The 10th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering——Challenge and adaption of permafrost engineering to a changing climate

Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions,     

The 10th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering -- Challenge and adaption of permafrost engineering to a changing climate

Organized by：
Glaciology and Geocryology Branch of the Geographical
Society of China Permafrost Engineering Working Group of the International Permafrost Association     

In-situ testing study on convection and temperature characteristics of a new crushed-rock slope embankment design in a permafrost region

For the purpose of enhancing air convection and controlling solar radiation, a new crushed-rock slope embankment design combined with a sun-shade measure is proposed. A newly designed embankment was constructed in the Tuotuohe section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and a field-testing experiment was carried out to determine its convection and temperature characteristics. The results show that distinct air convection occurred in the crushed-rock layer of the new embankment, especially in cold seasons, which was enhanced when it flowed upwards along the slope. This preliminarily indicated that the new design of the embankment slope was good for reinforcing air convection in the crushed-rock layer. The frequent fluctuations of the convection speed and the environmental wind speed were in good agreement, suggesting that the convection in the crushed rock primarily came from the ambient wind. It was also preliminarily determined that the new embankment had a better cooling effect and sun-shade effect for decreasing the temperature of the embankment slope compared with a traditional crushed-rock slope embankment, and the mean temperature difference between them was up to 1.7 °C. The mean annual temperature at the bottom boundary of the crushed-rock layer was obviously lower than that at the top boundary, and heat flux calculation showed that the shallow soil beneath the embankment slope was weakly releasing heat, all of which indicated that the new embankment slope design was beneficial to the thermal stability of the embankment. This study is helpful in providing some references for improved engineering design and maintenance of roadbeds in permafrost regions.     

京津冀冬季冷空气过程的低频特征及西伯利亚高压低频变化的影响

本文使用1981—2015年京津冀地区逐日气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了京津冀地区冬季冷空气过程的低频环流特征,以及西伯利亚高压（SH）的低频变化特征及其对京津冀冷空气过程的影响。分析表明,冬季京津冀气温和SH都存在10~30 d显著低频周期,且二者的低频分量之间存在显著的超前滞后相关。京津冀冷空气过程主要发生在低频气温从零位相到谷值的下降阶段,以及低频SH从峰值到零位相的下降阶段。随着京津冀气温和SH的10~30 d低频变化,亚洲近地面层和中层大气环流均表现出一个从西北向东南传播的低频变化周期。影响京津冀地区的低温异常最早出现在喀拉海附近并在亚洲高纬地区维持和积累,产生持续冷却作用;同时中层相应区域维持的强气旋性环流异常表明有持续的大气辐合,中层辐合下沉与近地面持续冷却作用配合形成近地面异常高压。异常高压伴随异常低温南下过程中与中层加强的东亚大槽配合,使京津冀地区处于整层北风异常中,易形成冷空气过程。     

Applying the AHP-FUZZY method to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: a case study of Chaidaer-Muli Railway

This article attempts to investigate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a case study, Chaidaer-Muli Railway is used to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is thus employed to establish the evaluation indicator system. The evaluation factor is selected by analyzing the mutual relation between the permafrost environment and roadbed engineering. Thus, a hierarchical structure model is established based on the selected evaluation indices. Each factor is weighted to determine the status in the evaluation system, and grading standards are built for providing a basis for the evaluation. Then, the fuzzy mathematical method is introduced to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions along the Chadaer-Muli Railway. Results show that most of the permafrost roadbed is in a preferable condition(b) along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway due to rubble engineering measures. This proportion reaches to 86.1%. The proportion in good(a), general(c) and poor states(d) are 0.0%, 7.5% and 6.4%, respectively, in all the evaluation sections along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway. Ground-temperature monitoring results are generally consistent with AHP-FUZZY evaluation results. This means that the AHP-FUZZY method can be applied to evaluate the effect of rubble roadbed engineering measures in permafrost regions. The effect evaluation of engineering measures will provide timely and effective feedback information for further engineering design. The series of engineering measures will more effectively protect permafrost stability.     

