潮上带盐沼地层盐分分布及形成机制

为了探究潮上带盐沼系统地层盐分分布规律及其形成机制,本研究以江苏盐城近岸盐沼湿地为例,采用电阻率测量和土壤样品分析的方法,得出土壤孔隙水盐度空间分布,并分析其与生态地貌类型的关系。结果表明,盐沼平台10 m深度以下地下水盐分较高且空间分布均匀,5 m深度以上浅层孔隙水存在显著淡化,其程度与条带状生态地貌特征相关;近潮沟区域浅层土壤孔隙水盐度接近海水,而螃蟹孔洞和互花米草区域下方地层均存在低盐区,且前者规模更大;短期潮汐过程仅影响近潮沟区域的局部地层盐分,螃蟹孔洞明显促进了降水的下渗和脱盐作用,并有助于地表蒸发和盐分集结,增大了浅层土壤水盐度的垂向差异,而植被生长引起的根系优势流和蒸发抑制作用,有效降低了表层土壤的盐度水平。     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙四段和孔店组地层剥蚀厚度恢复

采用改进的声波时差法原理,将优化孔隙度法的算法引入到声波时差法,模拟计算地层剥蚀厚度。对于被剥蚀地层沉积规律被改造的区域,则结合地震剖面的地层对比法来恢复地层剥蚀厚度,通过多方位运用地层对比法,然后再将所得计算结果加权平均得到最终的地层剥蚀厚度,使计算误差降低。计算结果表明,沙四段和孔店组地层剥蚀现象普遍,但总的剥蚀鞋较小,且剥蚀厚度相对较大的区域集中在凹陷的边缘沙四段地层剥蚀量大多集中在50～300m,平均剥蚀量为150m左右,最大剥蚀区在鲁东隆起区西侧的凹陷边缘,最大剥蚀量近1000m,但范围较小;孔店组的剥蚀量相对于沙四段要大,一般在150～400m,平均剥蚀量存250m左右,最大剥蚀区在惠民凹陷东北缘,最大剥蚀量在800m左右。     

苏中溱潼凹陷浅层天然气成藏条件及勘探前景

溱潼凹陷是一个经多年勘探的新生代沉积凹陷,石油勘探程度较高,天然气勘探程度相对较低。通过对凹陷内浅层储层、盖层特征、天然气气源条件及各种类型的浅层构造圈闭的分析研究,结合钻孔资料,揭示了凹陷内浅层天然气在纵向上、平面上的分布规律,对凹陷内浅层天然气的勘探前景作出适当评价。     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷诺北地区第四纪生物气形成及影响因素

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷东部的诺北地区目前还处于勘探初级阶段,根据岩性、古生物、元素地球化学及有机地球化学 等资料,对诺北地区第四纪七个泉组气源岩特征和产甲烷菌的生存环境进行了分析,在此基础上讨论了沉积环境和地球化 学条件对生物气形成的影响,预测了勘探有利区。结果表明,诺北地区七个泉组气源岩有机质丰度低,干酪根类型以Ⅲ为 主,处于低成熟的热演化阶段。水体温度较低,盐度高,呈中性-弱碱性,还原性较强,有利于气源岩发育。地球化学环 境影响了产甲烷菌的生长和繁育,低温和高盐抑制了产甲烷菌的活性,中性-弱碱性环境和较强还原性环境适宜产甲烷菌 的生存。受地表径流影响,盐度对产甲烷菌的抑制作用在研究区内由南向北逐渐加强。对比垂向和横向运移的条件,认为 诺北地区生物气以近源垂向运聚为主;中央凹陷是区内最有利的生物气勘探区,北斜坡次之。广泛发育的湖相泥岩为产甲 烷菌提供了营养底物,早期成岩阶段弱压实作用提供了大量储集空间,巨厚的沉积地层和膏岩沉积增加了盖层的封闭能力。     

松辽盆地齐家古龙凹陷—三肇凹陷中浅层异常压力系统特征

对研究区千余口单井建立声波时差压实曲线,利用等效深度法计算泥岩超压值,结合DST和RFT实测资料以及地震资料,综合考虑研究区沉积及构造特点,最终揭示了松辽盆地齐家古龙凹陷—三肇凹陷中浅层地层存在4套压力体系,即嫩二段以上的常压体系,嫩江组一段、二段弱超压体系,姚家组常压、低压和弱超压并存体系以及青山口组超压体系。不同层位异常压力分布范围和规模不同,其中青一段最为广泛。产生异常压力的原因复杂:超压形成主要受泥岩欠压实和油气生成控制,嫩江组末期的构造抬升作用是研究区产生异常低压的主要原因,而超压流体流动导致的压力传导作用为压力的再分布提供了有力条件。     

