Variations in technical infrastructure and private economic activity in the rural areas of Southern Poland

Restructuring the Polish countryside is a complex and urgent task. Adapting agriculture for EU entry will mean a considerable reduction in employment and rural diversification is needed because other sectors of the national economy will not be able to absorb all the displaced people if they arrive in the towns. However, providing non-agricultural employment in rural areas depends to a large extent on the technical infrastructure available: running water, sewerage systems, gas supply and telecommunications. The paper deals with voivodeships in southern and southwestern Poland (formerly Galicia) and shows that while much progress has been made since the end of the communist period, the inherited inequalities are being perpetuated and in some cases increased. However, even where the infrastructure is satisfactory, private business does not develop at a uniform rate and action is needed to stimulate communities in remoter rural areas, particularly in the eastern part of the study region. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

西藏自治区旅游资源概况

西藏地区经历了复杂的地质作用，造就了其地形的独特性，从而形成了独有的地貌特征，自然资源中具有旅游开发价值的为数不少。在旅游业兴盛繁荣的今天，挖掘并开放西藏的旅游资源已显得相当重要。本文在介绍西藏旅游资源概况的基础上，讨论了开发西藏自治区旅游资源的意义和作用。     

从土地财政与土地金融分析中国土地制度走向

土地财政与土地金融折射土地制度与土地政策。现行征地制度是从计划经济演化而来,政府经营土地制度则是城市土地使用制度改革的结果。这两个制度的结合,形成土地财政和土地金融。现行土地制度导致的土地利用粗放、土地资源浪费严重、透支未来收益、社会分配不公等弊端日益显露。土地制度的未来走向,应适应社会主义市场经济的要求,赋予农民完全的土地财产权;政府最终必须退出土地直接经营活动。彻底改革现行征地制度和政府经营土地制度,必须进一步解放思想。     

Drought,demography, and destitution: Crisis in the Norte Chico

Growing population pressure, limited natural resources, and recurring droughts are thought to be the chief reasons for the socio-economic backwardness in the Norte Chico region of Chile (29 to 33^o S).Droughts occur with rather high statistical frequency; in recent decades they appear to have become even more frequent. Depletion of the already scant forest resources of the area occured during the nineteenth century, when most of the wooden species were used as firewood, charcoal or fuel for settlements, mines ans smelters. Also during that century, forests and shrubs were cut down in order to make room for wheat cultivatio. At the same time as agricultural exploitaion and mining intensified, increasing sheep and goat herding contributed further to the deterioration of the environment.Disputable is the assumption that the cause of the socio-economic depression in the Norte Chico is the population pressure on limited natural resources. Census figures reveal that the region has not been growing as fast as other regions in the country and that outmigration has constituted a constant demographic drain from the area. The cause for this migration has been not so much the environmental deterioration but the perpetuation of land tenure patterns that stress latifundia and minifundia without allowing for the development of independent mid-size agricultural establishments.To a large degree the backwardness of the Norte Chico is to be blamed not so much on the unwise exploitation of the resources but on the persisting patterns of economic exploitation and social structures.     

Transformation of a border region: dispersed agricultural communities in Brasov County, Romania

A most distinctive feature of the settlement pattern of the Brasov area is the extreme dispersal of mixed farming encountered in the western extreme of the county to the north and south of Zarnesti: the Bran and Poiana Marului areas. Here a system of peasant subsistence farming developed in a political borderland between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. Despite feudal pressures, the peasantry took all available opportunities to extend their independence including elaborate transhumance systems. And after seeing transfrontier commerce as a source of plunder, in the tradition of Balkan highway robbery within relatively unregulated spaces, the peasantry has profited through employment in factories, particularly during the communist period. However, the current recession in manufacturing is throwing the rural population back on limited land resources. Although farming assumes an important subsistence role which contributes to stability, the long-term survival of these communities will depend on new sources of income. Rural tourism has considerable potential and a promising start has been made in Bran. There are, however, constraints on the further development of the business and great attention will have to be given to the conservation of the environment in both the Bucegi Mountains and the Piatra Craiului where national park status is proposed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A rural development strategy for the Apuseni Mountains, Romania

The Apuseni Mountains, part of the Western Carpathians, are distinctive in cultural terms because of the highly dispersed settlement patterns that have developed on the high erosion surfaces where the Moti people cleared the forests to allow for an expansion of family farming in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These small ‘crang’ settlements remain, but the population is declining in the face of limited employment opportunities and poor services. The question arises as to the most appropriate rural development strategy for the region, following the communist period which encouraged centralisation through the provision of housing and industry in key villages and new towns. The emphasis on private farming and the expansion of tourism could protect the inherited cultural landscape but money must be found to improve rural services. There is also a strong conservation movement which supports the establishment of a national park, but this could constrain development through controls on grazing and woodcutting. Hence the dialogue continues to find the best compromise and the concept of a ‘natural park’ is being discussed with such a reconciliation in mind. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估

