基于数据库的地形图制图研究

GIS数据和制图数据之间的差异是基于GIS数据库实现地图制图输出的难点。分析了当前基础地理信息数据建库的情况及其适用于基本比例尺制图的特点,充分利用了ArcGIS提供的地图表现功能,探讨了ArcGIS环境下基于Geodatabase数据库实现基本比例尺地形图制图的方法,并采用ArcObjects作为二次开发的平台,设计开发了基于GIS数据库的基本比例尺地形图制图模块。     

基于ArcGIS的推荐航线专题制图方法研究

通过研究地理信息系统软件实现推荐航线的规划和海图专题图制作的方法,基于ArcGIS软件完成在不同比例尺海图基础上的航线数据采集及规划,利用COGO功能模块完成航向、航程等专题信息数据获取;使用字段计算功能和编写脚本程序完成智能化注记,实现专题信息的制图表达。实际应用表明,该方法能高效完成航线规划,提高制图效率。     

一体化专题海图制图生产研究

为有效解决需求驱动的一体化专题海图制图生产工作,在一体化海图制图生产系统的基础上,本文通过研究IHO S-100系列标准及其产品形式,分析一体化海图生产系统的数据库构成、数据融合方法、数据流组织,提出了专题海图数据模板的设计方案,以期实现专题海图制图生产与服务从“数据驱动”向“需求驱动”的模式转变,满足用户对专题海图产品及服务的多样化需求的目的。     

我国海岛海岸带遥感调查成果制图系统

针对目前越来越多的ArcGIS用户制作国标地图的需求,结合我国海岛海岸带调查成果制图需求,对ArcGIS软件制图功能以及国标规定进行分析,设计并构建了基于ArcEngine组件的1：5万海岛海岸调查成果制图系统。系统生成了坐标网格与内外图廓,实现了坐标注记内容的分别读取并自动添加到内外图廓间的精确位置,计算了图廓外整饰信息的精确位置并实现自动添加。系统生成的所有图式内容均符合我国1：5万地图图式标准规定,成功运用于我国海岛海岸带遥感调查成果制图中。     

基于模板技术的专题海图快速成图方法研究

首先分析了当前专题海图的生产现状,在此基础上,探讨了模板技术对专题海图快速成图的意义,介绍了基于模板技术的专题海图快速成图技术,并对专题海图制图模板结构进行了总体设计;最后从成图模式、工具平台和应用系统三个方面对基于模板的专题海图快速成图进行了方法上的实现。     

数字制图制印技术的应用

介绍了数字制图制印一体化技术构成模块和工艺流程，就专题图编制中数据要求与转换等问题进行了探讨。     

海底地理实体命名专题图编制方法探讨

结合我国向海底地名分委会(SCUFN)提交海底地名提案的工作,介绍了海底地名专题图编制关键技术与难点,并对Arcgis、Global Mapper和Surfer制图平台进行对比。鉴于Arcgis以空间数据库的形式分析和管理海底命名信息具有显著优势,Global Mapper在格网数据的加载、实时三维显示和数据裁剪方面表现出色,Surfer在制作三维图方面具有操作简单、图形美观等优势,将三者优势结合起来,制定了海底地理实体专题图的编制方案,实现数据联合应用。编制方案能达到满足海底命名图件制作要求、提高制图效率的目的,为我国海底地名专题图编制工作提供技术参考。     

GIS支持下的海洋光学调查成果专题图编制研究

制作海洋光学数据专题图可以充分展示项目调查成果,为海洋研究者深入了解我国近海水体光学特性提供直观、可靠的依据,因此快速编制高质量的海洋光学专题图件具有十分重要的意义.文中分析探讨了利用GIS技术进行专题图制作的过程及关键问题,重点研究了ArcGIS地理统计分析方法及原理,并利用该方法制作了海洋光学调查区块专题图.提出了一个基于GIS的专题图制作基本模式,既提高了制图效率,又提高了现有数据利用率.     

陆海一体化基础地理信息产品研制关键技术

为提升陆海地理信息一体化应用能力,在深入分析陆海统筹测绘地理工作现状和新形势下陆海一体化规划、管理、保护等应用需求的基础上,提出以陆海一体化产品模型设计、陆海地理信息集成优化、重要要素信息更新、产品规范制图表达为主线的总体研究思路,研发了陆海地理信息一体化集成、面向工程的海洋要素综合采集、图库一体化制图表达等主体技术方法,用于研制三亚市海岸带陆海一体化基础地理信息产品。结果表明：该方法有效解决了陆海数据整合集成、更新优化、统一表达等关键技术难题,实现了陆海一体化地理信息产品快速研制和精确制图,研究成果能够在海岸带生态保护修复、国土空间规划、自然资源管理等方面发挥重要作用,并为陆海统筹地理信息资源建设及相关工作提供参考。     

海洋测绘,观测技术在海图四维制图中的应用前景

海洋或陆地上的某些制图要素存在着某种随时间变化的规律，这些变化可能是周期性的、线性的或非线性的。由于近代测绘技术的发展和现代化建设的要求，人们已经开始重视对这种现象的空间分布进行研究，即制图要素的四维表示。海洋测绘要素的特点及海洋制图的现实性要求，有可能使这方面的研究和应用领先于其他测绘领域。本文结合某些专题海图出现的四维制图现象和数字海图在这方面的应用前景，做一个简单的论述。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.