褐煤中天然产甲烷菌富集培养与生物气产出模拟

采用厌氧培养方法,在云南省昭通褐煤样品中成功地培养富集了活性厌氧细菌,并进一步开展了为期60天的生物气生成模拟实验,分析了生物气的生成规律、物质组成和成因机制。结果揭示：3件褐煤样品中均有活性厌氧细菌存在,以纤维素分解菌为主,活性硫酸盐还原菌极其微少,说明昭通盆地褐煤层具有较强还原性的生化环境,有利于产甲烷菌的繁盛;生物气的生成经历了生气量缓慢增长、显著增高、趋于减缓三个阶段,表明产甲烷菌在经历了第一阶段缓慢繁殖后,其数量和活性在第二阶段达到较高水平;3件煤样生气量和生气历程存在一定差别的原因,可能在于原煤中活性产甲烷菌数量以及显微组分组成方面存在差异,褐煤生物气生成过程至少存在两个以上的生气高峰阶段。模拟实验中产生的生物气几乎全部由CH4和CO2组成,且CH4占主要部分,几乎没有检测到重烃气。甲烷气体δ13C1和δD的平均值均处于生物甲烷碳、氢同位素组成的正常分布范围。     

CSAMT和浅层地震在松辽盆地西南部铀矿勘查中的应用

浅层地震反射波法和可控源音频大地电磁测量在铀矿勘查中各有优缺点。为了提高矿勘查提的效率,本文介绍了以可控源音频大地测量(CSAMT)为主、浅层地震反射波法为辅的综合物探方法在松辽盆地西南部铀矿勘查中的应用实例。通过CSAMT和浅层地震联合测量解释两条控盆断裂,查明四方台组和明水组顶底界面埋深约200～400m,呈椭圆形北东向分布,由盆地边部向凹陷中心地层由薄变厚;工作区基底埋深约700～1000m,呈宽缓波浪状展布;并对两种方法进行了对比分析:当勘探深度大于700m时,浅层地震反射波法对地层划分、查明基底埋深和基底断裂效果更好。经钻孔验证表明,合理利用CSAMT与浅层地震联合方法在松辽盆地西南部铀矿找矿工作中具有可靠、经济的优势,具有较强的应用价值。     

稠油区浅层天然气成因探讨

中国含油气盆地稠油分布广泛,在这些稠油分布区与稠油伴生一些浅层天然气,这些天然气大多数甲烷碳同位素较常规天然气碳同位素轻,干燥系数大,非烃中氮气含量高,研究认为这些与稠油伴生的浅层天然气为原油在厌氧细菌(主要是产甲烷菌)作用下形成的原油降解气,同时混有少量热成因天然气。通过对稠油分布区的地质环境、地层水组成和储层特征等方面研究,提出微生物降解原油具备形成天然气所需的地质条件,认为原油降解气具有较大勘探潜力。     

东台坳陷现今地温场特征与油藏分布关系

东台坳陷为中国东部苏北盆地油气资源最丰富的地区。为了加深对东台坳陷地温场和油藏关系的理解,根据符合地温场研究要求的54口井连续测温资料和243口井试油温度数据,获得了深度1000～3500m地温、E2s-K2t各层位界面地温和各层地温梯度。地温场分布以凹陷或次凹成独立单元,地温随深度加深而线性增高,地温异常不明显。地温梯度总体呈现"浅层低、深层高"的特点,E2s-E2d地温梯度总体在22～30℃/km之间,E1f-K2t在28～38℃/km之间,平均约为30℃/km。不同深度的地温和地温梯度分布模式相似,正向构造单元高,负向构造单元低;而不同层位的地温分布规律则相反,即凹陷内温度高,凸起和隆起上的温度低。基底构造形态、沉积盖层厚度、深大断裂、地下水、地层放射性生热等因素决定了该坳陷总体为温盆特征。大部分地区目前还处在油气液态窗内,绝大多数油藏分布高于60℃的油气勘探开发黄金区域。     

永陇矿区天堂勘查区煤层赋存规律

依据钻探资料对永陇矿区天堂勘查区含煤地层、可采煤层的分布与厚度变化进行分析,认为天堂勘查区含煤地层的赋存主要受三叠系基底形态的控制,基底的隆起与凹陷控制了含煤地层的厚度及分布范围,在凹陷区延安组沉积厚度大,煤层较厚,隆起区延安组沉积厚度小甚至缺失。     

