-zircon age compositions of the pre-Jurassic sedimentary successions and combining with paleontological and petrographic analysis, we firstly propose that the sediments of the Yan'an Formation in the middle region were partly recycled from the Triassic and Paleozoic sedimentary strata in the WOB.The occurrence of recycled sedimentation suggests that the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic intraplate compressional deformation was very intense in the WOB, especially for regions in front of the Qilian Orogenic Belt.     

贺兰拗拉槽胡基台地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组深海重力流沉积特征

结合国际上深海沉积研究最新动态,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地西侧胡基台地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组野外剖面。认为该地层块状内部无层理砂岩为砂质碎屑流沉积而不是前人认为的浊流沉积。研究区发育有垮塌沉积、颗粒流沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积等重力流沉积。该区樱桃沟组重力流沉积类型的总体分布特征是:下部发育钙屑浊流与大规模灰岩垮塌沉积,见砂质碎屑流沉积;中部主要发育陆源碎屑浊流沉积,但在其下部有较为发育的颗粒流沉积;上部发育陆源碎屑浊流沉积。其中垮塌沉积和颗粒流沉积作为对古构造的沉积响应,反映了樱桃沟期该地区的古构造地形为陡坡。     

Sedimentary facies analysis and depositional model of gravity-flow deposits of the Yanchang Formation,southwestern Ordos Basin,NW China

During the deposition of the Chang-7 (Ch-7) and Chang-6 (Ch-6) units in the Upper Triassic, gravity flows were developed widely in a deep lake in the southwestern Ordos Basin, China. Based on cores, outcrops, well-logs and well-testing data, this paper documents the sedimentary characteristics of the gravity-flow deposits and constructs a depositional model. Gravity-flow deposits in the study area comprise seven lithofacies types, which are categorised into four groups: slides and slumps, debris-flow-dominated lithofacies, turbidity-current-dominated lithofacies, and deep-water mudstone-dominated lithofacies. The seven lithofacies form two sedimentary entities: sub-lacustrine fan and the slump olistolith, made up of three and two lithofacies associations, respectively. Lithofacies association 1 is a channel–levee complex with fining-/thinning-upward sequences whose main part is characterised by sandy debris flow-dominated, thick-bedded massive sandstones. Lithofacies association 2 represents distributary channelised lobes of sub-lacustrine fans, which can be further subdivided into distributary channel, channel lateral margin and inter-channel. Lithofacies association 3 is marked by non-channelised lobes of sub-lacustrine fans, including sheet-like turbidites and deep-lake mudstones. Lithofacies association 4 is represented by proximal lobes of slump olistolith, consisting of slides and slumps. Lithofacies association 5 is marked by distal lobes of slump olistolith, comprising tongue-shaped debris flow lobes and turbidite lobes. It is characterised by sandy debris flow, muddy debris flow-dominated sandstone and sandstone with classic Bouma sequences. Several factors caused the generation of gravity flows in the Ordos Basin, including sediment supply, terrain slope and external triggers, such as volcanisms, earthquakes and seasonal floods. The sediment supply of sub-lacustrine fan was most likely from seasonal floods with a high net-to-gross and incised channels. Triggered by volcanisms and earthquakes, the slump olistolith is deposited by the slumping and secondary transport of unconsolidated sediments in the delta front or prodelta with a low net-to-gross and no incised channels.     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组层序地层格架与沉积相构成

运用高分辨率层序地层学的原理和方法,综合鄂尔多斯盆地野外地质露头、岩心、测井及地震资料,确定了层序界面的识别标志,在上三叠统延长组识别出不整合面和沉积作用转换面两种类型的层序界面。延长组发育7个具有等时意义的层序界面,将其划分为6个长期基准面旋回。根据短—中期基准面旋回的叠加样式,SQ1层序至SQ3层序基准面上升旋回地层样式总体上以长期基准面上升半旋回为主,构成上升不对称型旋回结构;SQ3层序基准面下降旋回至SQ6层序地层样式则以长期基准面下降半旋回为主,构成下降不对称型旋回结构。沉积相类型及其展布受基准面升降变化控制明显,沉积微相类型以(辫状)河流—(辫状河)三角洲前缘水下分支河道为主。有利储层发育于长期基准面旋回上升半旋回的早中期以及下降半旋回的中晚期。     

Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Northern Qaidam Basin, NW China: Implications for the earliest Cretaceous intracontinental tectonism