Mechanism and effects of the increase in winter temperatures in the Arctic region on cold winters in Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China for the period 1961–2018

With the advent of climate change,winter temperatures have been steadily in-creasing in the middle-to-high latitudes of the world.However,we have not found a corre-sponding decrease in the number of extremely cold winters.This paper,based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) re-analysis data,and methods of trend analysis,mutation analysis,correlation analysis,reports on the effects of Arctic warming on winter temperatures in Hei-longjiang Province,Northeast China.The results show that:(1) during the period 1961-2018,winter temperatures in the Arctic increased considerably,that is,3.5 times those of the Equator,which has led to an increasing temperature gradient between the Arctic and the Equator.An abrupt change in winter temperatures in the Arctic was observed in 2000.(2) Due to the global warming,an extremely significant warming occurred in Heilongjiang in winter,in particular,after the Arctic mutation in 2000,although there were two warm winters,more cold winters were observed and the interannual variability of winter temperature also increased.(3)Affected by the warming trend in the Arctic,the Siberian High has intensified,and both the Arctic Vortex and the Eurasian Zonal Circulation Index has weakened.This explains the de-crease in winter temperatures in Heilongjiang,and why cold winters still dominate.Moreover,the increase in temperature difference between the Arctic and the Equator is another reason for the decrease in winter temperatures in Heilongjiang.     

地理环境结构的创新研究及其科学价值——纪念李春芬先生百年诞辰

李春芬(1912～1996)是我国著名的老一代地理学家,从事地理学研究和教学近60年,为我国地理学尤其是区域地理学的发展作出了重大贡献。其学术思想的最精辟之处,是关于地理环境结构的整体性和差异性、"共性"与"个性"的科学论述,并成功地将其应用于相关研究和教学工作。本文论述了李春芬学术思想的形成背景、基本内容、科学价值及现实意义。李春芬的学术思想和创新见解,对于深化资源环境规划与管理、区域可持续发展等研究与实践有重要的现实指导意义,并对拓展和深化地理学的人地关系研究有重要推动作用。     

社区环境对老年人行为与健康的影响研究——不同年龄阶段老年人的群组比较

居家养老是中国老年人最主要的养老模式,社区环境成为影响老年人健康的重要因素。基于复旦大学2014年“社区老年人健康邻里调查”数据,探讨了社区环境、步行行为与老年人健康的关系。研究发现：良好的社区休闲环境对所有老年人的健康均有显著正向影响,而从低龄到高龄,社区交往环境与步行对老年健康的影响路径呈现出从个体步行行为向社区人际交往转移的特征,社区交往环境对高龄老年人的健康具有极为重要的作用。步行的减少一定程度上降低了中龄老年人的健康水平,高龄老年人在较低的社区交往环境的压抑效应下进一步降低了健康水平。重视社区休闲环境与交往空间的优化建设,增加社区交往活动的组织等将对中国老年人健康起到极为重要的改善作用。     

基于Landsat 8劈窗算法与混合光谱分解的城市热岛空间格局分析——以兰州市中心城区为例

在ENVI和GIS支持下,提出了基于Landsat 8遥感影像的地温反演劈窗算法,提取兰州市中心城区地表温度。利用FNEA和混合光谱分解法确定了兰州市中心城区的城市热岛中心、不透水面和植被盖度,分析了城市热岛空间分布格局以及地表温度与下垫面之间的关系。结果显示:基于Landsat 8数据地温反演的劈窗算法是可行的。兰州中心城区的高温区分布较集中,地表温度与植被呈较强的负相关,与不透水面呈不显著的正相关,与其他非光合物质呈正相关。     

基于植被覆盖与生产力视角的亚喀斯特区域生态环境特征研究——以黔中部分地区为例

为了研究亚喀斯特区域的生态环境特征,以黔中部分地区为研究区,利用2010年的TM影像数据和MODIS-NPP影像数据,通过NDVI像元二分模型法和格网计算法,对比分析亚喀斯特与喀斯特区域的植被覆盖和净第一生产力,探讨不同区域的植被状况、土地承载力等生态特征.研究发现亚喀斯特区域有着不同于传统喀斯特区域的生态特征,在相同的土地利用类型条件下,前者具有更好的植被覆盖水平和净第一生产力,但其生态环境更易受到人类活动的干扰.因此区域的生态环境问题需要引起关注,并应采取针对性措施进行生态恢复和保护,提出生态发展策略,旨在对区域的生态环境研究更加深入,促进人地和谐发展.     

犯罪数量与危害的空间分布及建成环境影响——基于北京市刑事案件的纵向研究

既有犯罪地理研究存在“重犯罪数量、轻犯罪危害”“多横向分析、少纵向分析”“求本地影响、弃空间依赖”等局限。为此,论文利用2012—2017年北京刑事案件、兴趣点、道路网等3期面板数据,以个案刑罚结果衡量其社会危害性,探究犯罪发生数量与危害程度的空间结构,厘清建成环境对两者的影响异同。研究表明：① 犯罪数量与危害均呈集中集聚格局,但犯罪危害的集中程度高于数量、集聚程度低于数量、稳定程度相对偏弱。② 如防卫空间理论所言,高强度土地利用、多样化城市功能、通达的次干道支路网、邻近诱发地都对犯罪数量和危害发挥正向作用,后者所受影响更大。③ 建成环境的上述影响大多存在空间依赖,3D维度和商业场所具有集聚溢出效应,管制较严的教育科研机构、公园广场、旅馆、公交站、停车场、居民区表现出内低外高式的空间竞争效应。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面产流能力及影响因素研究