柴达木盆地三湖地区生物气横向运聚成藏研究

本文系统研究了地层水盐度对微生物菌生长发育的制约，矿化度对生物气在地层水中溶解度的影响，泥岩盖层中高矿化度地层水对封盖性能的控制作用。柴达木盆地三湖（台吉乃尔湖，涩聂湖，达布逊湖）地区主要受南缘昆仑山冰雪溶水的补给，地层水从南向北运移，北斜坡第四系地层水的矿化度最高，北斜坡泻水-汇水区高盐度条件下生物菌的活跃程度受到抑制，影响生物气大量生成并从水中游离出来，中央凹陷及其南部低矿化度条件下更适宜生物气的生成，生物气在地层水中的溶解度随矿化度的增高明显降低，南缘低矿化度水中饱含的生物气经地层水从南向北携带，在北斜坡高矿化度条件上大量游离出来，实验测试证明泥岩饱和高矿化度地层水时，其突破压力增加约100倍，封盖性能大大提高，有效地保存了北斜坡游离相生物气，研究显示生物气总体上具有向北斜坡以水溶气方式进行横向运聚的特征，展示了北斜坡气源补给充足，具有满坡含气的巨大勘探潜力。结合生物气本身的发育特征和三湖地区的水文地质条件，提出了生物所首先以水溶气方式发生远距离的横向运移以后再以游离相进行垂向运聚成藏，这一结论对下一步三湖地区生物气勘探具有直接的指导意义。     

Sequence stratigraphy and Quaternary depositional systems in the Sanhu area of the Qaidam Basin,northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is a Mesozoic–Cenozoic compresso-shearing basin in western China. This basin has been subsiding since the Indosinian orogeny, and the subsidence is a strongly inherited feature in its Quaternary development. Five third-order sequences (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5) were recognised using drilling/logging, coring and seismic data analysis. Each sequence was further divided into transgressive systems tract and regressive systems tract based on the maximum flooding surface. A sequence stratigraphic framework was established that revealed the distribution of sedimentary systems. Seven depositional systems, namely, alluvial fan, fan delta, braided-delta, shore lacustrine, shallow lacustrine, semi-deep lacustrine and incised valley depositional system, were identified from 105 well logs and 2?D seismic lines covering 1600?km. The sedimentary system distribution was identified as follows: (1) large-scale alluvial deposit located on the southern slope and adjacent to Kunlun Mountain and Yaber tectonic zone located northeast of the study area; (2) braided-delta deposits southeast of the Sanhu area; (3) widely developed fan-delta sediments on the base of Qigequan Formation in the Yaber tectonic zone; (4) well-deposited shoal lacustrine facies along the depositional strike in the regressive systems tract; (5) widely distributed shallow lacustrine facies; and (6) incised valley with large lateral extension and incision depth as an entity at the front of the Golmud Basin in the Sanhu area. Two different depositional models, namely, east and west models, were built by conducting an integrated analysis of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary process. In the Sanhu area, the main controlling factors of the sequence architecture and depositional systems associations of the Qigequan Formation are tectonic subsidence and climate change with sediment supply and lake-level fluctuation secondary factors. This case study provides an example of the analyses of sequence stratigraphy and depositional systems in a salinised plateau basin. The approach combines seismic and sedimentary facies analysis to investigate Quaternary deposition and stratigraphy. The low-amplitude tectonic belt on the northern slope and the lithological traps on the southern slope are predicted to be favourable for the lithological gas reservoirs.     

Deciphering signals of late Holocene fluvial and aeolian supply from a shelf sediment depocentre off Senegal (north‐west Africa)

High‐resolution climatic records of the late Holocene along the north‐west African continental margin are scarce. Here we combine sediment grain size, elemental distribution and mineral assemblage data to trace dust and riverine sources at a shallow‐marine sediment depocentre in the vicinity of the Senegal River mouth. The aim is to understand how these terrigenous components reflect climate variability during the late Holocene. Major element contents were measured and mineral identification was performed on three sub‐fractions of our sediment core: (i) fluvial material < 2 µm, (ii) aeolian material of 18–63 µm and (iii) a sub‐fraction of dual‐origin material of 2–18 µm. Results show that more than 80% of the total Al and Fe terrigenous bulk content is present in the fluviogenic fraction. In contrast, Ti, K and Si cannot be considered as proxies for one specific source off Senegal. The Al/Ca ratio, recording the continental river runoff, reveals two dry periods from 3010 to 2750 cal a BP and from 1900 to 1000 cal a BP, and two main humid periods from 2750 to 1900 cal a BP and from 1000 to 700 cal a BP. The match between (i) intervals of low river runoff inferred by low Al/Ca values, (ii) reduced river discharge inferred by integrated palynological data from offshore Senegal and (iii) periods of enhanced dune reactivation in Mali confirms this interpretation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系沉积相与生物气成藏