中亚地区是我国天气的上游区,生态环境异常脆弱,必须要保证该地区生态环境和资源安全,水资源安全首当其冲.研究和评估气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响,具有重要的战略意义.近百年来中亚地区气候有暖湿化趋势,气温增温持续时间较长且增温幅度较大,近50a增暖更加明显(0.47℃·(10a)^-1),其中冬季增温最快,预估未来会延续变暖的态势;同时20世纪80年代之后降水量持续波动上升.气候变化对该地区水资源的时空分布及湖泊变迁造成了重大影响,人类活动加剧了水资源短缺,近50a来锡尔河和阿姆河入咸海径流量均呈减少的趋势,20世纪70年代之后拦水蓄水水库等水利工程的建设,加上灌溉用水的增加,导致两河入咸海水量骤减;而1987年之后两河入咸海水量回升,主要是气温回暖、降水增多,加速了常年积雪和冰川融化,使得进入河道的径流量增加.同时,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水质恶化.中亚水资源问题主要是跨国水资源分配和水环境恶化问题,要做好水资源评估和用水规划工作,建立覆盖全区域的水资源环境监测网络.中亚国家需要共同参与制定一套完整的、综合考虑人口、社会经济、生态环境等因素的水资源管理政治立法决策体系,构建中亚各国人水和谐、互利共存的水资源新秩序,以水资源可持续利用来支持经济与社会的可持续发展.     

西南地区生态脆弱性评价研究--以云南、贵州为例

中国西南地区人口-资源-环境的矛盾非常突出,贫困与生态恶化的双重压力使该地区的生态环境脆弱程度进一步恶化。对西南地区做出客观公正的生态脆弱性评价,可对该地区实现社会经济的可持续发展提出科学依据。本文以云南、贵州为例,根据云贵两省的生态环境特点,对导致两省生态环境脆弱程度恶化的主要因素——地质、气候、经济等因素进行统计分析并做出综合评价．最后再根据综合评价指数进行结果分析与讨论,为缓解云贵两省生态环境脆弱程度的进一步恶化提出合理化建议。     

应加强珠江三角洲人地关系研究

近年来珠江三角洲人地系统发生了深刻变化，经济高速发展、城市化、工业化规模不断扩大，人口急剧增长，环境质量下降，自然资源供需关来紧张。进行人地系统研究是本区当
前社会经济与环境资源协调发展的迫切需要。
        

黑河流域下游自然资源与社会经济耦合协调响应机制研究——以阿拉善盟额济纳旗为例

为研究近40 a黑河流域下游自然资源经济系统耦合协调过程和规律,以黑河流域下游阿拉善盟额济纳旗为研究对象,根据《额济纳旗统计年鉴》(1990—2015年)自然资源和社会经济相关数据,建立指标体系,进行综合发展水平研究,通过耦合协调度模型对研究区自然资源和社会经济耦合协调度进行分析,并对2020—2030年两者的耦合协调度进行预测。结果表明: 额济纳旗自然资源综合发展水平从1990年的0.160 0提高到2015年的0.811 5,增长趋向明显; 社会经济综合发展水平从1990年的0.115 0提高到2015年的0.713 8,也呈不断上升的趋势; 二者的综合发展水平曲线变化整体相似。自然资源与社会经济耦合协调程度呈上升趋势,由1990年的“重度失调经济损益型”历经“拮抗”“发展”“磨合”阶段转变为2015年的“高度协调发展同步型”。通过灰色系统理论GM(1,1)模型,预测未来10 a两者耦合协调度将进一步提高。     

天然河流水资源开发中的水环境保护问题

人类在发展社会经济的同时,出于商业目的和个人利益,争相控制水资源,随意向河流排污,导致天然河流、湖泊及附近地区水环境恶化.保护天然河流和水资源是人类共同的责任,不能以牺牲环境为代价,要有统一的认识、统一的措施来进行水资源的保护工作.     

基于双曲距离协调度模型的地下水资源与经济承载协调关系

如何分析区域资源环境与社会经济之间的协调匹配程度,是促进区域经济可持续发展首先需要厘清的问题。基于资源环境承载协调理论,构建了基于双曲距离协调度的资源-经济系统的协调分析模型方法。根据该模型对全国依赖地下水资源且开发程度较高的514个县的地下水资源和经济数据进行了协调关系分析,评价了各县地下水资源禀赋与其承载的经济体之间的协调关系水平,结果显示2个系统之间的协调匹配程度及空间上具有较大差异性。东北和西北大部分地区处于地下水资源与经济协调的正向区间,区域经济发展仍具有一定潜力,华北及南方大部分地区处于负向协调区间,经济的发展超越了地下水资源的承载能力。     

长江三角洲地区水资源供需平衡的估算模型研究

从地表热量平衡、水量平衡的基本理论出发,结合长江三角洲地区的气象、水文、土壤等资料建立了区域水资源量估算模型,计算了该地区的地表水、地下水及水资源总量;同时建立了用水系统的各个子模型,即根据本区农业生产状况建立了农业耗水的物理模型,由工业和生活用水量的变化,结合地区经济发展、人口增加等情况,建立了工业和生活用水的统计模型。利用实际资料进行了模型检验,对本地区未来水资源供需平衡状况进行了分析和预测。     