坡面是黄土高原土壤侵蚀的重要来源,本文以团山沟流域的7个径流场9年的降雨－径流事件,对不同坡面和降雨特征下径流系数随坡面的变化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区存在降雨强度大、持续时间短的A型雨、降雨强度小持续时间长的C型雨以及居于二者之间的B型雨。不同雨型下坡面产流能力大小为A型雨>B型雨>C型雨,而产流尺度效应则为C型雨>B型雨>A型雨。坡度一定,A型雨下随着坡面长度增加产流能力先增加后减小,径流系数峰值出现在坡长为40m的坡面上,B型和C型雨坡面产流能力随坡面长度的增加而增加;坡长一定,峁坡区坡面产流能力随着坡度的增加而增加;A型雨下沟坡产流能力最小,而在B型和C型雨下,坡面产流能力相对有所提高。     

从清代新疆屯垦政策角度谈屯田与生态环境的关系——以天山北路东部屯垦为中心

近年来,清代新疆屯田与生态环境的关系已成为研究热点。但多数只是从经济史或社会史的角度,作为研究的出发点,只注重了屯田对环境所造成的负面影响,对其正面影响多无涉及,得出屯田是造成土地沙漠化扩大的主要因素。事实上,这样的结论并不符合历史事实。为此,选取清代天山北路东部屯垦作为研究对象,运用历史农业地理的理论与方法,在小尺度的范围内,探求屯垦政策下所进行的农业开发与生态环境变化之间的互动性,以求对二者之间关系有个正确的定位。其主旨不是就清代屯田对生态环境影响进行的重新研究,而是从屯垦政策的角度,通过对清代移民人口、屯田规模、农业技术选择、土地权属及在屯田过程中所形成相关人文要素进行探讨,并由此所引起的屯田与生态环境的关系进行分析。结果表明屯田对生态环境影响主要表现在其积极的方面上,即戈壁变为绿洲,而不是所说的屯田引起沙漠化扩大,也就是说,其负面影响并不突出。这样就为我们能够正确认识清代新疆地区环境变迁提供了理论及事实上的支持。从而得出,自然本身、战争等其它要素,应该是环境变迁的主要因素。     

气候变化和人类活动对南方红壤丘陵区森林生态系统影响模拟研究——以江西泰和县为例

在全球气候变化和人类活动的影响下,森林生态系统结构、功能以及空间格局都将发生不同程度的变化。明晰景观尺度上未来森林的动态变化,对森林可持续发展具有重要意义。选择江西省泰和县为研究区,综合利用土地利用模型（CA-Markov）和森林景观动态模型（LANDIS-II）,并结合生态系统过程模型（PnET-II）,模拟气候变化、土地利用、采伐以及综合情景下未来40年（2010-2050年）阔叶林、针叶林的面积及生物量变化。结果表明：① 气候变化对森林面积影响较小,采伐使森林面积显著减少,土地利用变化使森林面积的变化更加剧烈;② 针叶林和阔叶林对不同干扰方式的响应表现出较强差异,针叶林对采伐的响应更加剧烈;③ 多模型综合模拟方法有助于区域森林管理,为南方红壤丘陵区森林结构优化和功能提升提供科学建议。     

农牧交错区生态环境质量遥感动态监测——以宁夏盐池为例

以26 a（1989-2015年）4期Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据为基础,提取不同年份的湿度指数、植被指数、地表温度以及土壤指数,利用主成分分析法,构建盐池县4个时期遥感生态指数（RSEI）和生态环境质量综合指数（ESI）,对其生态环境质量进行了评价,探讨区域生态环境的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）湿度、绿度对区域生态环境质量起正面作用,而热度和干度则起负面作用,其中代表绿度指标的植被覆盖度（NDVI）对生态指数的贡献最大。（2）1989-2015年间,4个年份RSEI均值分别为0.41、0.54、0.51、0.57,生态环境质量呈上升-下降-上升且整体变好的特征。26 a间研究区生态环境明显转好的面积约占全县面积的20.01%,而生态环境质量中明显变差的面积仅占全县面积的1.64%。改善区域主要分布在研究区北部的盐池县城-高沙窝镇-王乐井乡以及惠安堡镇以南-麻黄山地区,中部的冯记沟乡生态环境质量有所变差。（3）盐池县生态环境质量受气候影响明显,退耕还林还草、草地禁牧以及禁止乱砍乱伐等措施对生态环境质量的提升起到了重要的促进作用。