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系蕴藏着巨大的生物气资源,目前已探明加控制天然气储量接近3×1011m3。更新世时期,柴达木盆地的湖相沉积主要分布在三湖(吉乃尔湖、涩聂湖和达布逊湖)地区,自山前至盆地中心依次发育了冲积扇、河流三角洲和湖相沉积,其中湖相沉积分布最为广泛。早更新世湖相沉积开始形成,中更新世湖相沉积扩张并且达到鼎盛,晚更新世湖相沉积开始萎缩并形成盐湖沉积。中、早更新世冰川的出现和青藏高原的崛起使柴达木盆地的古气候变得干旱寒冷,沉积水体温度较低,盐度较高。本区第四纪独特的沉积环境是形成大型生物气藏最重要的地质条件。高盐度的水体环境减缓了有机质的降解速度,长期的低温条件抑制了甲烷菌的活动,避免了沉积有机质在沉积浅埋阶段的过量消耗,推迟了生物产气的高峰期。而三湖地区巨厚的第四系暗色泥岩和频繁发育的砂岩提供了充足的气源条件和构成了良好的生储盖组合。     

准噶尔盆地南缘煤系水矿化度对低煤阶煤层气的影响

煤系水矿化度是影响低煤阶煤层气生成、运移和成藏的重要因素之一。以新疆准噶尔盆地南缘地区为研究区,把研究区划分为8个水文地质单元,分析了研究区煤系水矿化度的分布特征及其对产甲烷菌生存的影响。以1 000 m埋深为例,估算了各个水文地质单元内煤系水的甲烷溶解度,据此分析评价了各水文地质单元溶解运移甲烷的能力。通过煤系水的矿化度分布、氯离子浓度和区域地质构造形态分析,综合判断区域内煤系水的大致流向。以准南地区硫磺沟水文地质单元为例,探讨了矿化度与煤层气富集成藏的关系。研究结果表明,研究区矿化度分布具有南北分带、东西分段的特征。后峡水文地质单元、玛纳斯河-呼图壁河水文地质单元的南部、硫磺沟水文地质单元的南端和阜康水文地质单元的西部地区矿化度有利于产甲烷菌的生存和产气。后峡水文地质单元溶解运移甲烷能力最强。地下水的流向大致由南向北,地表水的径流会使地下水流向发生偏转。指出了硫磺沟水文地质单元内高矿化度中心和低水位的汇水洼地是低煤阶煤层气富集成藏的地区。      

长江口-杭州湾毗连海区的现代沉积速率

运用沉积地层同位素210 Pb、137Cs测年技术,估算长江口 杭州湾毗连海区的现代沉积速率。研究结果表明,以泗礁水道为界,东侧的马鞍列岛区受外海高盐水的顶托,长江来沙少,淤积缓慢;西侧至长江口、杭州湾海岸交汇点 (南汇咀 )之间水域,是长江泥沙扩散南下的主要通道。其中,受长江冲淡水次级锋和杭州湾锋面输沙影响的湾口浅滩区,沉积速率约 3cm/a;洋山港区,水深大于 20m的峡道区,受强动力作用而处于侵蚀状态,峡道两端出口的浅水区,沉积速率为0.3～ 1.6cm/a;马迹山港区,位于典型的峡道沿岸淤泥质陡坡,其沉积过程不稳定,正常沉积速率为 0.7～ 3.4cm/a,但常有快速淤积和地层滑塌流失现象发生.     