黑河流域中游水资源需求预测

通过对人口和经济这两大需水增长的内因分析,结合黑河流域中游目前社会经济环境的实际情况,分别建立宏观经济模型和人口模型,对流域中游各地区未来水平年２０２０年和２０５０年水资源需求进行了预测。在预测时,针对流域中游生态环境状况的盘点,生态环境需水中绿洲内部防风的护田林网建设需水作为外生变量处理;绿洲外围防沙的人工林、人工草场因经济价值体现的经济价值较直接,其需水纳入了需水模型体系。预测结果发现,在采取     

可持续发展战略与中国的经济发展

可持续发展战略是国际社会为了保证人类社会正常发展于７０年代提出来的世界经济、社会发展的总战略。可持续发展的基本含义是保持人类社会的持续进步而不损害其后代的发展。中国作为发展中国家正面临着由计划经济向社会主义市场经济过渡,社会主义市场经济既能带来社会经济的高速发展,同时也能给本以恶化的人口、资源、环境带来难以想向的破坏。即由于人口的增长高于经济的增长抵消了经济增长的成果;由于科技水平限制,对资源能源     

Geographical perspectives on Polish tourism

Like other sectors of the Polish economy, the tourist industry is going through a radical restructuring process which began at the start of the 1990s and reached a new stage with the 1998 Tourist Services Act. The business is now firmly market-oriented and standards are being set in line with EU norms. Tourism is of great importance for Poland because, through the promotion of attractive natural and cultural landscapes of international importance, it plays a central role in the search for a more sustainable economy and it also enhances the potential for development in many of the country's poorer regions. Employment in the industry is increasing both relatively and absolutely. This paper examines the opportunities with particular reference to Lower Silesia where the tourism potential offers an important approach to the solution of the region's economic and social problems. Particular reference is made to the refurbishment of historic buildings for tourist use and the significance of the restoration of Krobielowice Palace near Wroclaw is fully evaluated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

国土整治中的矿产开发利用规划

本文指出矿产开发利用规划是国土整治中的一个重要门类,提出了对规划区自然地理概况、矿产资源特征等进行调查研究的细目和要求,论述了规划内容、原则和对矿山建设进行技术经济核算的项目与方法步骤,强调规划要突出经济效益和社会效益。     

强化矿产资源开发管理、为振兴雅安经济作出新的贡献

雅安地区自然资源丰富。已发现矿产５６种，矿产地４６０处。全区矿管战线的同志紧密结合地区经济建设实际，强化矿产资源开发管理，把矿管工作置于振兴雅安经济的大潮中，取得了可喜成绩，矿业（含采掘和矿产品加工业）产值约占全区工业总产值的４１％，成为地区经济的支柱产业之一。     

1990—2018年东北地区综合区划下自然资源动态变化特征分析

基于自然环境、地理以及自然资源研究进行自然资源综合区划,有利于充分认识和分析区域内自然资源环境状况以及动态演变规律,为自然资源调查监管、区域经济的可持续发展和规划提供决策依据。把环境地理要素和自然资源作为划分不同区域的基础和依据,进行自然资源综合区划,可以强化对区域自然资源的地域差异和动态变化特征的科学认识,对合理开发利用自然资源具有重要的指导意义。通过确定区划单元的主导划分要素和辅助决策要素,利用主成分分析法和聚类分析法,初步将研究区自然资源综合区划等级体系划分为3级,二级区划包括7个自然资源亚区,三级区划包括14个自然资源地区。对1990—2018年期间各级分区的自然资源时空动态特征开展定量分析后认为,在此期间,研究区主导资源总体变化趋势是森林资源减少、耕地资源大幅度增加,具体表现为森林转变为耕地、草原转变为耕地。     

南京市历史文化层中土壤重金属元素的分布规律初探

文章对南京市城区不同地点出现的多个文化层中土壤的理化特征进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,文化层中土壤的重金属元素含量比南京市非城市土壤和背景平均值有增高的趋势,局部地段有巨量增高。从剖面纵向上看(时间上),这种增高现象主要发生在近现代、明清和六朝3个历史时期,这与历史上这些时期南京相对发达有关;而从横向地域上看(空间上),重金属元素含量的分布明显可以分成两组,两个组分别代表了地域上的不同,如明故宫-大行宫-中山东路一带历史上许多时期是皇城区,而内秦淮河流域一带则可能是古代的手工业和制造业区、商贸区和普通大众的生活区,这种明显的差别揭示出南京在各历史时期上的城市功能区是各不相同的。磁化率特征研究结果表明文化层中土壤的磁化率在各历史时期分布是不同的,磁化率的高峰时期有近现代、清朝和明朝时期;频率磁化率特征研究结果表明磁性矿物主要是外源输入造成的。与此同时磁化率高峰时期基本上与重金属元素增高地段是一致的,这进一步印证了文化层中重金属元素增高主要是由于外源污染物质的输入造成的。