Formation of Mesozoic western China, which was dominated by tectonic amalgamation along its southern margin and associated intracontinental tectonisms, holds a key for interpreting the succedent Cenozoic evolution. This paper presents new data including lithology, sedimentary facies, stratigraphic contact, seismic interpretation and paleo-structures within the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the northern Qaidam Basin, NW China. These data all account for a contractional tectonic deformation in the earliest Cretaceous. The South Qilian Shan, according to the sedimentary features and provenance analysis, reactivated and exhumated during the deformation, controlling the deposition of the Lower Cretaceous sequences. A simplified model for the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous paleogeography and tectonics of the northern Qaidam Basin is accordingly proposed. The results also support a ∼25° clockwise rotation of the Qaidam Basin since the Early Cretaceous and a more accurate Mesozoic evolution process for the basin. This earliest Cretaceous deformation, associated with the reactivation of the South Qilian Shan at the time, are part of the intracontinental tectonisms in central Asia during the Mesozoic, and probably driven by both the closure of the Mongol-Okhostk Ocean to the north and the collision of the Lhasa and the Qiangtang blocks to the south.     

宁夏贺兰山北段牛头沟金矿地质地球化学特征和矿床成因探讨

牛头沟金矿位于华北陆块鄂尔多斯地块西缘贺兰山裂陷北段之基底杂岩带,赋矿地层为一套下元古界宗别立群第二亚群(Pt1z2)中的中-深程度变质岩系。矿体受深大断裂(正义关断裂)的次级主断裂(F1)控制;该控矿断裂构造(F1)形成于海西-印支期,经历早期逆冲挤压,晚期局部引张破裂的多期活动阶段,矿化作用主要形成于主断裂(F1)张性破裂阶段,矿化早期主要表现为强烈硅化,矿化晚期硅化岩破裂被主成矿流体充填-交代形成蚀变岩型金矿,为矿区主要成矿类型。石英脉型金矿形成于与主断裂有联系的次级张裂隙中。二者反映矿床类型不同,但成矿作用是一致的。即在动力作用下产生的变质热液在构造的有利部位或裂隙中交代-充填成矿。硫化物硫同位素组成和矿物流体包裹体研究表明,该蚀变岩型金矿成矿物质和成矿流体来源具多源性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地长8油层组古地理环境与沉积特征

通过对地震、钻井资料的综合分析,认为延长组下部长8沉积时期鄂尔多斯湖盆可能不具有明显的＂南陡北缓＂的古地貌特征,也可能不存在大面积分布的半深湖—深湖环境。长8期湖盆古地形较为平坦,坡降不足0.1°或2m/km,气候较为干旱,湖泊水体为微咸水,水深小于10 m。具有如下特征的浅水湖泊三角洲为此时盆地的主体沉积类型：1）砂...     

鄂尔多斯盆地中及上三叠统延长组沉积相与油气勘探的突破

鄂尔多斯盆地位于中国的中西部,跨陕、甘、宁、蒙、晋5省区,盆地本部面积25万km2.中及上三叠统延长组在盆地内广为展布,厚逾千米,发育冲积扇、河流、三角洲、湖泊等沉积相,是该地区重要的油气产层.根据盆地腹地100多口井的钻井资料及盆地周边地区的露头资料,以及长庆油田长时期对延长组的油气勘探经验,编制出了鄂尔多斯盆地中及...     

论鄂尔多斯盆地及其周缘侏罗纪变形

侏罗纪是东亚大地构造发展的重要转折时期,在鄂尔多斯盆地及其周缘可划分为两个性质不同的构造变形阶段。早中侏罗世,盆地处于弱引张应力环境,引张方向近N-S至NNE-SSW向,伸展变形主要发生在盆地周边地带,其发生与晚三叠世华南-华北地块沿秦岭造山带碰撞后的陆内应力场调整作用有关。中晚侏罗世,盆地遭受多向挤压应力作用,挤压方向近W-E、NW-SE和NE-SW,在盆地周缘形成展布方向不一、构造样式不同的边界挤压构造带,盆地轮廓基本定型。西缘近N-S向逆冲-推覆构造带的形成与阿拉善地块和陇西地块向东挤出作用有关;东缘及东南缘总体呈“S”形展布的挤压边界带表现为反向逆冲断裂及其相关褶皱,推测发生在山西台褶带深部滑脱系统的前锋上盘断坡。盆地北侧大青山地区近东西向大型推覆构造和早中侏罗世伸展断陷盆地构造挤压反转,表明阴山造山带在中晚侏罗世时期强烈的N-S向缩短变形和再生造山。鄂尔多斯盆地周缘边界构造带记录了中晚侏罗世强烈的陆内多向内挤压作用和大陆地壳增厚过程,其发生的动力学背景与周邻不同板块(古太平洋、西伯利亚、特提斯)同时向东亚大陆汇聚产生的远程效应有关。中晚侏罗世多向挤压变形加速了鄂尔多斯盆地生烃过程,对多种能源矿产富集和成藏定位产生重要影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部山2段物源与曲流河三角洲沉积体系