Wave-forced resuspension of upper Chesapeake Bay muds

Moored instruments were used to make observations of near bottom currents, waves, temperature, salinity, and turbidity at shallow (3.5 m and 5.5 m depth) dredged sediment disposal sites in upper Chesapeake Bay during the winters of 1990 and 1991 to investigate time-varying characteristics of resuspension processes over extended periods. Resulting time series data show the variability of two components of the suspended sediment concentration field. Background suspended sediment concentrations varied inversely with salinity and in direct relation to Susquehanna River flow. Muddy bottom sediments were also resuspended locally by both tidal currents and wind-wave forcing, resulting in short-term increases and decreases in suspended concentration, with higher peak concentrations near the bottom. In both years, episodes of wave-forced resuspension dominated tidal resuspension on an individual event basis, exceeding most tidal resuspension peaks by a factor of 3 to 5. The winds that generated the waves responsible for the observed resuspension events were not optimal for wave generation, however. Application of a simple wind-wave model showed that much greater wave-forced resuspension than that observed might be generated under the proper conditions. The consolidated sediments investigated in 1990 were less susceptible to both tidal and wave-forced resuspension than the recently deposited sediments investigated in 1991. There was also some indication that wave-forced resuspension increased erodibility of the bottom sediments on a short-term basis. Wave-forced resuspension is implicated as an important part of sediment transport processes in much of Chesapeake Bay. Its role in deeper, narrower, and more tidally energetic estuaries is not as clear, and should be investigated on a case-by-case basis.     

南黄海辐射沙脊群表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫埋葬群分布特征及其环境意义

对南黄海辐射沙脊群海域123个表层沉积物样品中的有孔虫埋葬群进行了分析,发现其中浮游有孔虫含量低,平均不到7%,其分布与外海潮流有关,底栖有孔虫以浅水广盐性属种为主。通过对研究区至少在3个样品中含量大于2%的59个底栖有孔虫属种的Q型因子分析,提取了3个底栖有孔虫组合,结合沉积物粒度特征、现代海洋环境要素,将研究区划分成3个环境分区:(1)辐射沙脊群主干沙脊及大型潮流通道区,对应Ammonia beccarii vars.-Nonion akitaense-Cribrononion frigidum组合。该区可再分为两个亚区:辐射沙脊群主干沙脊及大型潮流通道北部亚区,代表受低温沿岸流和潮流影响的强水动力近岸砂质沉积环境;辐射沙脊群南部长江口偏北部亚区,反映强潮流的河口、低盐缺氧环境,兼受外海悬浮泥沙的影响。(2)海州湾及废黄河口区,对应Ammonia compressiuscula-Spiroloculina laevigata-Elphidium advenum组合,代表粉砂、黏土质底质,和水深50 m以浅的浅海环境。(3)辐射沙脊南部近岸浅水区,对应Nonion anomalinoidea-Ammonia maruhasii-Ammonia pauciloculata组合,反映了粉砂及砂质底质的近岸浅水、低盐潮间带和潮下带环境。总之,辐射沙脊群海域底栖有孔虫种群的分布,不仅受海水温盐、水深影响显著,还与此区独特的水动力条件,即外海潮波与内陆河流的共同作用有关。     

冀中牛驼镇凸起地温场的特点及地下热水的开发利用

牛驼镇凸起是冀中拗陷中一个显著的次级正向构造,其地理位置见图1。1973—1978年进行石油普查和勘探时,在该区相继发现了地下热水,引起了人们的注意,先后对热水的分布有过报道和论述^[1,2]。鉴于牛驼镇凸起(包括容城凸起)地热异常在华北平原具有代表性,我们在石油部门的协助下,在本区较系统地开展了地温测量并收集有关资料进行研究。本文试图剖析这个典型地区地温场的特点,作为圈定和预测华北平原地热异常区以及分析地下热水分布规律的基础。     

Bathymetric preference of four major genera of rectilinear benthic foraminifera within oxygen minimum zone in Arabian Sea off central west coast of India

Fifty two surface sediment samples collected from the region off Goa, central west coast of India from water depths of 15–3300 m were analyzed with special emphasis on foraminiferal content. Rectilinear benthic foraminiferal morphogroup shows a high relative abundance within Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), both shallow marine (50–60 m water depth) and intermediate to deep water (150–1500 m water depth). We gave special emphasis on four rectilinear foraminiferal genera, namely Fursenkoina, Bolivina, Bulimina and Uvigerina to observe their individual distribution among OMZ. We found genus Fursenkoina predominates at the shallow water OMZ, within the water depth zone of 50–60 m. Within 150–1500 m water depth, which is considered as intermediate to deep water OMZ in this region, genus Uvigerina shows its highest abundance above 1000 m water depth, whereas genus Bulimina shows its affinity with deeper water environment (>1000 m water depth). Genus Bolivina does not show any such depth preference, except its higher abundance in only intermediate to deep water OMZ. This depth differentiation among four rectilinear benthic foraminiferal genera presents the basic data for palaeoclimatic study based on the extent and intensity of OMZ along with the palaeobathymetry study.