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部山2段是该盆地重要的天然气富集层位。通过重矿物分布、岩屑组分、砂岩岩屑类型及阴极发光特征分析山2段沉积物源体系,经研究认为盆地东南部山2段沉积同时受南、北部物源供源。山2段为曲流河三角洲前缘沉积亚相,碎屑颗粒分选中等偏好、磨圆较好、颗粒之间接触紧密,沉积构造主要为板、槽状交错层理、平行层理及浪成交错层理。本区山2段沉积物以跳跃组分和悬浮组分为主,水下分流河道微相粒度概率曲线呈现三段式和四段式;河口坝微相分选较好、粒度概率曲线形态为两段式和三段式。研究区北部、南部及中部志丹、甘泉等地区砂体发育较厚,剖面上河道砂体呈不对称式相互叠置,水动力条件中等-较强。通过物源体系重建、沉积特征分析与薄片特征鉴定,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地东南部山2段双物源曲流河三角洲沉积模式。该研究明确了盆地东南部山2段物源方向,明晰了山2段沉积特征,创建了典型曲流河三角洲沉积模式,为进一步勘探开发提供了理论支持。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘上三叠统延长组沉积相特征研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部汝箕沟剖面、南部阎家庄剖面和中部环78、环52、演40井岩芯的详细观察,并结合前人的研究资料及岩性和岩相组合、沉积相分析,探讨了研究区延长组沉积相特征与演化过程。研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西缘延长组发育12种岩相类型,7种岩相组合。延长组时期为扇三角洲—湖泊、辫状河三角洲、冲积扇沉积体系,其中也充分发育筛状沉积、水上分流河道、分流河道间、水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、等沉积微相和亚相类型。北部汝箕沟地区在延长组沉积早期主要为扇三角洲相,进入中期由湖泊相过渡为扇三角洲相,晚期则发育深湖相;中部环县—演武地区在延长组早期为辫状河三角洲相,中期发育辫状河三角洲相和湖泊相,晚期过渡为三角洲相并受到抬升剥蚀作用;南部阎家庄在延长组则发育冲积扇相,随后便受到抬升剥蚀作用。     

大型坳陷湖盆浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征及模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组为例

浅水三角洲是当今沉积学研究热点和油气勘探重点对象。鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组发育了大型浅水辫状河三角洲,并在其中发现了丰富的油气资源。在大量野外露头、岩心和地球物理资料分析的基础上,明确鄂尔多斯盆地延长组具有利于浅水辫状河三角洲发育的大型坳陷湖盆地质背景,形成的辫状河三角洲具有粒度较粗、塑性岩屑较多、成分和结构成熟度较低、发育交错层理和间断正韵律、水下分支河道多叉、砂厚、延伸远等沉积特征。鄂尔多斯盆地浅水辫状河三角洲沉积时期,沉积区距物源区相对较近,河道宽深比较大,发育浅水沉积构造和沉积韵律,构造活动和湖平面变化共同控制了三角洲的发育,形成了"小平原、大前缘"的浅水辫状河三角洲沉积体系。     

论隆起背景对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡区三叠系油藏形成和分布的控制作用

传统认为,鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡为一平缓的西倾单斜,构造简单,隆起构造不发育,因此构造因素对该斜坡三叠系延长组油藏的形成和分布不起主要控制作用,其三叠系延长组油藏的形成和分布主要受沉积相控制,油藏类型主要为岩性油藏。然而,随着勘探程度的提高,特别是随着钻井密度的加大(其目前井距一般已达100～200m左右),根据钻井资料进行的高精度构造编图研究发现,陕北斜坡隆起构造特别是低幅度的隆起构造实际上比较发育,且其类型主要为鼻状隆起,完整的穹隆构造较为少见且规模较小。就成因而言,一般规模较大、继承性好的隆起构造多与基底隆起有关,而小型隆起构造可能主要为差异压实成因。而且,隆起构造对三叠系延长组油气藏的形成与富集具有重要控制作用,尤其是规模较大的鼻状隆起构造附近,油气通常最为富集。     

鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区长6沉积体系展布特征

岩矿资料表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西部环县地区延长组长6三角洲沉积体系物源来自西部。进一步的地震相研究表明,该三角洲沉积体系在虎洞一带分为两支,一支沿环县-樊家川一线呈东西方向展布,另一支顺洪德方向呈北东向延展,并在耿湾-罗卜塬附近与东北物源体系的安边三角洲交汇。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘上三叠统延长组物源与沉积体系特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘延长组为例,通过对野外露头沉积特征、骨架颗粒、重矿物组合等分析,讨论了研究区物源与沉积体系特征。研究表明:早期沉积物源主要来自盆地西南方向,南部也有贡献。中、晚期沉积物源除来自西南方向和南部物源外,还受到来自盆地北东方向次要物源的影响。延长组长8之上与之下物源性质发生明显变化。延长组长8砂岩的岩屑以变质岩为主,少量沉积岩和火成岩;而延长组长6砂岩岩屑则以沉积岩为主,少量变质岩和火成岩,这表明长6沉积期盆地周缘、特别是盆地西缘抬升加剧,地层的剥蚀更强烈,致使大量较年轻的地层被剥蚀并加入源区母岩中。鄂尔多斯盆地延长期湖盆为北西—南东向展布,西南区主要发育辫状河和辫状河三角洲沉积体系,东北区主要发育曲流河三角洲沉积体系,在深湖区发育浊积扇沉积体系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南地区上三叠统延长组沉积相及石油地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组主要发育东北和西南两大沉积体系,东北的河流三角洲体系已为大量的勘探研究资料所证实,而西南体系因受勘探程度限制,目前研究不够。本文通过最新钻探成果,结合盆地西南部露头资料,确立盆地西南地区三叠系延长组为冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积体系,发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖泊（浊积）相。冲积扇以西南缘平凉崆峒山和汭水河剖面为代表,扇三角洲及湖泊（浊积）相为区内钻井剖面所证实。长6-长8为区内主力油层组,地层保存完整,钻探程度相对较高。扇三角洲前缘砂体类型以水下分流河道为主,局部发育河口坝,浊积体以厚层块状为主。长8亚期为扇三角洲前缘亚相最发育期,横向形成自西南向东北延伸的三支前缘砂体带,是石油聚集的重要区带;长7亚期随着湖盆沉降,周边抬升强烈,湖岸较陡,大量发育浊积体系;长6亚期湖退导致扇三角洲再次发育,但规模较长8亚期弱。扇三角洲前缘砂体单层厚度大,砂岩粒度较粗,颗粒分选及物性好,是石油富集的最有利相带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其模式

利用岩心、测井资料和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其沉积模式。该区重力流沉积物可分为浊积岩、砂质碎屑流沉积物、泥质碎屑流沉积物和滑塌岩。其中,浊积岩发育正粒序;砂质碎屑流沉积物以冻结块状沉积为特征;泥质碎屑流沉积物以泥质为主,内部含少量砂质颗粒和砂质团块;滑塌岩发育包卷层理等液化构造。不同重力流沉积物发育程度差异明显,浊积岩和砂质碎屑流沉积物的钻遇井数最多,泥质碎屑流沉积物最少。在重力流单期沉积厚度方面,砂质碎屑流沉积物单期沉积厚度平均为0.986m,明显高于其他类型;浊流沉积厚度最低,平均厚度为0.414m。本区重力流是由三角洲前缘沉积物失稳滑塌所致,砂质碎屑流沉积物和浊积岩是主要的重力流沉积类型,其次为滑塌岩和泥质碎屑流沉积物。砂质碎屑流沉积物主要发育于北东向曲流河三角洲前缘前方的深水区;浊积岩主要发育于西部、西南部和南部物源形成的辫状河三角洲前缘前方的深水区域;泥质碎屑流沉积物和富含泥砾砂质碎屑流沉积物在平面分布极少,且规律不明显。